What Are the Different Genetics Jobs?

Heterogeneity is a genetic concept. A genetic trait can be caused by changes in many different genetic materials. Genetic heterogeneity is divided into locus heterogeneity and allele heterogeneity.

heteroplasmy: the presence of more than one type of mRNA in the mitochondria of a single indlidual. (heteroplasmy: there is more than one type of mRNA

In genetics, genotype determines the phenotype. However, individuals with the same phenotype may have different genotypes, that is, one trait can be controlled by multiple different genes. This phenomenon is called genetic heterogeneity. Due to different genetic basis, their genetic pattern, age of onset, severity of disease, and risk of recurrence may be different. For example, the abnormal traits such as mental retardation can be controlled by the gene of galactosemia, and can also be caused by the gene of phenylketonuria and the gene of dementia. There are obvious genetic heterogeneity in human congenital deafness. The inheritance methods include autosomal recessive inheritance, autosomal dominant inheritance and X-linked recessive inheritance. Children with this disease lose hearing after birth and can cause dumbness. Now studies generally think that the deaf-mute gene has 35 gene loci, about 70% of cases are autosomal recessive 8% to 10% are autosomal dominant, 1.5% of cases are X-linked recessive, 20% Of cases are caused by environmental conditions. For example, in the first to third months of pregnancy, a mother infected with rubella virus can give birth to a child with congenital deafness, but this congenital deafness cannot be passed on to offspring. It can be seen that genetic heterogeneity in hereditary diseases is a universal phenomenon that deserves the attention of clinicians ^[1]

This means that in that cluster of cancer cells, the genome of each individual cell is different. This cell may be a gene abcd mutation, and that cell may be a bdfg mutation. They have a common mutation sequence and different mutations. This different mutation will also cause each cell to have slightly different properties, such as Some cells are more aggressive and more easily transferred to other parts of the body than other tumor cells in the same mass.

This heterogeneity is because in tumor cells, many proteins that repair mutations and maintain the stability of the genome are inactivated, and under normal circumstances induce cell suicide, thereby preventing cells from mutating into irreparable harms-the cell. Apoptosis is also inactivated to varying degrees, so each tumor cell produces new and different mutations during each round of replication, so a heterogeneous tumor is formed.

This is actually very similar to a virus. The virus is also heterogeneous in the body, that is, the genome of each disease particle is not exactly the same, and they all have more or less differences, and this difference mainly comes from the virus's low-fidelity replication enzyme. This is evolutionarily good for viruses.

It is also this heterogeneity that makes drugs for cancer treatment only selectively kill a part of tumor cells, and the surviving tumor cells gradually change from a small part of the original population to the main body, which is also the drug Of tolerance. In the same way, viruses are the same. This heterogeneity may make a vaccine fail quickly, because the mutants of which some of them can escape a kind of vaccine can be rapidly expanded and new mutations are constantly generated.