What are the Different Jobs In Architecture?

Building structure refers to a system that can withstand various functions in house construction, which is composed of various components (roofs, beams, slabs, columns, etc.). The so-called action refers to various factors that can cause the internal force and deformation of the system, such as factors such as load, earthquake, temperature change, and foundation settlement. ^[1]

The building structure is a skeleton structure formed by building components such as slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations, which has a certain spatial function and can safely withstand various normal loads of the building.

A slab is a flat member that directly bears loads in a building structure. It has a large planar size but a relatively small thickness. It is a flexural member and transmits loads to a beam or wall through a slab. A beam generally refers to a linear member that bears a load perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. It is a support member between a plate and a column. It belongs to a flexural member and bears the load from the plate and is transmitted to the column. Columns and walls are load-bearing members that bear axial pressure in the building structure. Columns are linear members that bear loads parallel to its longitudinal axis. The section size is less than the height. The walls mainly bear vertical loads that are parallel to the wall. They are all compressive members and transfer the load to the foundation. Sometimes they also bear bending moments and shear forces. The foundation is a structural member below the ground, and transmits the superstructure loads such as columns and walls to the foundation.

In buildings, the tasks of building structures are mainly reflected in the following three aspects.

(I) Serve space applications and aesthetic requirements

Buildings are the necessary material conditions for human social life and the artificial material environment of social life. The structure becomes a space organizer, such as various rooms, halls, stairs, aisles, etc. At the same time, buildings are also the product of history, culture and art. Buildings must not only reflect human material needs. Human spiritual needs must also be represented, and all types of buildings must be realized with structures. It can be seen that the building structure serves the human application of space and the aesthetic requirements are the fundamental purpose of its existence.

(2) Resistance to natural or man-made loads

The building must withstand various loads or actions imposed by nature or man-made. The building structure is the supporter of these loads or actions. It must ensure that the building is not damaged, does not collapse under the application of these forces, and the building is durable. To keep it in good working condition. It can be seen that the building structure as the support of load or action is the root cause of its existence and its core task.

(3) Give full play to the role of building materials

The material basis of a building structure is

(A) security

I. Classification of building structures by materials used

According to the materials used, it is divided into

In the use of building structures, the entire structure or a part of the structure exceeds a certain state and cannot meet a certain functional requirement of the design. This particular state is called the limit state of the function. The limit state is a sign that distinguishes whether the structural working state is reliable or invalid. The limit state of the structure can be divided into two categories: the limit state of bearing capacity and the limit state of normal use.

(1) Limit state of bearing capacity

The limit state of bearing capacity refers to the deformation that occurs when the structure or structural component reaches the maximum bearing capacity, fatigue failure occurs or it is not suitable for continued bearing. Including: when the structural member or connection is damaged (including fatigue failure) due to exceeding the material strength, or it is not suitable for continued loading due to excessive deformation; the entire structure or part of the structure is out of balance as a rigid body (such as overturning); the structure is transformed into a motorized system ; The structure or structural components lose stability (such as buckling, etc.); the foundation loses its bearing capacity and is damaged (such as instability, etc.). After the limit state of the bearing capacity is exceeded, the structure or component cannot meet the safety requirements.

(B) the limit state of normal use

The normal use limit state refers to a specified limit value corresponding to a structure or a structural component that has reached normal use or durability performance. When one of the following states occurs in a structure or structural member, it shall be considered to exceed the normal use limit state. Excessive deformation that affects normal use or appearance; local damage (including cracks) that affects normal use or durability; other specific conditions that affect normal use. Beyond the normal use limit state, the structure or component cannot guarantee the functional requirements of applicability and durability.

After the structural members are calculated according to the limit state of the bearing capacity, the calculation is performed according to the design conditions and the normal use limit state. ^[2]