How Do I Write a Research Paper Abstract?

The abstract is a short statement without commenting or commenting on the content of the paper. It requires a brief explanation of the purpose, research methods and final conclusions of the research work. The focus is on the conclusion. It is an independent and complete essay. Abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportable abstracts, indicative abstracts, and report indicative abstracts.

Abstract

Right!

The abstract is a short statement without commenting or commenting on the content of the paper. It requires a brief explanation of the purpose, research methods and final conclusions of the research work. The focus is on the conclusion. It is an independent and complete essay. Abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportable abstracts, indicative abstracts, and report indicative abstracts.

Chinese name

Abstract

Foreign name

abstract

Word count

Normally about 5% of the number of regular characters

Language

General Chinese and English coexist

Main composition

Purpose method result conclusion

Use

Stand-alone use or reference

Purpose

Read original text or use of literature

The abstract is also known as the summary and summary. The abstract aims to provide a summary of the content of the document, without comments and supplementary explanations, and briefly and accurately describing the important content of the document. Specifically, it is the main object and scope of the research work, the methods and methods adopted, the results and important conclusions, and sometimes other important information with intelligence value.

Chinese abstracts should not exceed 300 words, and foreign abstracts should not exceed 250 solid words. Except as a matter of urgency, diagrams, tables, chemical structural formulas, and symbols and terms that are not publicly known are not used in the abstract. The abstract can be placed on another page before the title page (no text on the page). The abstract of academic papers is generally placed after the title and author, before the main body of the paper, and keywords.

Explanation

According to the content, abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportable abstracts, indicative abstracts, and report indicative abstracts.

Informative abstract

Also often referred to as an informative abstract or informative abstract, it is characterized by a comprehensive and brief summary of the purpose, method, main data and conclusions of the paper. Or briefly extract the paragraph sentence, and achieve the role of concisely and logically revealing the whole picture. Generally, such abstracts can partially replace reading the full text.

Indicative summary

It is also often called descriptive abstract, descriptive abstract or topic abstract. Generally, the topic of the paper is summarized in two or three sentences, without arguments and conclusions. It is mostly used for reviews, conference reports, etc. This type of abstract can be used to help potential readers decide whether to read the full text.

Report-Indicative Abstract

Expressed as a report summary

Before writing, clearly write the purpose, method, result and conclusion.

You can get the necessary information without reading the full paper.

1) Let readers understand the main content of the dissertation as soon as possible to supplement the lack of title.
The information of modern scientific and technological literature is vast, and whether readers will read the full text after retrieving the title of the paper is mainly judged by reading the abstract; therefore, the abstract is responsible for attracting the reader and introducing the main content of the article to the reader.

2) Provide convenience for the construction and maintenance of the scientific information literature retrieval database.
After the paper is published, the abstract can be directly used by the abstract magazine or various databases. The index of the abstract is an important tool for readers to retrieve the literature. Therefore, the quality of the paper abstracts directly affects the retrieval rate and frequency of the papers.

Papers should generally have abstracts, some for international communication, and abstracts in foreign languages (mostly in English). It is a short statement without comment or comment on the content of the paper. Its role is to get the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper. The summary should include the following:

the purpose and importance of conducting this research;

The main content of the study, indicating what work has been completed;

The basic conclusions and research results obtained, highlighting the new insights of the paper;

Meaning of conclusion or result.

Although the abstract should reflect the above, the text must be very concise and the content must be fully summarized. The size of the abstract generally limits the number of words to less than 5% of the number of words in the thesis. For example, for a 6,000-word paper, the abstract usually does not exceed 300 words.

The abstract of the paper should not list examples, do not talk about the research process, do not use diagrams, do not give chemical structural formulas, and do not self-evaluate. Common problems in writing the abstract of the paper are as follows: first, copy the text in the subtitle (table of contents) or the conclusion of the paper;

The abstract must be highly general, and the language must be concise and clear. There are also Chinese and English contrasts, the Chinese abstract is about 300 Chinese characters; the English abstract is about 250 solid words.

Introduction

The English abstract attached to a Chinese scientific paper is mainly discussed here, and its content includes the title, abstract, and keywords. GB 7713-87 stipulates that, for international communication, scientific and technological reports, dissertations, and academic dissertations should be accompanied by a foreign language (mostly in English) abstract. In principle, the precautions for writing the Chinese abstract above are applicable to the English abstract, but English has its own expression and language habits, and special attention should be paid when writing the English abstract.

English title

1) The structure of the title. The English title is mainly in the form of a phrase, especially the noun phrase (noun phrase) is the most common, that is, the title basically consists of one or more nouns plus its preposition and / or postposition attributive. For example: The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan (Helan Mountain bryophytes); Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heat Treated Wood. Phrase-type titles need to determine the head word, and then modify before and after. The order of the words is important. Improper word order can lead to inaccurate expression. Titles should generally not be declarative sentences, because descriptive sentences are mainly used for declarative sentences, and declarative sentences are easy to make the title have judgmental semantics. Moreover, declarative sentences are not refined and eye-catching, and the emphasis is not easy to highlight. In a few cases (review, review, and refutation), interrogative sentences can be used as titles, because interrogative sentences can have an exploratory tone, which is easy to arouse readers' interest. For example: Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum ?.

2) The number of words in the title. The title should not be too long. Foreign science and technology journals generally have restrictions on the number of title names. For example, the American Medical Association requires that titles have no more than 2 lines, with no more than 42 printed symbols and spaces in each line; J Nat Cancer Inst of the National Cancer Institute requires no more than 14 words; and the British Mathematical Society requires no more than 12 titles word. These regulations are for our reference. The general principle is that the title should be precise, concise, and eye-catching. On the premise that it can accurately reflect the specific content of the paper, the fewer the number of title terms, the better.

3) Consistency of Chinese and English titles. In the same paper, the English title and the Chinese title should be consistent in content, but it does not mean that the words should correspond one-to-one. In many cases, individual insubstantial words can be omitted or changed. For example: direct heat calculation of industrial wet steam, The Direct Measurement of Heat Transmitted Wet Steam. The literal translation of the English title is "a direct measure of the amount of heat transferred by the wet steam". Compared with the Chinese title, although the terms are different, the content is the same.

4) Articles in titles. In the early years, articles in sci-tech paper titles were used more often. In recent years, there has been a tendency to simplify. For example: The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality. The article the in both of them can be omitted.

5) Capitalization in the title. The capitalization of title letters has the following 3 formats.

Capitalize all letters. Example: OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE

The first letter of each word is capitalized, but the articles, conjunctions, and prepositions with less than 3 or 4 letters are all lowercase. Example: The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects

Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title, and lowercase the rest. For example: Topographic inversion of interval velocities.

Currently, b. Format is used the most, while c. Format has an increasing trend.

6) Abbreviations in the title. Acronyms that have been recognized by the entire scientific community or by scientific and technical personnel in this industry can be used in the title, otherwise do not use them easily.

English translation of authors and author units

1) Author. Chinese names are spelled in Hanyu Pinyin; other non-English names are spelled in Roman letters provided by the author.

2) Unit. The unit name must be written in full (from small to large), and the address and zip code should be attached to ensure convenient contact. Some time ago, some units and institutions in the English translation adopted abbreviations, and outsiders were unaware of it, resulting in confusion. Everyone knows FAO, WHO, MIT, and BFU is Beijing Forestry University, I am afraid that only people in the circle know it. In addition, the unit's English translation must use the unit's unified translation method (ie, the unit's standard translation method), and must not start another stove.

Precautions

1) The tense of the English abstract. The use of the English abstract tense is also concise. It is usually used in the present tense and the past tense. It is used less in the present tense and past past.

present tense. It is used to explain the research purpose, describe the research content, describe the results, draw conclusions, make suggestions or discuss. Examples are as follows: This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to ... The anatomy of secondary xylem in the stem of Davidia involucrata () and Camptotheca acuminata () is compared. The result shows ( reveals) ..., It is found that ... The conclusions are ... The author suggests .... Involving generally accepted facts, laws of nature, eternal truth, etc., of course, the ordinary present tense is also used.

SF. It is used to describe the discovery of a certain moment (time period) in the past, a certain research process (experiment, observation, investigation, medical treatment, etc.). For example: The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and August, 1996. It should be noted that the findings and phenomena described in the general past tense are often not yet available. Affirmed as the law of nature, eternal truth, but only how it was then; the research process described also clearly bears traces of past time.

The present perfect tense and the past perfect tense. Use less when done, but not when it is not used and past completion can be used to indicate something that was done some time ago, or another past action that was done before one past thing was done. For example: Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.?

2) The tone of the English abstract. In which voice to use, both the characteristics of the abstract and the needs of expression must be considered. An abstract is very short. Try not to mix it casually, let alone in a sentence.

Active voice. Because it helps the text to be clear, concise and powerful. The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar. The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically. If necessary, The author can be removed systematically and start with Introduces directly.

passive voice. In the past, the use of passive voices was emphasized because the scientific papers mainly explained the facts. As for who did that, there was no need to prove them one by one. In fact, in an indicative abstract, it is better to use a passive voice in order to emphasize the bearer of the action. Even in the report's summary, there are situations where the passive is irrelevant and the subject must be emphasized. For example: In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.? 3) The person in English abstract. The first sentence of the original abstract usually uses a third-person This paper ... and so on. For example: To describe, To study, To investigate, To assess, To determine, The torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system. It is best not to use the first person when writing, in order to facilitate the editing and publication of abstracts.

Some common mistakes should be avoided.

Article. Mainly the definite article the is easy to miss. The is used to indicate that the entire group, classification, time, and place are unique things other than the highest level of adjectives. It is easy to grasp and is often used to refer to it. Here is the principle that when we use the, the listener or reader already knows what we mean. For example: The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy.? Pay attention to distinguish between a and an, such as an X ray.

numeral. Avoid using Arabic numerals as the initial words, such as: Three hundred Dendrolimus tabulaeformis larvae are collected Three hundred? Do not write 300.?

Singular and plural. Some nouns in singular and plural forms are not easy to identify, which leads to errors in the predicate form.

Try to use short sentences. Because long sentences are prone to ambiguity; but avoid monotony and repetition. Sci-tech periodicals involve many specialties, and English is not easy to master. There are differences in expressions and word formation in all walks of life. If you have the opportunity, you should contact more English-speaking counterparts, and ask them to change the abstracts or papers written by some Chinese to accumulate experience and explore the rules. If we lack such an opportunity, reading more English literature will also help us improve our English writing and proficiency.

Introduce the background or purpose of the research and summarize it in one or two sentences. Do not simply repeat the information already in the title.

Methods: Briefly describe the principles, conditions, materials, objects and methods used in the study, and indicate whether there are controls, cases or the number of experiments.

Results: Experimental, research results, data, the data obtained need to be processed statistically.

Conclusion: Analysis, comparison, evaluation, and application of results, and explain what inspiration or questions and prospects were obtained.