How Do I Become an Instrument Mechanic?

An instrument refers to a scientific or technological instrument or device used for experiments, measurements, observations, inspections, drawings, etc. A set of equipment or machinery usually prepared for a specific use. The instrument is usually used for scientific research or technical measurement, industrial automation process control, production, etc. Generally speaking, a device or device dedicated to a purpose. The structure of the instrument is relatively complicated, and it belongs to high-tech products, which is composed of multiple parts. There are various types of instruments in terms of volume, weight, and shape. The smallest can be directly operated in your hand. Larger instruments are generally called devices or equipment.

[yí qì]

An instrument is used to detect, measure, observe, and calculate various physical quantities, material components,

Instrumentation has a long history. In 1450 BC,

Instrumentation is a comprehensive product of a variety of science and technology.

The main technical indicators for measuring instrument performance are accuracy, sensitivity, and response time.

Instruments are used for a variety of purposes. Instruments are very important scientific research tools and devices in scientific research laboratories and medical research and practice. With the continuous improvement of China's industrial automation level, the development of various new instruments The update is very fast, and it is widely used in the field of industrial production and process control.

1. Instrument is an important prerequisite and fundamental guarantee for the development of science and technology. Any big leap in the history of human development is driven by huge innovations and fundamental changes based on tools. The development and innovation of scientific instruments as "tools" is often an important factor in sci-tech innovation.

2. Instruments are an important guarantee for economic development and national defense security. Instrument is an important basic condition indispensable to guarantee economic development and national security. First, famous scientists

Advances in science and technology continue to place higher requirements on instrumentation.

Car seat inspection equipment

The development trend of instruments is to continuously use new working principles and use new materials and new components, such as the use of ultrasonic, microwave, radiation, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, superconducting, laser and other principles and the use of various new types of semiconductor sensitive components, Integrated circuit, integrated optical circuit, optical fiber and other components. The purpose is to achieve miniaturization of instruments, reduce weight, reduce production costs, and make it easier to use and maintain. Another important trend is to improve the performance of instruments through the use of microcomputers, and to increase the automation, intelligence and data processing capabilities of the instruments themselves. Instruments and meters are not only for single use, but may be combined with electronic computers through standard interfaces and data channels to form a comprehensive test control management system to meet higher requirements.

The instrumentation industry is a new type of industry developed in China. At the same time as it is in line with international standards, China's instrumentation industry has made considerable progress and has the strength to compete with international competition.

Domestic technology level and development trend:

The overall technical level of the instrumentation industry has reached the international level in the mid-1980s.

Experimental instruments (test tubes)

Microelectronics technology and computer technology are widely used in instrumentation products. About 15% of the products are intelligent, reaching the international level in the 1990s; 30% of the products are digitalized, reaching the international level in the late 1980s. The comprehensive service capacity is significantly improved: it can undertake 300,000-600,000 kilowatt thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, 300,000 tons of synthetic ammonia, 120 tons of converters, 300,000 cubic meters of city gas station projects per day, and complete sets of large-scale furnace and kiln control projects.

The degree of satisfaction of large categories of products: the domestic market satisfaction rate of high-end scientific testing instruments is 30%, and the low-end scientific instrument satisfaction rate is 65%; the production process measurement control instrument and system products in large-scale engineering projects have a variety satisfaction rate of 50%, Small and medium-sized projects reach 70%. Imported products are often major and key equipment required for scientific research and production, with large technological content and high added value.

The industry has formed a relatively complete instrumentation production, scientific research, and marketing system from scratch. A number of scientific research and development institutions have been established (among which, there are 20 scientific research institutes for instrumentation in mechanical systems, 3 national engineering research centers, 5 enterprise technology centers, and 9 national product quality inspection centers); a group of professional Management, management and technical personnel. In particular, some mid- and low-end products have formed their own advantages and characteristics. Various digital multimeters, electricity meters, water meters, gas meters, level gauges, mid-to-low-end optical microscopes, and telescopes are among the world's leading outputs. While basically meeting domestic needs, a large number of exports. .

Digest and absorb localization through scientific and technological research, joint development, joint venture cooperation, and introduction of technologies,

Precision digital pressure gauge

The leading mid-to-high-end products in China's instrumentation industry have narrowed the gap with international advanced levels and formed production capacity. The self-developed main products include small and medium-sized DCS, fieldbus smart meters, bus-type test systems, automotive-specific testing and testing equipment, ultrasonic diagnostic instruments, microwave plasma spectroscopy, and new diffusion silicon sensitive components. Instrument, precision small regulating valve, new type transmitter, spectrum, chromatography, scanning electron microscope, water quality analyzer, special composite material, etc .; the main products of the joint venture are large DCS, EJA, flow meter, electronic theodolite, dynamic balance tester, High and low temperature test equipment.

A number of state-owned, collective, private, foreign-funded enterprises and scientific research institutes have stood out in the industry through market competition, and have shown good development momentum and stamina. They have formed a leading and core force.

Foreign technology level and development trend:

Digital and intelligent

Due to the advancement of microelectronic technology, instrumentation products are further integrated with microprocessor and PC technology.

Nondestructive testing equipment

The level of digitalization and intelligence of instruments has been continuously improved.

A large number of new devices such as very large-scale integration (VLSI), surface-mount technology (SMT), multilayer circuit board printing, wafer-scale integration (WSI), and multi-chip module (MCM) are used in the instrumentation. CAD , CAM, CAPP, CAT and other computer-aided means, multimedia technology, human-computer interaction, fuzzy control, artificial neural network and other new technologies have been widely used in modern instruments.

Networked

At present, the development of fieldbus and intelligent instruments in the world presents a situation where multiple buses and their instruments co-exist. HART, FF, Profibus, Lonworks, WorldFIP, CAN and other buses are constantly expanding from being used in one field to other fields.

A variety of intelligent instruments have been introduced to the market, and the instruments are undergoing profound intellectual changes. The integrated test system has also become networked, and each instrument is connected through the GPIB bus and VXI bus.

miniaturization

MEMS is one of the key development areas of developed countries in the mid-to-late 1980s, and is considered as a new technology widely used in the 21st century. Sensors and signal processing technologies, which are listed as one of the 22 major technologies in the United States that "have a significant impact on national security and prosperity," are mainly based on miniaturization technology. Micro-instruments that use MEMS technology are called on-chip instruments. MEMS products include automotive accelerometers, pressure, chemistry, flow transmitters, micro-spectrometers and other products. They are widely used in environmental science, aerospace, biomedical, automotive industry, Military, industrial control and other fields.

Development trend of domestic experimental instruments:

Measuring cup

With the development of economy and the advancement of science and technology, China's experimental equipment has also continuously achieved gratifying results. The product instruments involved include optical measuring instruments, analytical measuring instruments, electronic measuring instruments, environmental measuring instruments, experimental measuring instruments, biological engineering equipment and so on.

1. Electronic balance: China electronic balance attaches great importance to the development of high-precision electronic balance technology with 1mg 0.1mg readings, and improves the quality level of the balance in terms of temperature compensation, time drift and repeatable error of the displayed value. The use of chip IC integration and special equipment in the assembly process can effectively reduce human failure factors, thereby improving the technical level of China's electronic balance. China's large-scale electromagnetic technology has achieved great results through independent innovation. The "Five-Year" period will make breakthrough progress and win more development space.

2. Laboratory centrifuge: China's centrifuge specialty has become an important specialty of laboratory instruments. There are more than 110 manufacturers whose products have developed to more than 50 varieties in 4 major series, which are widely used in medical, blood stations, universities, and scientific research units. , Bio-pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, agriculture and animal husbandry, new materials, petroleum, food, environmental protection, genetic engineering and many other fields, low- and medium-grade centrifuges can not only meet the needs of domestic production, but also export to all parts of the world. High-end centrifuges are mainly Refers to 40,000 50,000r / min. As long as the various centrifuges further improve the control technology, safety protection technology, temperature control technology, and rotor manufacturing technology, it can fully realize the production of high-end centrifuges in batches, and make laboratory centrifuges fully reach the world advanced level.

microscope

3. Thermal analysis instruments: China has 35 years of history in the development of thermal analysis instruments. There are few varieties and the level of comprehensive thermal analysis technology is not high. In the future, we will focus on the research and development of comprehensive thermal analysis technology and focus on the introduction of new foreign thermal analysis instruments. Manufacturing technology to promote the development of thermal analysis instruments in China.

Among thermal analysis instruments, calorific value analysis is the fastest-growing subspecialty. China promotes the rapid development of calorific value analysis through the development of the coal industry and the energy industry. Most products reach and approach the advanced world level. In the future, calorific value analysis technology Special attention should be paid to the development of areas and the development of comprehensive testing technology.

4. Environmental laboratory equipment: Environmental testing equipment is the largest specialty of laboratory instruments. There are more than 100 manufacturing enterprises. Most of the large-scale enterprises of laboratory instruments are concentrated in this specialty, including 6 to 7 enterprises with an output value of more than 100 million. Production of environmental test equipment for China's national defense, aerospace, transportation, industry, agriculture, science, medical and health departments. In the future, environmental equipment will further strengthen market development:

1) Strengthen the development of test chambers with special requirements;

2) Development of test boxes and incubators urgently needed for medical and health;

3) Focus on establishing brand-name products in this industry.

Optical Instruments

5. Electrophoresis instrument: The domestic electrophoresis instrument is a professional that needs to be developed in laboratory instruments. Chinese electrophoresis instrument manufacturers attach great importance to being in line with the international advanced level. Most of the instrument levels are close to foreign advanced levels. The electrophoresis market needs to be further developed. Most of the high-end instruments in instrument products still rely on imports.

1) Attach importance to combining with scientific research departments and universities, and strive to develop high-end electrophoresis instruments;

2) Further improve the electrophoresis equipment required by primary medical units;

3) Strengthen the application of new technologies and materials.

6. Strain and vibration test equipment: China has more than 50 years of development history of strain and vibration test equipment, and its detection technology and level have greatly developed. It has been used in civil engineering, water conservancy facilities, road and bridge construction, automobiles, high-speed rail, petroleum, aerospace, Scientific research and universities have been widely used. In the future, we will focus on the development of dynamic test systems, improve the system's anti-interference, anti-noise, automatic calibration, high polymer ratio, fast and stable performance. We must attach importance to the establishment of the industry standard system and build multi-functional production and development bases.

measuring instrument

7. Ceramic testing equipment: China is a large ceramic production country, and its ceramic testing technology is also at the forefront of the world. Ceramic testing has entered a new stage of development. The instrument must be networked, online monitoring, intelligent control systems, human-machine interface technology, etc. As the development direction of ceramic instruments, we must also pay attention to the formulation of product standards, open up a new situation for ceramic instruments, and open the first instrument export channels.

8. Power test instruments: After nearly 50 years of development, China's power test instruments have entered a period of rapid development, from single-parameter measurement to multi-parameter comprehensive test systems, bench testing, online measurement and remote control technologies, covering automotive, Engine, motor, fan, water pump, aerospace, marine, high-speed rail, etc. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, we should strive to do a good job:

1) Improve the technical level of the sensor, especially the technical level of its finishing process, so that it can catch up with and reach the world advanced level;

2) Improve comprehensive test capabilities;

3) Strengthen the standardization of power test instruments, do a good job in the revision of product standards, and integrate with international advanced technology, so as to further develop the market of China's power test instruments.

9. Vacuum instruments and devices: China's vacuum instruments are in a period of rapid development. With the development of the country, electricity, energy, steel, petrochemicals, fertilizers, and scientific research, new development opportunities have been ushered in the vacuum equipment manufacturing industry, and more and higher requirements have been put on vacuum equipment. The powerful challenges of vacuum equipment, China's vacuum industry should strive to do a good job:

1) Further develop superior products and expand exports;

2) Improve the technical level and management level of enterprises, and strengthen the ability of independent innovation;

3) Strive to expand the application field of vacuum technology, improve market competitiveness, and make the vacuum industry truly enter a stable development stage.