How Do I Become a Smokejumper?

The history of smoking is "History of Smoking: A Cultural Interpretation of Smoking" written by more than 30 authors from all over the world. These authors come from anthropology, history, art history, art history, medical history and other fields. In a popular and vivid way, the reader describes the origin, spread of smoking and its interactive process with historical culture, literature and art, race, gender and other factors, and conducts a scientific analysis on the focus issues of smoking physiology and other aspects. Made a profound cultural interpretation of the history. Edition of a book

Smoking history

"Whether you are a loyal smoker or a guardian of public health, this picture book on smoking history will fascinate you."

Australian Times

"This is an exquisite book, just like the same pack of cigarettes, it is immersed in the joy of smoking"

The British Sunday Post

"Smoking is a topic of common interest to both academics and ordinary people. This book is all-encompassing, highly readable, and the large number of exquisite illustrations in the book are also a tribute to modern printing art ..."

Sydney Herald Morning

"Despite the prevalence of anti-smoking, as a cultural label, an important means of expressing romance and rebellion, introspection and joy, smoking will not disappear from us."

Noah Eisenberg, Cigarettes on the Screen; From Weimar to Hollywood

This book was co-written by more than thirty authors from all over the world. These authors come from various fields such as anthropology, history, art history, art history, medical history, etc. They describe the origin of smoking to readers in a popular and vivid way , Communication and its interaction with historical culture, literature and art, race, gender and other factors, and carried out a scientific analysis on the key issues of smoking physiology, and made a profound cultural interpretation of the history of human smoking. Therefore, this book is both a history of smoking and a history of culture.

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On November 6, 1492, two Columbus crews ventured back from Cuba. They reported encountering local residents who smoked a kind of "dried leaves", the same as those given to Columbus as a gift a month ago (October 15, 1492). Luis de Torres and Rogerio de Helles smoked these burning leaf cigarettes, becoming the earliest smokers in Europe. This marked the beginning of a series of contacts between the two smoking cultures. According to Las Casas, a pastor who edited the Columbus travel manuscript in 1514, the residents they met used certain herbs to smoke, they lit one end of the herb, and the other end was used to chew or suck, or through the respiratory tract Inhale. Tobacco numbs their muscles and makes them intoxicated, so they say they don't feel tired. The dried leaves come from the tobacco plant. The Spanish people mistakenly called their native name "tobacco". In fact, the Indians used pipes to pump the plant. From northern Mexico to southern Canada, this plant is widely grown on the American continent. Long before the plant began to grow, that is, between 5,000 BC and 3000 BC, it was smoked as a cigarette in North and South America as part of the etiquette habit. The Maya, the Caribbean, and countless others living in the Western Hemisphere smoke all kinds of tobacco. Although tobacco can be used for chewing, for drinking as a tea, as a liquid for ingestion, as a powder for inhalation, and for jelly, it can only be quickly diagnosed and smoked only when smoked as a smoke and burning herbs produce smoke. A cure for disease can drive away evil souls that are thought to cause disease. Girola Benozz mentioned in his book "The History of the New World in 1565" that smoking is intoxicating and part of social etiquette. Tobacco is also the food of the ghost that inhabits the shaman. Tobacco is so indescribable and perceptible, so real and illusory that it captures the imagination of Europeans. The word "tobacco" did not exist at first, and once it existed, it began to continuously seek new meaning. Smoking was originally a therapy, but soon it became a passion, and the elites soon began to smoke for pleasure, which also seemed to suit the personality of North and South Americans. Smoking existed for etiquette and medicinal needs, and became part of the elite culture until it was finally adopted by the entire society. To Europeans, smoking, that is, borrowing a device to inhale the residue of a burning substance, is understood as something new. In the 18th century, there was a story about Mr. Walter Reilly, an exemplary smoker. On a way back to England, he quietly smoked with a pipe. His servant thought he had a fire on his face, and suddenly poured a pint of beer on his face. In that era, smoking was considered a new idea, a new experience-mainly for those who could afford to smoke, the elites. Nonetheless, such a luxury was soon available to civilians. The rolls of tobacco smoked by indigenous people in Central and South America provide a quick and easy way for those who are not religious to enjoy the thrill of tobacco. In addition to drying, you can smoke without much preparation. Inhaling smoke into lung tissue means that a dose of nicotine and other chemicals quickly settles into the blood. Nozzle, tea, or tobacco jelly do not inhale the transfer speed directly. Nicotine and tobacco are named after Gene Nicote, the French ambassador to the Portuguese court who brought tobacco and smoking back to the French court as a therapy in the mid-16th century. Although many stories about Europeans discovering the "New World" are heard, little is known about Europeans' first smoking experience and their reaction to magical smoking. The narrative of Lars Casas was not published until the 19th century. In 1557, Andrei Serwitt described the smoking habits of people in the "New World" who were still enthusiastic: when tobacco plants dried, people wrapped a certain amount of tobacco in a large palm leaf and rolled it into a candle Cigarette. They lit one end of the cigarette and smoked with their nose and mouth. They say smoking feels great and clears the head. In addition, smoking can make people suffer from hunger for a period of time, so they often smoke, and even stop smoking during conversation, and then continue talking. They often smoked one after the other during the war, which helped them a lot. Women do not smoke at all. In fact, if they inhale too much smoke, the smoke will enter their heads and drunk them. Just like strong wine. In 1571, a well-known physician in Seville, Nicholas Monardez, proclaimed to the Old World the "effect" and "greatness" of this "holy grass": it could heal diseases and expel evil spirits; This herb is a universal demand not only because it can cure diseases, but also because it can keep people healthy. He also explained that smoking relieves fatigue and relaxes. Smoking also seems to treat syphilis (another thing introduced from the New World), at least a drug that reduces the symptoms of syphilis. In 1535, the head of the military government of Hispaniola Island, Gonzalo, condemned the use of the weed by locals, believing it made people lazy and useless. Still, he had to admit that some Christians, especially those infected with syphilis, had developed a way to smoke. They no longer feel pain in the psychedelic effects of tobacco. Smoking can effectively transmit powerful nicotine, but smoking itself seems to have a magic sign. In 1530, Falacosto Girolamo, who discovered syphilis, believed that if bacteria could spread disease through the air, perhaps tobacco could cure it. In 1586, Thomas Harreit, a British scientist who accompanied Ralph Rain to his North American expedition, received a copy of Monardez's work during his journey, praising the healing effect of "Holy Smoke": " They smoke through a pipe made of clay, which draws smoke into the stomach and head; these two places open the veins and open all the pores and channels of the body: this means that smoking not only protects the body from intrusion, but also Keep people healthy. But people do nt know that many serious diseases in Britain are contagious. Harriet was so fascinated by the magical tobacco that he became a drug addict and died of nose cancer. For upper-class Europeans who have access to scarce and expensive tobacco, such as Harriet and his contemporaries, Portuguese and French, smoking is life-threatening, but it is also a treat. In 1595, Anthony Sue wrote the first English work on tobacco, and he quoted Monardes as using tobacco as a herb. But in the sixth edition of the book in 1626, he blamed smoking as a wasteful and depraved hobby if it was just for pleasure. In the late 16th century, the British produced the first white spherical clay pipe for the first time, which marked the introduction of a new system from the New World in Europe, which was generally considered to have been brought by Mr. Walter Raleigh. When Mr. Walter was beheaded in 1618, he was carrying a gallows on a pipe. The magical smoking suddenly captivated Europeans. In 1598, descriptions of smoke appeared in European literature and works of art, and the smoking wave soon spread throughout the European continent and elsewhere in the world. Robert Harcourt wrote in 1613: "This commodity (that is, tobacco) will bring as much profit as the Spaniards will make from the best and richest silver mines of all the Indian Islands. This is derived from the cost comparison between the two. "Smoking digs out the value of tobacco leaves and makes them a commodity. Without that tube of tobacco, tobacco leaves are still just a herb for many diseases. For the next fifty years, the plant tobacco was commonly grown in most parts of the world. From Siberia to Java, from West Africa to Tibet, people everywhere are fascinated by this strange tobacco. Originally used as ceremonial and medical tobacco in the Americas and the Caribbean, it evolved into a popular smoking behavior. Tobacco has conquered the world with its magic. Nowadays, a world without tobacco seems incredible. Long before the discovery of the new continent, the magic of magic tobacco had captured the human soul and body. Related to people's nostalgia for the lost world, through the nose and sense of smell-one of the most basic human senses-tobacco satisfies the scent of the nose we desire, warms our skin, soothes our soul, and smoothes It hurt our pain and brought us sweet memories of childhood. Smoking has always been part of the culture. Egyptians, Babylonians, and Indians incense their gods, and Native Americans communicate through smoking and soul. In Jerusalem's temples, incense was burned day and night outside the Most Holy Sanctuary. It was by incense to God that Jewish people escaped the life-threatening plague. The Roman Catholic Church has the practice of burning incense in every great mass, a practice that has prevailed throughout Europe and has spread to the "New World." The gothic cathedral was filled with a strong smell of smoke. During Columbus's voyage, Xiang was always with him. On the other hand, the ancient Chinese burned Ai to drive away the devil and stay healthy. In ancient Greece, inhaled gas was highly regarded as a medical method and was also used in rituals. Modern modern readings about the Greeks prophecy say that Delphi s gods became so intoxicated that they could breathe in natural gas, so that they could utter their prophecy with the obscurity of a tincture. For the Greeks, the inhalation of this ritual was also a source of happiness. According to Herodotus, the Gusesians once climbed some marijuana seeds into their tents and threw the seeds over hot stones, which immediately gave off smoke and gave off a kind of steam. Inferior to any steam bath found in Greece. The Cecilians enjoyed the steam so much that they yelled for joy. Europeans may have "discovered" the new world, but they did not "discover" smoking, they simply remembered that smoking world. What surprised them was the way tobacco was transported, instead of filling the entire room with smoke, as in childhood, but everyone smoking with a cigarette or using a pipe. In 1535, when Jacques Cartier discovered that the Iroquois (now Canadians) smoked, he also tried it himself, and he felt that the smoke was "as exciting as pepper in a pipe". But Europeans quickly became accustomed to this form of smoking. The increase in the number of smokers is also related to their recognized medical effects. Most smoking histories focus only on the magical tobacco plant, but ignore the appeal of smoking and its effects. There is no doubt that people in the old world are excited by tobacco and have faith in the magical medical effects of smoking. At the same time, smoking also makes people feel comfortable, relaxed and peaceful. Especially smoking seems to reduce hunger and make people work harder. People also knew this from the beginning. Tobacco has conquered people in the form of smoking: from herbs to incense, from tobacco leaves to opium, from narcotics to rod tobacco, and so on, human life has never left smoking. In the 17th century, European merchants recognized the unlimited potential of tobacco products discovered during the development of the New World. Humans, who have been living with tobacco, are constantly seeking cheap panaceas and sources of happiness. As a result, the market for extractable herbs with amazing healing properties continues to grow. Because tobacco leaves are grown worldwide, smoking as a habit and a courtesy has become a commodity. Tobacco leaves bring more wealth to people than all the silver mines in the Indies. Smoking spreads and becomes popular. In Europe, the taste of pipe tobacco is considered to be "gentle-like." According to Paul Hanzell, a German tourist who was in London around 1600, almost everyone, including the rich and the poor, men and women, smoked from long clay pots. Around 1618, Horatio Shawson and another visitor to London were impressed by the city's pipe etiquette: people smoked so often that they placed their pipes next to their pillows at night to satisfy them Their smoking addiction. They have the habit of using tobacco pipes in turn, passing the tobacco pipes from one person to another very gracefully and naturally. In addition, noble ladies and virgin women are used to using smoking as a medicine, but they do it secretly and enjoy smoking. Different people smoke different cigarettes. Different occasions use different smoke pipes. With the spread of smoking culture, smoking appliances have become more sophisticated, often made of valuable materials. A smoking art culture was formed. Although ordinary people smoked with ordinary pottery pipes, tobacco pipes with expensive carvings and decorations, and even silver pipes appeared. Cigarette cases made of wood, metal, or exotic materials (such as ivory) have also become essentials for carrying around, and are used to hold all smoking essentials. In addition there are flint, steel pipes, ashtrays, and of course tobacco. Cigarette boxes quickly became a symbol of friendship or social relations, and became as widespread as "holy smoke" and "holy grass". In his 1658 anti-smoking essay written by Jesuit missionary Jack Bard, by the early 17th century, the term "drunken" (meaning smoking) was invented. It took almost two hundred years for the word "smoker" to be established. Outside Europe, through Turkey to Asia and Africa, smoking quickly spread and became the latest epidemic. In Central Asia and India, under the rule of the Mughals, local residents used smoking as an art form with outstanding originality. They mixed tobacco with other more common leaves, spices, and sandalwood, and then smoked with a hookah, or hookah. The smoke cools down through the water and produces a cool aroma, which is most popular during hot weather. Driven by Portuguese and French businessmen, pipe smoking quickly spread to the entire African continent. By the end of the 16th century, there was a rich local smoking culture, which extended to the fields of social etiquette (such as weddings) and religious rituals. According to Japanese records, smoking with a pipe entered Japan in April 1600 with British tourist William Adams. Just over a decade later, around 1615, men, women and children are said to have developed a habit of smoking. Early Japanese ukiyo-e artwork "Dawn of Ukiyo" shows smoking as part of the world of prostitutes. In Omura Watanabe's paintings from the mid-1740s, a prostitute holds a tobacco pipe in his hand, and a long tobacco pipe placed in a diagonal position cuts the figure in half, depicting the woman's sensuality deeply. In earlier works by Masako Murakami in Kyoto, there are many depictions of brothels, all mentioning the use of tobacco pipes and tobacco. The Spanish and Portuguese also brought tobacco to China through the South China Sea and Japan. The Chinese quickly fell in love with this new gadget and found that smoking was an intoxicating experience. From malaria prevention to treatment of rheumatism and common cold, social elites have further praised the medical effects of smoking. In just one generation, China has developed a strong smoking culture. The famous writer Quan Zuwang (1705-1755) stated in his famous essay on tobacco that the essence of tobacco is to provide pure pleasure and lofty spirit. When depressed, smoke can delight the spirit and lead people to open the spiritual channel; it can make drunkenness awake, and it can also make people intoxicated; it can relieve distress and troubles, and is a necessity of daily life. Smoke is a part of modern life and may control the body, disease and mindset, as the West and China have advertised. A 1700 French paper states that smoking makes the brain and nerves cleaner and more stable. Smoking is conducive to better judgment, clearer and more thoughtful reasoning, and stronger soul endurance. It can be seen that both East and West agree with the many effects of smoking. As a daily necessity, a popular recreational activity, and a panacea, by the mid-17th century, smoking had become widespread and quickly transcended national borders. It also paved the way for opium smoking, turning China into one of the most smoked countries in the world. Europeans spread the American smoking tradition around the world, making it a global fashion. People from all continents have begun to experiment with smoking techniques and improve their use. They have integrated smoking into their own culture and given them the role of smoking local tradition and etiquette. In a world that is widely separated by geographical distance, religion, customs, and social status, smoking has become a common habit in many countries and stimulates social interaction. Smoking removes cultural and social barriers, but also strengthens cultural and social barriers. As smoking becomes more and more part of civilian life, a problem related to enjoyment arises. Smoking is a pleasure, but it is enjoyed by the royal family and privileged elites, not by the humble group of workers, whose first tasks are work, production and discipline. The response to claims that smoking improves people's ability to work is that smoking is a leisure activity that causes workers to ignore their responsibilities. Most people's pleasure will threaten social management, and there is a kind of "terror" that can potentially lead to instability, especially when the status quo of the rule is in crisis or is on the verge of collapse. When smoking is considered a threat to social order, it becomes a punishable crime. From the early 17th century, doctors have been arguing about smoking and the harmful effects of tobacco, both in Europe and in the East. Still, compared to alcoholism, the problem is elsewhere. As Jacob Boulder's essay states, the negative effects of drinking and smoking often seem to be the same: they both turn humble, orderly workers into people who care only about personal happiness. The government strives to regulate this substance that brings pleasure to ensure economic and social stability. Turkey's Sultan Murad IV (ruling from 1623 to 1640) was the first ruler to ban smoking. Because smoking seemed to be a threat to morals and health, he even tried to close cafes where smokers gathered. In China, the two years before the Emperor Chongzhen (ruling from 1627 to 1644) proclaimed himself on the top of the Long Live Mountain, a decree was issued prohibiting smoking, and those who violated the law would be punished as crimes against the enemy. In subsequent dynasties, similar bans were repeatedly issued. In the Qing Dynasty, smoking was regarded as a more abominable crime than neglect of archery. In 1634, the Bishop of Moscow banned the sale of tobacco, and men and women who smoked would be punished by cutting their nostrils or severely whipped until their bodies were incomplete. In 1642, Urban VII condemned smoking in the Pope, because men and women, even priests and missionaries, did not stop smoking with their mouths and nostrils during the Mass celebration. Nevertheless, over time, sects formed a tobacco monopoly and banned the spread of anti-smoking books within their sphere of influence. In England, as early as 1604, James I condemned smoking because he more or less believed that smoking came from the brutal beast-like habit of wild, disrespectful, slave Indians. Because of smoking, England has fallen from its former glory. It caused the priest to gradually relax, from nobleness to idleness, and the morals of the people fell sharply. Ben Johnson said in 1621 that it was the devil who farted and made everyone drunk. Nonetheless, a contemporary brochure has led to the replacement of exotic weeds with genuine British products: "It is better to be smothered by British marijuana than being poisoned by Indian tobacco!" Smoking will remain an option, even for those who crunch tobacco People. Bans that consider smoking a threat to the country and harm the body do not even stop people from smoking. The people are not as plastic as the rulers imagined. If they can't choose their leader, they can at least fool them. Moses brought them the Ten Commandments, but they always followed the Eleventh Commandment: You should find a way out. Once the people have tasted the sweetness, they will not give up easily. With the intensification of smoking bans, people's desire to smoke has also become stronger. The rulers could not smoke, so they switched to state monopolies for control. Through this monopoly, tobacco and smoking brought them wealth, eased the social tension, strengthened their rule, and they were all happy. Peter the Great even regarded smoking as a means of driving Russian feudal states into the West and as a means of enlightenment. Not only do Dutch courts smoke cigarettes brought back by courtiers, but Dutch ukiyo-e paintings such as the works of Ostät van Gogh or more formal portraits can often be seen in smoke pipes. Carrying pipes and cigarettes has become a major indicator of the emergence of middle-class men and women. There is no doubt that smoking and tobacco have accelerated international trade and connections and modernized the world ahead of schedule. Nevertheless, in the 18th century, tobacco as a smoking object was still associated with pre-modern transmission systems. It spread to Europe in the form of smoking, and there was no previous document in Europe about people's enthusiasm for tobacco. At that time, smoking was no longer a fashion, but a norm. It quickly became a competitor to snuff smoking (nose smoking was popular at the time). In 1782, William Kubill said that the smell of smokers was as fragrant as a blooming rose. Cigars are the best example of tobacco continuing to transform itself. Cigars first became popular in Spain and then spread to Britain and other European countries. The cigar was originally a Cuban idea, and the Spaniards put it into the Philippines for sale. The 18th century was described as the century of snuff smoking, and by the early 19th century, the use of cigars was so widespread that smoking spread throughout Europe. Lord Byron praised in 1823: "Sacred tobacco! From east to west, inspiring sailors' morale and arousing the Turkmen's passion. Give me a cigar! It is a naked beauty." In advanced civilization, ancient customs Harmony with modern refinement to some extent through tobacco. Cigars are increasingly becoming a hallmark of nobles, privileged, wealthy and social elites, while dirty and old pipes are becoming popular. In addition to cigars and pipes, Europeans soon offered cigarette options. Over time, smoking cigars and cigarettes became a mark of men, or special types of women who enjoyed a rare status in the family. The link between smoking and gender has a long history. In his work "Fezbutau Cigarette" (1842-1843), William Mekopis Thakri boldly said: "In fact, cigars are the enemy of women and their conquerors." Charles Lang Mu compares his cigarette butt to the end of his marriage: "Or, because men are forced to leave / and their closest thing / ... without remorse for the tragic divorce / for you, my tobacco, I have to defend to death /.../Although the smoke is everywhere / but our enemies can't find us ... / Tobacco is the lover we have abandoned but often remembered. "Women rarely smoke cigars, only their spouses smoke cigars. Perhaps in elegant British society, women do not smoke, but in the early 19th century in the United States, women of all classes smoked. The wives of two presidents, Andrew Jackson and Zachary Taylor, are smoking in the White House! As the cigar conquered smoking, men began to smoke. Outside of modern Europe, the Chinese also perfected their opium smoking skills. The Chinese had previously learned to smoke a mixture of grass and opium from the Javanese, but later opted for opium, in part because the rulers banned smoking. More important, however, is that opium smoking brings a stronger pleasure and seems to be more beneficial to the health of smokers. The Chinese turned the art of opium into reality. In addition to the high requirements on the quality of opium and the rigorous preparation process, the opium tube, also known as the "smoke gun", has amazing uniqueness. The smoking pipe is used to distill rather than burn materials, so it consists of two parts, namely the smoking pipe and the distillation bowl (or throttle). The wick must be adjusted moderately to produce a moderate flame; the bowl must be held at a suitable distance and angle from the heat source; the smoker must smoke the pipe correctly, and the opium ball will slowly evaporate instead of burning, and then emit a unique The squeak echoed in the bowl of smoke pipes. As the opium gradually evaporates, it turns into dense, blue-white smoke. These thick and hot smoke quickly expands, rushes through the pores in the opium ball and enters the bowl of the pipe, and then cools down, so that the solid matter is removed from the smoke. It settles down to form a solid residue, which is useless "dregs". What is left now contains only the purest and most fragrant volatile elements of opium. This stuff enters the lips of smokers and is fragrant and pleasant, falling straight into the lungs like velvet. The pleasure of pure smoke is difficult to describe with pen and ink. In Western Europe, such as the Smokers' Clubs in London and Berlin, smoking etiquette is more closely linked to the socialization of individual smokers. These clubs serve coffee and chocolate, both of which were recreational in the 18th and 19th centuries. Although the stuffing, scraping, igniting and re-igniting movements of smoking pipes have become a habit of everyone, it is in an environment like a club where people can talk, have books and food, and smoking has become a real habit. The same services are provided by working-class bars, hotels and wine rooms. Smoking became part of the wine culture of working-class neighborhoods in Europe and North America. In 1888, Paul Gauguin painted his extraordinary "Night Hall". The hero in the painting is Mary Kenos, the manager of the Alles Overnight Hotel. She leans calmly on the bar, and the entire room is diffused. The cigarettes smoked by her customers. In the Muslim and Indian world, smokers continue to enjoy the coolness of the hookah. Because of their wealth of knowledge on herbs and plants, they use a variety of narcotics, hookahs and tobacco, which largely depend on individual choice and practicality. It is worth mentioning that narcotics and hookah play a key role in poetry, music, architecture, associations, weddings and funerals, luck and misfortune, furniture, clothes, food and sex. Smoking has become an unprecedented form of people's life. An example is Cairo's Narcotics Museum, where all social events take place in Jeri. Just like eating, drinking, and other recreational activities, smoking is also a habit. Once we lived without food, but modern society needs more than bread and water. Bill Clinton said that we must breathe, but we do not have to inhale the residue of burning substances. People's dependence on smoking is mostly determined by culture or the result of modernization, because it is purely a physiological need. Although individual freedom is reflected in democracy, human beings are more subject to a "free choice" world. Goods are no longer just for enjoyment, they have the ability to transform people's lives. In the consumer world, people believe that consumption can enrich their lives, although in reality people become poorer because of spending, especially buying things that bring immediate and immediate pleasure. Therefore, smoking with friends is not only a happy sharing, but also a magic driven by fashion and envy. In addition, most people find pleasure from smoking certain substances, such as cannabis, tobacco or opium. As money became a key measure of human ability, money spent on smoking quickly became a potential force defining the lives of smokers. Therefore, marriage is a sign of a good life, and it is the Cinderella Dream of the working class (In 1888, WD Wells and HO Wells launched the first British brand of machine-made cigarettes, called Cinderella "). However, this promise is as inscrutable as the cigarette itself. Dependence on tobacco was (and still is) caused by the tobacco industry and the tobacco trade. The gains from trade stimulated industrial growth. The larger the industry, the wider the range of products and types, so the more smokers there are, the greater the profits. By the end of the 19th century, smoking had become a big deal. In 1889, James Duke spent $ 800,000 to market cigarettes worldwide. It was his American Tobacco Company that fueled the fanaticism for cigarettes. He was also the first to recognize that advertising (including cigarette packs that can be used to collect) is as important as the product itself. As early as 1885, Duke hardened the soft packages of cigarette cases, making them "collectible" hobbies. Duke mechanizes the manufacture of cigarettes with a new Bensac automatic cigarette maker, which can produce 120,000 cigarettes ten hours a day, equivalent to forty cigarette workers rolling five cigarettes per minute for ten hours. However, there is no doubt that the advent of modern advertising has contributed to the surge in tobacco profits. In the 1880s, improvements in transportation, production, and packaging quality allowed manufacturers to sell products of the same brand all over the world. Advertising then began, and advertising companies bloomed like wildflowers throughout the 19th century. Tobacco products have become one of the main goals of new media for global sales. The power of modern advertising is rooted in psychological and sociological theories. It uses the proliferation of cheap newspapers and magazines and the public's obsession with billboards and advertising images to convey information. One of the most prominent early tobacco advertising carriers was Cooper's Tobacco Plant, a periodical published by Cooper Tobacco in London from 1870 to 1884. Coincidentally, in October 1875, Baudelaire's essay "On Anesthetics" was published in the UK, and Theophile Gautier's "On Opium" was published a month later. Cooper Tobacco's journal is devoted to describing the thrill of gentleman smokers indulging in various forms of smoking. The target group points to the middle class outside the city or in the province, at least as it claims. How important is the self-image of the middle class! The book "Alice in Wonderland" published by Louis Carroll in 1865 contains several extraordinary pictures by John Daniel, where the caterpillars and Alice stare at each other for a long time, and finally The caterpillar draws a hookah from its mouth ... In the noisy capitalist era, advertising has become the life and dream of modern culture. Even cigarette workers rely on advertising to sell their products. Through advertising, all consumers are united in the pursuit of the same goal, which is defined as "everyone needs." Therefore, by smoking the same brand of cigarettes, all the hopes of smokers are brought together and unified, and therefore simplified. The image of a trademark is not used to define tobacco products, but to define smoking itself. With every purchase, customers are provided with a strong but vague, incredible, and repetitive guarantee: they can be as heroic as the smokers in advertising. These intentional nostalgias are no longer about the warmth of smoking and personal pleasure, but the ability to control the present and the future. So cigars are sold under the name of a powerful ancient monarchy, while cigarettes promise a "wedding cake." In China, opiates guarantee people's immortality under the name of traditional alchemy pills. Ironically, modern advertising has also turned women and children into potential customers for Magic Tobacco. Although it is argued that women can smoke in public as much as men, at least until the early 19th century, the whole world considered the idea of women to smoke in public unacceptable and offensive. Closely related to the phenomenon of adultery and prostitution in the late 19th century, the image of smoking women began to appear in literary and artistic works of Western Europe (and America) and the Middle East in the same period. With the advent of the First World War and the establishment of voting rights as a basic issue in Europe and the Americas, people's attitudes began to change. Women's smoking controversy has become the arena for women's liberation. The first women's rights conference in New York was humorous material from the 1840s. Although many of the women present were also tobacco abolitionists and advocates of quitting, ironically, they actually demanded that women also have the right to smoke. Smoking or women's rights violates traditional men's activities. With the advent of the 19th century, a series of portraits showing the effects of smoking have appeared. Even international conflicts can be solved with a cigar! Equality is a good thing for people, and equality means smoking. As cigarettes replaced cigars, women from all walks of life began to smoke. In 1900, 80% of British tobacco was consumed in the form of cigars, and by 1950, 80% of tobacco was consumed in the form of cigarettes. Consumers of cigarettes have also undergone a fundamental transformation. Privately, upper-class and middle-class women smoked more and more cigarettes, and it became a sign of the "new women's movement" in 1915. TS Elliot wrote: "Miss Nancy Ellicott smokes / dances various modern dances / her aunts don't know her feelings well / but they know that cigarettes are fashionable." In 1928, the president of American Tobacco Corporation, George Washington Hill, decided to invest in a brand new event for women to participate in the company's "lucky cigarettes" event. With the help of Edward Bones (Sigmund Freud's nephew), good-colored cigarettes are hailed as the "torch of freedom" dedicated to women, who must and the "foolishness" imposed on them Prejudice. " 1929 191520 17 1761· 19 1857JB19 1903JH·1948·202020301953·2000 190219241928 1996()199752003 ()()_()20002001 20(·)Uppman·(1)(2)(3)2050· (·) ()() 1535· 1923· 15011502