What Percent of GDP do Countries Spend on Their Military?
Military industry: In our country, it mainly refers to military units such as industrial departments and factories that mainly provide services for national defense construction and provide weapons and other military supplies directly to the army.
Military industry
After the Cold War expansion and subsequent adjustments, the world's military industry has maintained a considerable scale at the beginning of the 21st century. It is not only distributed in nearly a hundred countries and regions in the world, but also covers aviation, aerospace, weapons, ships, electronics, Nuclear and other industries, the product range is extremely wide. At the beginning of the 21st century, the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Israel, India, and China directly participated in the military industry in 10 major countries, participating in national defense, and more than 15,000 military industrial enterprises. In 2001, the US, Russia, France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Japan, Israel, and India's 10 major countries' military and industrial output value reached 300 billion US dollars, which is about 1.42% of the total GDP of these 10 countries.
Among the world's military industries, the United States is the largest, with a military industrial output value of up to 200 billion US dollars, accounting for about 2% of US GDP. Russia, France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan and other major countries' military industrial output value is between 9 billion to 26 billion U.S. dollars, and the ratio of each country's GDP is between 0.6% and 4.1%. The country with the highest percentage of military industrial output in GDP is Israel, with 22.8%. Russia has the most direct employees in the military industry, about 3 million people; the United States has more than 1 million people, and the military industry in other major countries directly employs 2 to 350,000 people. There are at most tens of thousands of U.S. military industrial enterprises, of which about 65% are enterprises engaged in military electronics and concurrently operating civilian electronics. Japan s military industry is almost completely armed by the people, so there are only one large-scale institution directly engaged in national defense research and only 17 large-scale military industrial enterprises. National defense research and development (R & D) fees and equipment procurement fees have played an important role in supporting the development and scale of military industries. In 2001, the total defense research and development (R & D) costs of the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy were US $ 54.224 billion and the total equipment procurement costs were US $ 80.751 billion, which respectively accounted for the total defense budgets of the six countries 13.09% and 19.5%.
Despite the restructuring and contraction since the 1990s, the current production scale of major military industries in major countries still far exceeds the need to meet the procurement of their respective weapons and equipment. The military industries of various countries produce export military products and For civilian products, we vigorously strive for share in the international military trade market and the civilian product market in order to maintain the continuous development of our military industry and contribute to our country's economic competitiveness. In 2001, the U.S., Russia, France, Britain, Germany, and Italy's military and industrial output value totaled US $ 274.5 billion, which is 3.4 times the total of the weapons and equipment procurement costs of the six countries. Among them, Russia s military industrial output value is about $ 12.4 billion, which is 11 times more than the US $ 818 million in equipment procurement costs. Obviously, even if the above-mentioned countries do not purchase weapons and equipment from other countries and rely entirely on domestic products to meet the demand for weapons and equipment, they will not be able to support the current scale and sustainable development of the military industry. In fact, more than one-third of military industrial products in major countries are exported. In 2001, Russia's military industrial weapons and military equipment export sales reached 4.4 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for about 35.2% of Russia's military industrial output value; Britain and France also had 31.3% and 22 of the military industrial output value, respectively. The output value of% is the sales of export products. On the other hand, the output value of civilian products in the military industries of major countries accounts for about half of the total output value. For example, in 2001, the share of the output value of the Russian military industry's civilian products was 47% of the total output value. However, even so, there is still considerable overcapacity in many product areas of the existing military industry in some countries. Take the United States as an example.
The structure of military industrial enterprises in the United States and major European countries is divided into system owners based on their role and scale.
For a long time, the geographical distribution of the world's military industry has been uneven. The vast majority of scientific research institutions and powerful enterprises are concentrated in a few industrially developed military powers in North America and Europe, especially in the United States and the former Soviet Union . After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, Russia's inherited military industry of the former Soviet Union has long declined, and the US military industry has continued to maintain the world's largest scale and sustainable development through transformation. Judging from the size of the overall overall scale, the strength of innovative R & D and production capacity, and the share of the military trade market, the current geographic distribution of the world's military industry from strong to weak is roughly: North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania , South America and Africa.
The United States in North America is the world's largest military power and the most important source country of national defense high-tech and weaponry. It represents the highest level of military industry and the strongest comprehensive capabilities. In 2001, the output value of the US military industry was about 200 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for about 60% of the global total output value of the military industry, and the defense R & D expenditure was as high as 39.34 billion U.S. dollars, with more than 1 million employees. The military industry of Canada, another North American country, is also more developed. In 2001, the three major sectors of the Canadian military industry's aerospace, aerospace and military electronics sales reached $ 29.6 billion. Europe is the second most important region in the world's military industry at the beginning of the 21st century. The former Soviet Union had the world's largest military industry. Up to now, Russia's military industry still has 3 million employees, plus Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Italy. In other countries, the European military industry employs more than 50% of the global total. In 2001, the sales value of the military industry in Russia, France, Britain, Germany, Italy, and Sweden in 2001 was approximately 73.2 billion U.S. dollars. It is estimated that the output value of the entire European military industry exceeds 25% of the global military industry output value.
Asia is also an important region of the world's military industry. Although its overall size and level are still a certain distance compared to Europe, Asia's military industry is concentrated in China and Japan in East Asia, India in South Asia, and Israel in West Asia. Most of them have advanced levels in major industries such as aerospace, electronic information, and nuclear industries. The output value of China, Japan, India, and other major Asian countries in 2001 is estimated to be more than 40 billion U.S. dollars, more than 10% of the global total output value of the military industry.
In Oceania, South America, and Africa, except for a few countries such as Australia, Brazil, and South Africa, which have a certain scale of military industry, most countries have established limited-scale military industries through technology introduction, imitating and producing several weapons and equipment; or The military industry of this country mainly acquires the weapons and equipment of advanced countries through imports.
The world's large military industrial enterprises are also concentrated in a few economically developed military powers in North America and Europe. The top ten companies are concentrated in the United States in North America and France and the United Kingdom in three European countries; all seven major companies in North America are in the United States, two of which are the world's largest military industrial enterprises, Boeing and Lockheed Martin. Companies; 3 companies in Europe, one each in France and the United Kingdom, and the other a European multinational company. 88% of the top 100 companies are in North America and Europe, of which more than half are 51 in the United States; 35 in Europe are distributed in 9 countries, of which 26 are in the UK, France, Russia, and Germany alone. 74% of the number of strong enterprises; 11 companies in Asia are distributed in 4 countries, of which 5 are in Israel alone, accounting for 45% of the top 100 entrepreneurs in the Asian military industry, and the other 6 are in India, Japan and Singapore .
At the beginning of the 21st century, there were nearly 60 arms and equipment exporting countries around the world, and the total amount of arms trade in arms and equipment each year was 20 to 30 billion U.S. dollars. The share of world military trade market exports is mainly distributed in the United States and Britain, Russia, France and other countries. Among them, nearly half of the total global military trade exports are in the United States, more than 40% in Europe, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Israel in Asia, and more than 50 other countries have less than 12%. . Unlike the export of arms trade, the world's largest importer of weapons and equipment is concentrated in Asia in the early 2000s. During the 10 years from 1991 to 2000, the import value of weapons and equipment in Asian countries and regions exceeded 150 billion U.S. dollars, about 65% of the total world military trade in the same period. Among them, the major importers of weapons and equipment are Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Kuwait in West Asia. In the past 10 years alone, Saudi Arabia's arms and equipment imports have reached 33.5 billion US dollars, accounting for about 15% of the world's total military trade in the same period. Followed by Taiwan in East Asia, Japan and South Korea, and India in South Asia, Taiwan has imported a total of 23 billion US dollars in weapons and equipment in the 10 years since 1991, accounting for about 10% of the world's total military trade in the same period.
NATO and Western European countries purchase approximately 30% of the world's total annual weapons and equipment, and are the world's second largest importer of weapons and equipment. Countries in Central and Eastern Europe have modified their armaments in order to join NATO, and have become important regions in which weapons and equipment imports have reached tens of billions of dollars in the past 10 years. Egypt is the largest importer of arms trade in Africa, while Brazil, Chile and Peru are the major importers of weapons and equipment in South America.
In the 21st century, the world situation has undergone profound changes, the pace of new military reforms has accelerated, the balance of strategic forces has been unbalanced, and competition in overall national strength has been fierce. As countries adjust their military strategies, they are also actively formulating new military industry policies and development plans and plans, and continue to promote the transformation and healthy development of the military industry. It can be expected that the strategic position and role of the military industry will continue to strengthen in the future, the adjustment of the industrial structure and product structure will be further deepened, the production of weapons and equipment in major countries is expected to continue to grow, and the military's innovation capabilities will continue to increase.
The United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France and other major countries have proposed new military strategies, national defense science and technology strategies, military industrial policies, and military industrial reform plans in order to win opportunities in the future global strategic pattern, and strive to give full play to the role of military industries in Leading role and potential basis in national strategic forces. The US government proposed a "preemptive" military strategy in the early 21st century. This military strategy clarified that military industry is an important component of the "new trinity" strategic force. In its military industry policy announced in October 2002, the United Kingdom also showed that a military industry full of vitality, innovation and competitiveness is essential and necessary for Britain's national defense.
The goal of each country in developing military industry in the 21st century is not only to enable the military industry to provide high-quality equipment and guarantees for the armed forces, but also to require the military industry to serve the development of the country's economic and scientific and technological base and promote a high-tech Content and the formation of a competitive industrial system. The military industry has been investing in military and civilian dual-use technology and dual-use products for many years, and has made and will continue to make important contributions to the development of national economies and science and technology in various countries. Currently, one of the challenges facing the military industry is to reduce excess general capacity while maintaining effective competition and innovation capabilities. To this end, the restructuring of the military and industrial structures of the United States and Europe will pursue large-scale specialization on the basis of groupization. Russia will combine the specialization to reorganize the ultra-large-scale defense scientific research and production complex, showing that the world s military industrial grouping, Specialized structural adjustments will continue. In order to expand financing channels, reduce risks, and increase competitiveness, the development trend of the internationalization of military industries will be further strengthened. At the same time, some countries whose military industrial property rights are mainly state-owned will continue to promote the privatization or privatization of state-owned military industrial enterprises in order to improve efficiency and effectiveness.
In the past two years, large companies on the U.S. and European system main contractor level have continued to form larger cross-industry giant enterprise groups through mergers and acquisitions. At the same time, they have undergone in-depth internal reorganization in the process, stripping non-core businesses and strengthening Core competence in areas of strength. Some sub-system contractors and other component / material suppliers are developing into a group through mergers and acquisitions while specializing in reorganization. More small and medium-sized subcontractors and suppliers are focusing on specialization and developing in the direction of "specialized, refined, special and new". United States
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