How Do I Become a Geological Oceanographer?

Marine geology and geophysics research is one of the most active fields in recent decades. In terms of basic theory, the birth of modern plate tectonics relies heavily on breakthroughs in marine geology and geophysics.

Marine geology

Subject Terms or Keywords: geological science marine science

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In the ten years after entering the 21st century, international

Father of Chinese Marine Geology

Brief introduction of marine geological figures

Liu Guangding, born in 1929, is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a well-known geophysical and marine geologist in China. In 1952, after graduating from Peking University, he went to China University of Geosciences and participated in the establishment of the Department of Geophysics. He used physics to research and search for oil. After leaving school, he not only traveled from east to west, north to south of the China Sea, but also led more than 100 scientific researchers, condensing data collected at sea for 30 years into China's first series of charts, and summed up the evolutionary history of the China Sea. This series of charts has an inestimable effect on China's offshore oil and gas exploration, environmental disaster prevention, and navigation. His colleagues at home and abroad call him "the father of marine geology in China". At the Chinese Academy of Sciences, everyone knows that he is a martial arts master, likes to write poems and write lyrics, and enjoys the praises of "heroes" and "Huangpu instructors".

Marine geological oil

Mr. Liu Guangding was born in the Shuxiang Mendi family in 1929. After finishing high school in Beijing, he felt the power of the atomic bomb in World War II. In 1947, he wanted to learn physics when he was applying for university, hoping to realize his dream of studying atomic energy. This year, Liu Guangding was also admitted to the scholarships of the Department of Physical Education of Beijing Normal University and the Department of Physics of Shandong University. He also chose to enter the Department of Physical Education because the Department of Physical Education can eat for free. But in the end he chose the Department of Physics of Shandong University. But when he arrived in Shandong, he felt deeply depressed and felt that the political atmosphere here was not good and the learning atmosphere was poor. Within a year he returned to Beijing to re-take the university and successfully received a scholarship from the Department of Physics of Peking University. In the same year, he joined the Communist Party of China under the introduction of revolutionary old man Zhang Shuowen.

Liu Guangding's inextricable bond with oil began with a hearty night talk between two seniors in the oil industry. It was July 1951. Teacher Tan Chengze led Liu Guangding and 9 other students to leave Beijing for extended internship. To say that it is an internship is actually a deliberate arrangement of the party organization. The head of the department, Rao Yutai, was a PhD before the death of the famous scientist Einstein. As the head of the department, Dr. Rao was worried about the future of his students, because to succeed in theoretical physics, he must continue to study abroad, which was unrealistic at the time. Just at this moment, in order to create a new China's petroleum industry, the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources and the Ministry of Fuel Industry are anxiously recruiting talents from Peking University. So, there was this special internship.

After arriving in Tongchuan, northern Shaanxi, Liu Guangding and his classmates met two Chen geologists and Wang Shangwen. Chen Yan is an underground party member of the Communist Party of China. He graduated from the Department of Geology of Tsinghua University around 1938 with Kang Shien. Wang Shangwen and Chen Kun are the same pioneers. During his stay in Tongchuan Shilang Temple, one day after dinner, Mr. Chen Yun took the initiative to talk to his classmates. He introduced his work experience and experience to the students and hoped that the students would devote themselves to the construction of the motherland's oil. Chen Zheng said, "A country must develop without oil. If oil is not in the hands of the country, the country cannot be strong and cannot develop." After many years, Liu Guangding still remembers this sentence very clearly. It was this all-night conversation with Bingzhu that enlightened Liu Guangding's geological understanding and changed his life path. He said that patriotism must serve the country, but many problems of the country are not solved by the atomic bomb, and oil is more practical for the country's economic lifeline. Therefore, in his subsequent career, Mr. and the oil have forged an inextricable bond.

After returning to Peking University after summer internship, the school invited Mr. Weng Wenbo, one of the three veterans of the Chinese geophysics community, to give a lecture. At that time, the school asked Mr. Liu to be a teaching assistant to Mr. Weng, and Mr. Weng gave a lecture during the day, and Mr. Liu gave a lecture again in the evening. The teaching is good, which also makes his geophysical foundation deeper and the relationship with oil closer. In 1952, Liu Guangding graduated from China University of Geosciences after graduating from the University. He founded the Department of Geophysics with two other teachers and began a 12-year teaching career, sending a large number of talents to the oil front.

30 Ocean Geology Enthusiasm for 30 years

For China's marine geological undertakings, Liu Guangding started from scratch and drifted at sea for 30 years, combing the China Sea like a comb. China's marine geophysical exploration started very late, and the first marine geophysical exploration team was set up in 1958. After Liu Guangding returned from the Soviet Union in 1960, he set up the first marine geophysical exploration and research laboratory at the Beijing Institute of Geology. In the same year, he was ordered to form the fifth geophysical exploration team of the Ministry of Geology. At that time, the United States and other countries imposed embargoes on China, and the necessary equipment could not be imported. Marine operations are not the same as land, and it is difficult to do without equipment. How to do? Only do it yourself. In response to this, Liu Guangding introduced: "The basic method of marine geophysical exploration is to use gravity, magnetic force, earthquake, echo sounding, electrical methods and other survey methods. We have no instruments and are completely self-made. I first organized 4 people for 3 years. The time experiment produced a submarine gravimeter. Later, an aeronautical magnetometer was imported through the re-export trade. However, the sea conditions are not the same as the air, and a lot of noise interference must be found. A total of 3 or 4 people joined the modified aeronautical magnetometer. The research finally broke through the noise barrier with an accuracy of 2 nits, which was close to the international level at that time. The most important instrument for marine geophysical exploration was a seismograph, but at that time we only had seismographs for land use, which could not be used in the marine environment. So I led you to modify the land seismograph by yourself, develop the seismic combination geophone and receiving cable; in 1964, I led all the teachers of the Institute of Marine Geophysical Exploration, Beijing Institute of Geology to the Nanjing Institute of Geology to set up the Marine Geophysics Laboratory, and further applied zirconium and titanium Lead-acid ceramic (PZT-5) trial-produced underwater piezoelectric detectors, no experience, no borrowing Feeling completely dry by myself. At the beginning of the receiving cable, the geophone was tied together with a telephone line. It was 3,000 meters long and had a buoy suspended from it. But I encountered a problem. When the gun was released, the rope floated when the geophone was pulled. It ca nt be measured in the horizontal direction. So everyone developed a retractable system. When firing the gun, first collect the detector with a rope, and then quickly put it back into the water after firing. The time here must be It must be controlled, and it must be returned to the intended location within 10 seconds. Later, we kept thinking about it and developed a floating detector instead of a telephone line. Instead, it was placed in a plastic tube to receive more data. The discovery of the Bohai Sea floor structures and oil fields in 1965 relied on these self-developed gravimeters and seismic instruments. "With the instruments, there must also be a survey ship, and they began to borrow the 831" Fenhe "landing ship from the Navy for experimental observations. Later, I bought two fishing boats, named "Xinghuo No.1 and No.2", and carried out seismic surveys. One was an explosion ship and the other was a receiving ship. Later, two more were added, "Ebara No. 1 and No. 2," one for gravity and one for sounding. Later, two 1,700-ton "Fendou 1 and 2" ships were built to replace the Xinghuo earthquake ship.

Liu Guangding, relying on their own hands, researched the gravity, magnetic force, earthquake, and sounding of the sea while developing the instrument. They also adopted a variety of positioning measures such as radio shore stations and satellite positioning, which greatly improved the measured data. The accuracy. Liu Guangding himself also moved to Beijing, Nanjing, Zhanjiang, and Shanghai with the relocation of research institutions, but he always loved the front line of the China Sea. Under the leadership of Liu Guangding, China's offshore geophysical survey has obtained excellent measured data. Starting from 1986, he seconded more than 100 business backbones. It took 6 years to compile China's first systematic and highly accurate series of charts, describing the topography, geodynamics, and Cenozoic sediments of the Chinese ocean. Basins and minerals. The 9 series of charts are not only of high academic value, but also of great significance for the exploration and development of marine oil and gas resources, and for safeguarding China's marine sovereignty and rights. In 1992, after the series of charts were exhibited at the 29th World Geological Congress as an important achievement of the Chinese delegation, they immediately attracted widespread attention and high appraisal from the international geoscience community. The United States, the former Soviet Union, Japan, South Korea, Turkey and other countries Well-known geologists have demanded. Professor Hilde of Texas A & M University in the United States has never forgotten this series of maps. He repeatedly mentioned it in lectures. He hoped to get a set. In 1998, when Liu Guangding visited A & M University, he finally made Professor Hilde achieve his wish. This set of maps has been widely cited by more and more major scientific research projects at home and abroad as basic information. The "Pacific and Atlantic Mapping Committee" under UNESCO will include 8 pictures in the series intact into the "World Ocean Map set".

Liu Guangding's "Study on the geological structure of the China Sea and the study of oil and gas properties" and "series of geological and geophysical maps of the China Sea and its neighborhood" have won the second prize of the National Natural Science Award and the first prize of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Technology. These two important achievements, together with other related works, have established Liu Guangding's prominent position in China's marine geology field, and has been called the "father of marine geology in China" by scientific circles at home and abroad.

Marine geological life

The 30 years of drifting on the sea is a period when Liu Guangding has made great contributions to China's marine geology, and it is also a time when he has more emotions. Among them, "Twenty Years in the South of the Sea and the North" is the most memorable for him. At that time, his daughter was in Tianjin, his son was in Hainan Island, and his wife was in Beijing. Although he worked in Shanghai for a long time, he drifted at sea for a long time. In those turbulent years, he was set aside and stood side by side as a "white road in the Communist Party". When the large army moved from Nanjing to Zhanjiang waters, he was left behind, and once depended on small jobs to maintain his living because of lack of clothing and food. Suddenly one day, three telegrams urged him to return to the team, asking him to solve the actual problem of the offshore exploration site, and he was therefore named "the technical leader of the party." But without his bed at the site, he could only live Surveying ship's cable stack. He had 40 boxes of books in his possession, but he was overwhelmed by the fate of those books where they had nowhere to go. He divided these books into three categories. One was solitary at home. He thought he had no right to abandon them. The other was useful to his wife who was also engaged in teaching and research of geophysics. He thought that he should not dispose of them. ; The last category is all kinds of books he likes, which he thinks can be dealt with. When selling his carefully collected books as scrap, Liu Guangding was extremely sad. He sold 33 yuan for 1 penny for hard skin and 3 yuan for 1 pound for soft skin. With the money, he had a drink with his friends and went on the road. And write a poem as proof: "The generous vicissitudes do not grieve the autumn, Wu Gou sees what he wants? Everyone says that Jiangnan is good, but there is only one word of sadness left. The fighting room sips a big cup of sprinkles, and the rivers and lakes are free. How old are you when you are old? "(September 3, 1970)

When Liu Guangding led his colleagues to measure the China Sea every inch, it was not the state that gave him such a task. His task is mainly to study sedimentary basins and find marine oil and gas. Following the discovery of the Bohai Basin in 1965, a large anticline structure in the southwestern part of the Luanxi was discovered in the Beibu Gulf waters in 1973, and a huge Cenozoic sedimentary basin was subsequently discovered in the Pearl River Estuary. In the same year, Liu Guangding moved to Shanghai, where he served as Deputy Chief Engineer and Captain of the Comprehensive Research Group of the Shanghai Marine Geological Survey. The comprehensive research team analyzed the geological and geophysical data of the Yellow Sea and found that the southern Yellow Sea basin was separated into two depressions by a central uplift. Drilling with a drill ship did not obtain a good oil and gas display. The main reason after analysis is that the third place has poor oil and gas properties. From the perspective of geological conditions, oil and gas exploration cannot only be limited to the South Yellow Sea, but the East China Sea must be vigorously explored. To this end, Liu Guangding and a group of geologists jointly made recommendations to the central government, and first conducted a regional geophysical survey in the East China Sea. It was found that the bottom of the East China Sea has a structural pattern of three ridges and two basins. There are also continental shelf basins and Okinawa trough basins between the central Diaoyu Island ridge and the eastern Ryukyu ridge belt, of which there are three sedimentary centers in the East China Sea shelf basin. Therefore, a concentrated investigation of the West Lake Depression located in eastern Zhejiang found that the local structure was developed in strings, the third stratum was thick, and the oil and gas properties were good. Based on further detailed seismic investigations, industrial oil flow was finally drilled in the third stratum of the Pinghu structural belt.

On August 4, 1982, when the good news of Longjing Erjing's "oil" came, Liu Guangding was in a state of excitement. He improvisedly filled in the words "congratulate the groom" and expressed his heart: "A place where the waves are stormy. A storm stands up The red flag dances. The east reaches the Dajiang River for sand and mud, the Yangtze River pours in the Yellow River, and the bottom of the West Lake is full of fertile soil. Huagang Yuquan occupies the current, Changyuan Qingfeng flowers and green trees. Looking up, Yuanqiao waiting to cross. Thousands of miles of wind and sounds of police, is this the long way? Tonglanguan, sad songs spit. Suddenly heard Hu Qia broke through the sky, eight feet of fireworks reflect Qiongyu. Floating white, singing gold. "(Note: According to the academician Zhu Xia's suggestion, the oil and gas wells explored in the East China Sea shelf basin are named after the famous West Lake sights such as Huagang and Longjing.) An old gentleman who studied literature commented on this. Said, "Poetry is like him", Liu Guangding's poems are "very atmospheric", this bridegroom perfectly reflects Liu Guangding's unrestrained character and emotional feelings, especially the lower part of the word, which meticulously portrayed his drilling results, etc. Worry about The bad news while hovering uneasy, but once the smell Herald, the Xiji sing mental process.

Later in the East China Sea shelf basin that Liu Guangding worked on, 18 wells were subsequently drilled, of which 11 had detected oil and gas, which was a very high hit rate. Natural gas in the East China Sea Basin is continuously supplied to the Shanghai market. China s offshore oil and gas exploration is showing a great momentum. The Bohai Sea, the East China Sea shelf, the Pearl River Estuary, the southeast of Qiongnan, and the Yingge Sea have successively discovered industrial airflows. The six major Cenozoic sedimentary basins in the entire offshore shelf area have shown promising oil and gas prospects.

Wu Shangxia

In the life of Mr. Liu Guangding, the greatest joy is to collect and read martial arts novels. He can't let go of them on a moving plane or in a car. He is a well-known "Jin Yong fan". All the books published by this master have been kept in the cabinet one by one, and he can marry like several treasures. So far, he has brought 13 doctors, 11 post-doctors and 18 masters. These doctors, masters and Liu Guangding have one thing in common. They like "Huashan On Sword". At the Chinese Academy of Sciences, people have rumors that if you want to test Mr. Liu's master's degree or doctoral degree, the first question you will meet is "Have you read Jin Yong's martial arts novels?" If you have nt read it, I ll borrow a copy of it and read it first. In this regard, Mr. Liu did not comment. However, Mr. Liu has his unique knowledge of martial arts books. He said: "The first reason I love to read Jin Yong's books is his wonderful writing. Imagine rich and peculiar, reasonable and reasonable. But the content is completely different. Constrained by etiquette law and social norms, it is beyond the norm and extremely creative. This is exactly an innovative spirit. A nation should have an innovative spirit, and scientific research needs an innovative spirit. Secondly, I see not only the shooting in the novel Fighting and lingering, pay more attention to the content behind the text. From the lines of the novel, you can read that the author is describing a human nature, the society is constantly changing, but the human nature is unchanged. In Jin Yong's novels, you You can also hear the melody of patriotism reverberating ... "Listening to his renju when talking about Jin Yong, you can hardly imagine him as a scientist who has been engaged in scientific research for more than half a century.

As an intellectual, an underground party member, a scientist, and a senior cadre who came from old China, Liu Guangding accompanied the ups and downs of the world. Since setting down his grand vow to find oil for the country, he has "traveled to the Central Plains", "swords and rivers", "Zhangxing Tianshan", and has traveled throughout China for 50 years. His strong physique benefited from martial arts since childhood, 60 cold and summer trainings continued, and he became a master of Tai Chi martial arts. In "Twenty Years of the South, the North and the South", Mr. Liu wrote three books: one is his professional book "Marine Geophysical Exploration", and the other is the "Poetry of Songs" collected by students later. Anthology, one is Taijiquan and Pushing Hands. Among them, 42,000 copies were printed in the early 1980s of Taijiquan and Pushing Hands, and 330,000 copies were reprinted three years later. Anyone who is familiar with the relationship between Taijiquan teachers knows that after the Chenjiagou Taijiquan was divided into two branches hundreds of years ago, the two famous names of Chen Changxing Taijiquan in modern history, Liu Yuanhua (Light Dou) and Liu Wancang, respectively. It is Liu Guangding's elder brother and cousin.

Mr. Liu is cheerful and open-minded. He hates bullies and bullies most in his life. When facing injustices, he always speaks out of righteousness and dares to be dared to be a hero. In 1999, at the time of Liu Guangding's 70th birthday, academics wrote inscriptions for him. "Ding Yan Jiu Jiu holds justice, the gentleman's morality and encourages the future", "Glory Lei falling in the midst of the stone? Dingli struggle book mountain "? "Guangqian Yuhou? Dingye success", etc., can be called his most exciting academic, Everbright life most Good portrayal.

Attachment: Academician Liu Guangding's file

Born in Beijing in 1929, his ancestral home is Penglai, Shandong. Joined the revolution in September 1948, graduated from the Department of Physics of Peking University in July 1952, and then taught for 12 years at the Beijing Institute of Geology. In 1958, China's first marine geophysical exploration team was formed and served as the captain. In 1964, he was the director of the Geophysical Research Office of the Institute of Marine Geology, Ministry of Geology, the technical leader of the Second Marine Geological Survey Brigade, the deputy chief engineer of the Marine Geological Survey, and the leader of the comprehensive research team. In 1980, he served as the Deputy Director of the Marine Geology Department of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources. Deputy Director of the Bureau of Petroleum Geology and Ocean Geology. He was appointed Director of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1989, and was elected Chairman of the Chinese Geophysical Society in 1993. In 1980 he was elected as a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Academician), and in 1993 he was elected as a member of the Third World Academy of Sciences. The eighth and ninth members of the CPPCC. Academician Liu Guangding has long been engaged in oil and gas exploration and China's tectonic research on the front line. He has published monographs such as "Marine Oil and Gas Exploration and Development" and "East Sea Geology and Oil and Gas Exploration", covering a wide range of issues in marine geology, oil and gas exploration, and geophysics. Starting from the geophysical field, he explored issues such as "macrostructure of the Chinese geodetic structure", "geophysical prediction of mineral resources", and "pre-Cenozoic marine residual basins in China". He has published more than 80 papers, translated 34 books, 10 lecture notes, reports, and popular science. During the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" period, he presided over the national key project "Research on the Theory and Methodology of Searching for Large Oil and Gas Fields"; during the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, he hosted a major project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China "Geophysical Research of Terrestrial Thin Interlayer Oil Reservoirs"; Member of the 863 Marine Exploration and Resource Development Technology expert group. In 2000, he was an expert in the 973 superimposed basin and marginal sea projects. He has twice won the National Natural Science Award, the Zhu Kezhen Field Work Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Li Siguang Honor Award, the Hong Kong He Liang Heli Science and Technology Progress Award, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Technology and Progress Special Award.