What Are the Different Immunology Jobs?

The period of classical immunology is characterized by people's understanding of immune function from the observation of human phenomena into the period of scientific experiments, which avoids the basic biological laws of the body's immune response to identify the "self" and "non-self", so Ignored the importance and research on immunobiology.

Classic immunology period

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The period of classical immunology was characterized by people's

Following the development of human vaccinia, an important development in immunology has led to the invention of vaccinia. It not only made up for the deficiency of human vaccination, but also produced it in large quantities in the laboratory. It was soon replaced by human vaccination after it was introduced to China in 1804.

The invention of cowpox vaccine should be attributed to the British doctor Jenner. After observing the fact that milkmaids are less likely to develop smallpox after suffering from cowpox, through long-term experiments on the human body of cowpox vaccine, it was confirmed that smallpox can be prevented after vaccination. The human body is harmless. His book on vaccinia was published in 1793, setting the pace for artificial immunity for the prevention of human infectious diseases.

The development of immunology has stalled for nearly a century after Jenner invented the vaccinia vaccine. In the 19th century, microbiology developed rapidly with the efforts of French immunologist Pasteur and German bacteriologist Koch. Methodologically, it has creatively solved the isolation and cultivation of bacteria, so that pure species of bacteria can be obtained, creating conditions for the preparation of artificial vaccines. Pasteur more consciously researched the method of obtaining attenuated strains. Through systematic scientific experiments, he finally found that the attenuated strains could be obtained by applying physical, chemical and biological methods.

In 1881, Pasteur applied high temperature culture method to obtain attenuated strains, thereby preparing charcoal jaundice vaccine. He then passed rabies virus in rabbits to obtain attenuated strains through serial passages, thereby preparing a charcoal jaundice vaccine. The invention of the pasteurized attenuated vaccine established the basis for experimental immunology.

German scholar Behring and Japanese scholar Kitato applied diphtheria exotoxin to immunize animals at the Koch Institute in 1890, and found that there is a substance in the serum that can neutralize exotoxin, called antitoxin. Transferring this immune serum to normal animals also has the effect of neutralizing exotoxin. This passive immune method was soon applied to clinical treatment. Behring successfully treated a diphtheria patient with immune serum from animals in 1891, the first case of passive immunotherapy. For this he received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1902.

At the end of the 19th century, following the antitoxin, the phenomenon of immune lysis was quickly discovered. Pfeiffer (1894) observed lysis of Vibrio cholerae in guinea pigs with fresh immune serum. Bordet found that if fresh immune serum was heated at 60 ° C for 30 minutes, it would lose its solubility. He believes that the presence of two different substances in fresh immune serum is related to bacteriolysis. A substance that is thermostable is called lysin, which is an antibody, which has specificity, and another substance that is thermostable, which can exist in normal serum, is a non-specific component and is called complement. It has bacteriolytic or cytolytic effects, but this effect must be achieved by the presence of antibodies.

In the 10 years after the discovery of antitoxins, specific components such as lysin, lectin, and precipitin were successively found in the immune serum, and they could react with their corresponding cells or bacteria. Hereinafter, a variety of different specific reactive substances are collectively referred to as antibodies. The substances that can cause antibody production are collectively referred to as antigens, and the concepts of antigens and antibodies have been established since then. During this period, various serological techniques such as precipitation reaction, agglutination reaction, and complement binding reaction were established to detect antigens and antibody reactions in vitro, which provided reliable methods for the identification of pathogenic bacteria and the detection of serum antibodies. This greatly contributed to the diagnostics and epidemiological investigation of infectious diseases, and the preparation of animal immune serum has pioneered passive serum therapy.

The discovery of antibodies has greatly promoted the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention on the one hand; on the other hand, the physical and chemical properties of antigens, antibodies, and the chemical basis of the specificity of antigen and antibody reactions have aroused great interest. , Gradually formed the research field of immunochemistry.

In the early stage of immunochemical research, Landsteiner (1910) and others first started to study the chemical basis of the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction by using the artificial binding antigen of azoprotein. Heidelberger et al. Used pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antigens for a quantitative study of antigen and antibody responses. Marrack (1934) proposed the lattice theory of antigen-antibody response, which theoretically explained the serological response. Tiselius and Kabat (1938) established the technique of serum protein electrophoresis, which proved that the antibody activity exists in the serum gamma globulin portion. Later, a method for isolating and purifying antibody globulin was established to establish the basis for further research on the physicochemical properties of antibodies. The focus of research since then has turned to the study of the structure and function of antibody molecules.

In the 1940s, new methods for protein antigenicity analysis were also established, such as the gel diffusion method established by Elek, Oudin, and Ouchterlony. The immunoelectrophoresis technology established by Grubar (1953) and others has promoted the immunochemical analysis of protein antigenicity, and found the heterogeneity of antibody molecules. Difficulties were encountered in the purification of antibodies, so the research on the structure and function of antibody molecules progressed slowly. Until the further development of immunobiology, the nature of antibody molecule heterogeneity was understood, and the research materials were improved before the antibody molecular structure was improved. And functional research has made significant progress.

Based on the work of Behring, Ehrlich creatively proposed the theory of antibody production. He first proposed the side chain theory of antibody production in 1897, and was the originator of the receptor theory. He believes that antitoxin molecules exist on the surface of cells. When exotoxin enters the body, it specifically binds to them and stimulates cells to produce more antitoxin molecules. It is the antitoxin that falls off the cell surface and enters the bloodstream. His doctrine did not receive the support of most immunologists at the time, and was criticized by some scholars, resulting in his doctrine being obscured for a long time.

In the 1930s, Haurowitz et al. Believed that the structure of antibody molecules was formed under the direct influence of antigens, and proposed the template theory of antibody production. Under the influence of molecular genetics, Pauling et al. Further modified the template theory, thinking that antigens are formed indirectly through interference with nuclear DNA, and proposed the template theory of antibody production (tenplatetheory). Impact on molecular genetics Pauling et al. Further modified the template theory, suggesting that antigens indirectly affect the configuration of antibody molecules by interfering with nuclear DNA, and proposed an indirect template theory. In short, this theory does not recognize that antibody-producing cells have antigen-recognizing receptors on their membranes, but is dominated by the antigen, which determines the specific structure of the antibody. This doctrine has dominated immunological progress in the next 30 years. It emphasizes the role of antigens in the body's immune response, but ignores the biological process of the body's immune response. It was not until the doctrine of cell line selection was made that new advances in immunology were made.