What is a Bazaar?

A market (jí shì) (vegetable market) is a form of commodity trading activity gathered in a specified period. It mainly refers to a form of trade organization that prevails in the era and regions where the commodity economy is underdeveloped. Also known as a market. The bazaar originated from the gathering and trading of people in prehistoric times, and it often appeared in religious festivals, commemorative rallies and holy places, and often accompanied by folk entertainment activities.

[jí shì]

Word : Market

Market Shaanxi

A bazaar, a market where goods are bought and sold regularly in rural or small cities. In ancient times, it was also called "the market" and "the market". "Set" means "meeting of people and things". When you go to the market, you can call them "the first episode" and "catch up", and when you go to the market, you can call them "shopping" and "catch up". Southern Shaanxi refers to the market as "marketing." Large collections are also called "meetings", such as "Material Exchange Conference". The types of bazaars and folk phenomena worth recording include:

Market day, day market

Daily episodes, that is, there are episodes every day. For example, the four bazaars inside and outside Hu County are all day markets. Inter-day market, that is, a market held every few days. For example, the set period of Yin'an Town in Chang'an County is three, six, and nine. 13. Another example is that the episodes in Jiaojiao Town, Lantian County are one, four, and seven, and that in Wangjiahe Township, Tongchuan City are four, nine, and so on. Adjacent towns and villages in a county separate the episodes from each other to prevent them from violating each other. For example, A is one, four, and seven; Markets are set up in different industries on the market. Each city has a fixed and concentrated business area. The common cities are: food markets. The business objects are raw materials, flour and vegetable oil. The agent lifted the scale and called it "lifting scale". Block trades are brokered between the seller and the buyer. City of Chai Cao. Generally located near the food market, wheat straw, hardwood, and coal are sold. In the old days, long-distance trafficking of hardwood was avoided, and folk sayings said, "Don't sell crickets for thousands of miles." Because the freight is expensive, it is not cost-effective. Vegetable market. There are many particularities and taboos. For example, when loading and unloading vegetables, do not throw them around; when storing vegetables, you must pile all kinds of vegetables neatly and not pile them up. Leafy vegetables are not allowed to fold leaves, stem vegetables are not to be cut off, fruits and vegetables are not to be peeled, root vegetables are not to be served with mud, winter vegetables are not to be cut off from stems, and garlic and shallots are not watered. As the saying goes: "Ghosts and ghosts, dare not sell onions", because onion leaves tend to wither. Vegetables are a commodity that needs to be kept fresh frequently. In the old days, the transportation conditions were backward. Long-distance trafficking would make vegetables lose their freshness. Egg market. Farmers raise chickens and sell eggs for pocket money, known as the "chicken dumpling bank". Therefore, in rural fairs, there are many chickens and eggs, and farmers sell eggs regardless of catties. Weibei and northern Shaanxi are rare goose and duck. At the Yaozhou (now Yaoxian) market in the Qing Dynasty, there were even two sheep for one goose. When Gu Zengju was in Zhizhou during the Guangxu years, he wrote in the poem: "Wi Wuchu wrote the word" Huang Ting ", and the market value was double sheep for one goose." Distribution of horses, donkeys, mules, cattle and other domestic animals. The seller and the buyer do not trade directly, but are traded through a broker. Pig sheep market. Distribution of pigs, sheep, cats, dogs, etc. Compared with Luoma City, the profit is thin, so there are fewer brokers. Cotton cloth city. County counties such as Qianxian, Liquan, Yongshou, and Changwu are still one city; counties such as Chang'an, Pucheng, and Dali are divided into three cities: cotton, cloth, and clothing; and Sanyuan County divides cloth into cotton and chemical fiber. . These cities are close but operated separately. In the past, people used to buy and sell goods along the street at the bazaar. The bazaar itself has no buildings. Today, many places have new formal markets. There is also an archway at the entrance, with couplets praising the local scenery and introducing the characteristics of the market. For example, the couplet on the archway of the Chengguan market in the suburbs of Tongchuan City is: One day of the master s watch of Song Tower s victory, Fang Quan, Biluo, Tang and Qing dynasties, and a thousand-passenger visit. Ling Yimei Xingshi sent all kinds of warm horizontal batches: Frequency Yang (Tongchuan City is closed to the south of Frequency Mountain, so the cloud is "frequency Yang")

Bazaar

The lunar month set is a lunar new year market that appears in the lunar month of the lunar calendar every year. The start date varies from place to place. Sanyuan County is the eighth day of the lunar month, called "La Bahui"; Qianxian is the winter solstice festival, called the "solstice set." From the start date, it continues until the end of the lunar calendar. At the lunar month, people buy clothes, shoes, hats, and cigarettes, tea, oil, candy, fish, and poultry eggs that they wear during the New Year. Therefore, the sales volume of these products has soared several times than usual. In addition, there are some special cities, such as: painting market. Sell New Year pictures, couplets, idols. The couplets have printed materials, and some are written on the spot by the stall owner with thick ink to attract customers. The idols are the god of wealth and the "five sacrifices". "Five sacrifice", that is, the door god, the house god, the well god, the stove god, and the thunder god (the land god). When buying idols, avoid "buy" and say "please". Blast battle city. Firecrackers, fireworks, etc. Firecrackers are sold on "strings", large firecrackers are sold on "roots", and small fireworks are sold on "sell" (ten pieces each). Occasionally a fire cannot be said to be a bad thing, but it is a good thing to say that "God of the Fire God has become holy". It is a common saying: "The fire burns the door of wealth, and the big ingots roll in." Sacrificial City. Sell candlesticks, incense burners, candles, incense, watches, etc. Guanzhong sells incense watches to most people.

Bazaar morning market

In Shenmu and other places, there is a special traditional market that opens every morning and trades for only 2 to 3 hours. It is called "morning market". In the past, food was mainly traded, and anyone who entered the city to buy grain and rice was buying and selling at this time. Later, vegetables and fruits became the most popular. Suburban vegetable farmers and urban residents go to the city in the morning, commonly known as "rush to the morning market", which is still customary to this day.

Bazaar ghost market

In some places, the city didn't light up, and the city soon began to gather, commonly known as "dew set", "ghost set" and "ghost market". In the old days, ghost towns existed in Xi'an Folk Park, along the city wall along Dongchengmen, Baxianyu and Sanqiao. The ghost town of Dongchengmen has a long history. It first moved along the city wall outside the Wangcheng (new city) and gradually moved to the East Gate. The formation of this ghost market is mainly because some descendants of settled households or government officials, when life is down, change the seller's bottom to persist in life. In order not to show their heads, they sold their clothes in a dark corner while the road was sparsely crowded before dawn. Some thieves ran here to sell after stealing something. Some people go to the ghost market to buy cheap things, called "catch ghost markets." In the Eight Immortals Ghost City, clothes and other relics worn by dead people were often sold. The ghost town of Sanqiao was once large in scale, selling grain and timber.

Bazaar

The city language is a bloc language, that is, jargon and lingo spoken by traders in the market. The city language has a long history. In the Song Dynasty, Cui Ran's "Class Theory" quoted "Qin Jing Miscellaneous Notes", saying: "Chang'an has different languages, including gourd language, lock language, practice language, and tri-fold language, commonly known as" city language "." The ancient city Some words use the antagonism to change the old words into new words, such as "jin" as "Jean", "two" as "force" and the like. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the business language of Xi'an was generally popular. For example, pawnshops in Xi'an call one "dao", two "glasses", three "furnace legs", four "forks", five "one Laos", six "shofar", and seven "photographers". Eight is the "poaching spoon", nine is the "hook" and ten is the "fist." When the clerk bargained with the account holder, if the account holder suspected that the price was low, he would leave with the item, and the shopkeeper would come out with a disc. If the clerk says tweezers to the shopkeeper, it means that he has promised seven yuan to the account holder. If the shopkeeper thinks that one yuan can be added, he will say a spoon. In the old days, various vendors in Ankang used digital lingo. For example, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten, the metaphors are called "pinch", "ugly", "slant", "check", "eye", "tongue", "article" in that order. "," "," "," ". Hui merchants use the Arabic language to refer to the number of coins. For example, one is called "Ye Mi San", the second is "Dou Mi San", the third is "Xie Mi San", the fourth is "Xie Mi San", and the five is " "Pan Mi San", six called "Old Mi San", seven called "Ximi Mi", eight called "Hami Mi", nine called "Yan Mi San", ten called "Ye Kai", and eleven called "Ye Mi San" "Ye", twelve is called "railing", thirteen is "Ye Xie", fourteen is "Ye Tang", fifteen is "Ye Pan", sixteen is "Ye Lao", seventeen is "Ye Xin", Eighteen is called "Ye Ha", and nineteen is called "Ye Ye". In addition to the spoken language, the city language also includes the silent language, such as "Pinch Code". That is, the buyer and seller place their right hands under a straw hat, or in the cuffs and placket, and use their fingers to express prices. The index finger represents one, the index finger, the middle finger is two, the index finger, the middle finger, the ring finger is three, the index finger, the middle finger, the ring finger, the little finger is four, the five fingers are stretched to five, the thumb and the little finger are six, and the thumb, index, and middle finger are one pinch to seven. The thumb and index finger are eight, the index finger is nine, and the fist is ten.

Dentist

Dental dealers, that is, the middlemen in the old bazaar trade that negotiated transactions for buyers and sellers and drawn commissions. It originated very early, and the Han Dynasty called the dentist who dealt with livestock trading as the "Huihui". The Tang Dynasty developed into various kinds of trading, including "Ylang", "Dan", "Tooth", "Yazi", etc. After the end of the Tang Dynasty, the business scope expanded and there were many dental dealers. The "shop", or "dental line", bears the responsibility of supervising businessmen to pay taxes on behalf of the government. There is a difference between official teeth and private teeth in the Ming Dynasty. Official teeth are designated by the government. Private teeth also require government approval and obtain a letter book. Business. According to the "Qinghui Code", in the Qing Dynasty, "Fancheng Temple City, Shanchang Town, Boats and Cars gathered together, goods and wealth gathering, those who choose the good of the people, awarded the post as" Ya ", so that Distinguish the parity of goods to facilitate trade. "In the Qing Dynasty, it was strictly forbidden to spawn tooth pastes in the counties and counties, and private tooth practices were not allowed. The vouchers received by dental firms were called" dentistry. " Guanxian (now Tongchuan City) has three dental posts, one of which is a grocery store, a charcoal store, and a Chen Huanghongsu line, all of which belong to the third class. The discounts and taxes paid by dental shops are collectively referred to as "dental silver." At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Shaanxi Province had rated 2265 for two tax dollars, of which Tongguan County rated 20 two. In modern times, the dental dealer called "economy". For its business activities, take the Qianma County Horse Department as an example: the broker is watching at any time Market trends. When he found that someone was bringing animals into the market, he took the initiative to greet him and asked, "You Yixiang Township, you are here. What is the price of the animal you are pulling today? I will help you to find a suitable (buyer) owner. After the seller agrees, the broker carefully looks at the animals. They have rich experience with the animals and master many proverbs of cattle and horses. For example: "A cow has five teeth at six years old, six years old has side teeth, seven shakes eight Do not move, nine years old like nails, ten years old with split seams, and twelve-year-old teeth are raised. Red tendons, people who don't bite. "The front peak is tall, and the plough is ringing like water; the waist is long and the ribs are thin, it must be lazy." "Whip tail, chopping board backbone, black eyes and black hoof, pulling off the iron plow." "Wait. The broker pointed out the disadvantages of the animals in front of the seller and demanded a reduction in the selling price. After that, they bargained by" pinching the yard ". After the agent found the buyer, he praised the advantages of the animals and used" pinching ". Code "to negotiate the price. When the transaction is completed, the seller gives the broker a commission.

Bazaar europe

In medieval Europe, bazaars were often held in churchyards on religious festivals. A market

market

Products, such as cheese fairs. In some regions and countries where the economy is not very developed and transportation is difficult, commodity exchanges still retain the form of regular or traditional market fairs. Except for a few large and medium cities in ancient China, a large number of regular markets such as "Cao City" and "Hai City" prevailed in large areas. Until now, many traditional provinces and autonomous regions in the country, especially in the north and southwest, have been traditional trade organizations. The form still exists. However, the names used in different places are different. For example, in the north, they are generally called "ji", while in the south and southwest, they are called "field", "street", "market ()", etc. They are held every other day (such as every single day, every two days or every five or every ten days), and take turns at fixed places or several nearby places. There are also some places that use the form of "temple fairs", "horse horse conventions", etc., to carry out multi-day fair-type goods trading activities. In the agricultural and pastoral areas of the Arabian Peninsula, where economic development is relatively backward, there are also regular and scheduled business activities in the form of bazaars.

The bazaar is a cyclic market. The research on the bazaar focuses on its cycle, structure, and relationship with the central doctrine. Some scholars believe that the market cycle is mainly affected by population density, and a larger population density leads to a shorter market. In addition, the cycle is also affected by the weekly and monthly cycles. For example, most of the bazaars in China cycle according to the lunar cycle. The bazaar is a low-level center, and the traded goods are generally low-level goods such as daily necessities and consumables, and serve the rural residents near the bazaar. The market place is usually located in a market town or village with moderate traffic, as well as the location of the temple, the edge of the town, and so on. The market interval often depends on the maximum distance that buyers and sellers are willing to leave their place of residence.

The bazaars are mostly located in central villages, temple resorts, and town fringe areas that are moderately located and easily accessible; they can also be extended to places or settlements for trading, called market towns. The rural market town is the basic unit of the economic space network. It is at the lower level of the central place in the concept of the central place system. With its special functions and scale, it is both connected and different from the towns in the general sense. Market towns are dominated by economic activities and are based on their economic functions. It is the starting point of rural commodity purchasing and the end of commodity sales. It is responsible for the functions of rural production and living materials, agricultural product purchase and trading. In the market town, there is usually a special trading place. In order to facilitate management and trading, various types of materials are concentrated in a certain range, which is not disturbing and integrated into one. Rural market towns also have educational, medical, and entertainment functions, and are the main places for rural residents to entertain and interact with each other. Local governments have tried to control rural areas below the county level through market towns. At present, rural fairs play a role by promoting agriculture through business, prospering the rural economy, communicating urban-rural links, and accelerating rural urbanization.

When geography studies rural market, regard market towns as part of the spatial system of economic activity, study the coordination and coordination of market towns in time and space, the hierarchy of market towns, the circulation circle formed by adjacent market towns, and the space of exchanges and markets The system; study the individual characteristics, business nature and scope of activities of the rush market; study the causes and regularity of the market cycle. Some geographers have focused on the social characteristics of market towns. Study its role in promoting rural development, especially rural urbanization. And through the characteristics and functions of market towns in different historical periods, identify the economic development process and social structure of rural society. After the 1970s, foreign market research focused on quantitative analysis of its laws, such as the optimal length of market cycles, the dynamic economic system of the market cycle, and the analysis of market towns.

Bazaar ancient greece

The public meeting place and trade market in the ancient Greek city of agora is similar to the venue of the public debate in Rome. Surrounded by boundary stone pillars, the bazaar's trade is fixed. Athens' square has altars dedicated to the 12 Olympian gods, the temples of Zeus, Apollo, and Hephaestus, the National Mint, State Administration offices, fountain houses, and shops and covered arcades.