How Do I Choose the Best Physiotherapy Courses?

Pharmacotherapeutics is a science that mainly studies the theory and methods of drug prevention and treatment of diseases. It is the theoretical basis for clinical pharmacists to implement pharmacy services and participate in clinical drug treatment activities. It aims to improve the quality of life of patients, and uses the basic theories and knowledge of basic medicine, clinical medicine and pharmacy, uses the patient's clinical data, and based on accurate diagnosis, studies the strategy of rationally selecting drugs for treatment in clinical drug treatment practice. The goal is to guide clinical medical workers to formulate and implement a reasonable individual drug treatment plan to obtain the best efficacy and the lowest treatment risk ^[1] .

Chinese name: Pharmacotherapy

Foreign name: pharmacotherapeutics
Content: Theories and methods of drug prevention and treatment of diseases

Pharmacotherapy I. Development Overview

Before the 19th century, due to the lack of dialectical and material scientific understanding of the essential characteristics of drugs, the structure and function of the body, and the development process of diseases, drug treatment was in the empirical stage for a long time. In many ancient Chinese and foreign pharmacology and therapeutics books, there are a large number of accumulated experience in the treatment of diseases with drugs, which is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of diseases with medical drugs, and sometimes plays an important role today ^[2] .

The establishment of pharmacology in the 19th century began scientific experimental research on the effects of drugs on the body's physiological and biochemical functions. The pharmacological effects of many traditional drugs have been confirmed or discovered one after another, and a large number of new drugs have continued to appear. Drug treatment has begun to develop in a scientific direction.

It was not until the late 1970s that the western developed countries, represented by the United States, began to attach importance to the research and teaching of pharmacotherapy. In 1980, the United States opened a pharmacotherapy course for its PhD students: the world-renowned "pharmacotherapy "The magazine was launched in the United States in 1981 and it has been 26 years since then;

The World Health Organization WHO established an expert committee on the application of essential medicines in 1982, and provided principles and guidelines for the rational application of essential medicines in clinical practice.

Pharmacotherapy II. Main tasks

Pharmacology is the interface between pharmacology and medicine. Its main task is to help clinicians and pharmacists implement reasonable medication for patients based on the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, individual differences in patients, the characteristics of the drug's effects, and the principles of pharmacoeconomics ^[3] . Reasonable drug use focuses on the safety, effectiveness, economy, convenience, and timeliness of drug use, and mainly includes the following meanings:

(1) The pharmacological effects of selected drugs can target the etiology and pathophysiology of the disease.

(2) The relationship between genetic polymorphisms and drug response polymorphisms is clarified, and there are countermeasures for specific reactions caused by drugs.

(3) The designed route and method of administration can enable the drug to reach an effective therapeutic concentration at the lesion site and be maintained for a certain period of time.

(4) The side effects of treatment are small, and even if there are adverse reactions, it is easy to control or correct.

Pharmacotherapy III. Importance and status

China's undergraduate teaching curriculum system for higher pharmaceutical education mainly includes general basic courses, professional basic courses, professional courses and other teaching content. Its curriculum is relatively weak for students majoring in pharmacy in basic medicine, clinical medicine and other subjects. On the contrary, students spend a lot of time studying related chemistry courses because of the specialty setting. The concept of medicine, physical and chemical properties and production The knowledge of process and other knowledge is very thorough, but they are at a loss when they encounter specific practical clinical problems such as the choice of drugs and the rationality of medication, causing students to enter the actual clinical work after graduation, facing complex conditions and ever-changing The individual's role as a pharmacist often cannot meet the needs of clinical treatment ^[4] .

In the current situation, the focus of pharmacy work is on new drug creation and pharmacy services, and pharmacy services are experiencing a shift from a pharmaceutical model to a patient model, from a past supply of drugs to a rational use of drugs. Therefore, the focus of pharmacists' work and the school's training model for pharmacists have also changed. On the one hand, it is necessary to put forward new requirements and reforms on traditional pharmaceutical education, and on the other hand, it is necessary to give sufficient attention to the subject of clinical pharmacotherapy.

Clinical pharmacology is a course that provides pharmacy students with reasonable knowledge of pharmacological treatment and lays the foundation for pharmacy services after they take up their jobs. Through systematic and professional study of clinical pharmacotherapy, to a certain extent, it can make up for the lack of mastery of the relevant clinical treatment knowledge structure of pharmacy undergraduates in China, and lay a foundation for the future development of clinical rational drug use, new drug research and development, production and supply of drug services.

Current Situation of Curriculum of Pharmacology IV.

At present, the establishment and study of pharmacotherapy in various medical colleges and universities in China are different, and the teaching materials used are also different. Most medical colleges offer relatively few pharmacological courses, and the teaching schedule is single. It is generally set in a semester of the junior year. Even some college pharmacy masters do not offer pharmacological courses, let alone a comprehensive one. In-depth introduction of pharmacotherapy knowledge, it is difficult to cultivate qualified and high-level drug-using personnel.

Compared with most colleges and universities in China, the curriculum of pharmacology in the United States has the characteristics of comprehensive content system, prominent teaching focus, more reasonable combination of modules, longer teaching time span, and more sufficient academic hours.

Pharmacotherapy V. Improving the teaching effect of pharmacotherapy

1. Accurately grasp teaching guidance

Clinical pharmacotherapy is a discipline that emphasizes practical application. Its main task is to use the basic knowledge of pharmacy-related disciplines (such as diagnostics, pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, internal medicine, etc.), according to the patient's own characteristics, combined with the clinical, to give Patients rationally select and use drugs, and formulate and implement individualized drug treatment programs to obtain the best treatment results and reduce the risk of treatment. Only by clarifying this subject's task can we accurately grasp its teaching guiding ideology, otherwise it is easy to cause deviations in teaching emphasis, leading to a certain gap between teaching effects and actual job needs ^[4] .

2. Reasonably plan the teaching content and highlight the teaching focus

In the current limited teaching time, it is impossible for us to teach all the contents of clinical pharmacotherapy textbooks to students, so that they are comprehensive and meticulous, which is unrealistic and unscientific. How to teach the basic theory of clinical pharmacotherapy in a limited time, but also help students integrate theory with practice, and provide guidance and help for students in the future clinical pharmacy work, is a problem that every teacher faces in teaching. According to the actual situation, the content in the textbook should be appropriately selected, and the common diseases and frequently-occurring drug treatments should be explained in detail. The content that is only required to be understood is an outline for the students, and students are encouraged to study after class. This not only highlights the teaching focus, saves time, but also makes the teaching content closer to the needs of pharmacy services.

3. The content is updated in real time, keeping pace with the times

After more than 40 years of development, the overseas clinical pharmacy represented by the United States has formed a rich clinical pharmacy theoretical system, complete personnel training and practical training system. In view of the characteristics of this course that is practical and fast in updating knowledge, teachers are required not to be constrained by the selected teaching materials, actively consult relevant literature at home and abroad, pay attention to the latest research hotspots and developments in the subject, and timely supplement the teaching content, such as Europe Overview of pharmaceutical education and pharmacist system, as well as various new pharmaceutical regulations and policies in China.

4. Actively introduce other teaching methods in the teaching process

In the past, the phenomenon of full-filled classrooms made students very difficult to master the knowledge and lacked interest in learning. Therefore, how to increase students 'perceptual knowledge of this course in teaching and fully mobilize the subjective initiative of students' learning has always been something that every teacher must think and face. Some teachers have achieved good results through some teaching reforms. For example, the introduction of case discussion in the teaching of clinical pharmacotherapy can increase students' learning initiative, improve teaching effectiveness, and enable pharmacy students to gradually master the principles and methods of treating common diseases, laying a foundation for clinical practice. In the course of clinical pharmacotherapeutics, a second class was opened to allow students to personally investigate the actual use of drugs, which greatly stimulated students 'learning interest, strengthened the exercise of theoretical knowledge in practice, and cultivated students' ability to actively acquire knowledge and communicate. The introduction of CBS (casebasedstudy, CBS) teaching method in the teaching process is conducive to improving students 'interest in learning, cultivating students' ability to analyze and solve practical problems, and has achieved good teaching results in teaching practice.

Pharmacotherapy VI. Outlook

Through the study of pharmacotherapy, it is hoped that students of clinical pharmacy will lay a complete knowledge structure framework for rational drug use, which will lay a solid foundation for the later monographs of clinical pharmacotherapy and guide clinical rational drug use in the post. Therefore, it can assist clinicians to propose reasonable drug use programs, provide clinical pharmacy monitoring and evaluation of clinical efficacy, and provide adjustments for individualized drug use programs.