What Are the Different Types of Jobs in Water Engineering?

A water conservancy project is a project that is used to control and deploy surface water and groundwater in the natural world to achieve the purpose of harm removal and profit. Also called water engineering. Water is an indispensable and precious resource for human production and life, but its state of natural existence does not fully meet human needs. Only by constructing water conservancy projects can we control the flow of water, prevent floods, and regulate and distribute the amount of water in order to meet the needs of people's living and production for water resources. Water conservancy projects need to build different types of hydraulic structures such as dams, dikes, spillways, sluices, water inlets, channels, crossings, rafts, and fishways to achieve their goals.

Chinese name: Water project
Foreign name: water project
Alias: hydroproject

Function: Control and deployment of surface and groundwater
Purpose: Construction for the purpose of eliminating harm
Features: Large amount of work; large investment

Classification of Hydraulic Engineering

According to the purpose or service object, it can be divided into: flood prevention projects to prevent flood disasters; farmland water conservancy projects, or irrigation and drainage projects, which serve agricultural production to prevent droughts, floods, and floods; and hydropower projects to convert water energy into electricity; Waterway and port projects to improve and create shipping conditions; urban water and drainage projects that serve industrial and domestic water, and process and remove sewage and rainwater; prevent soil erosion and water quality pollution, and maintain ecologically balanced soil and water conservation projects and environmental water conservancy projects Fisheries and water conservancy projects to protect and enhance fishery production; to build farmland around the sea, to meet the needs of industrial and agricultural production or transportation; A water conservancy project that serves multiple objectives such as flood control, irrigation, power generation, and shipping is called a comprehensive utilization water conservancy project.

Yangtze River Three Gorges Project Cheng.

Water storage projects refer to reservoirs and ponds and dams (excluding regulating reservoirs specially constructed for water diversion and lift projects), which are counted separately for large, medium and small reservoirs and ponds and dams.

Water diversion projects refer to the artesian water diversion from rivers, lakes and other surface water bodies (excluding water diversion from water storage and water extraction projects), which are separately counted according to large, medium and small scales. Water lift projects refer to projects that use a pumping station to extract water from surface water bodies such as rivers and lakes (excluding projects that draw water from storage and diversion projects), and are counted on a large, medium, and small scale. Water transfer project refers to the cross-basin water transfer project between the first-level water resources area or independent river basin. The supporting projects of the water transfer project are not included in the storage, diversion and lifting projects. Groundwater source engineering refers to well engineering using groundwater, and statistics are based on shallow groundwater and deep confined water.

Characteristics of water project

It is very systematic and comprehensive. A single water conservancy project is an organic component of various water conservancy projects in the same basin and in the same area. These projects are complementary and mutually restrictive; the single water conservancy project itself is often comprehensive, and the service goals are both closely linked and contradictory . Water engineering and other sectors of the national economy are also closely related. The planning and design of water conservancy projects must be based on the overall situation and carry out a systematic and comprehensive analysis and research in order to obtain the most economical and reasonable optimization plan.

Has a great impact on the environment. Water conservancy projects will not only affect the local economy and society through their construction tasks, but also affect the natural appearance, ecological environment, natural landscape, and even regional climate of rivers, lakes and nearby areas, to varying degrees. There are pros and cons to this kind of impact, which must be fully estimated in planning and design, and strive to bring into play the positive role of water conservancy projects and eliminate its negative effects.

Danjiangkou Water Conservancy Project The working conditions are complicated. Various hydraulic structures in water conservancy projects are constructed and operated under natural conditions such as meteorology, hydrology, geology, etc., which are difficult to accurately grasp. They also bear the thrust, buoyancy, permeability, and scouring forces of water. Working conditions are more complicated than other buildings.

The benefits of water conservancy projects are random. The benefits vary according to the hydrological conditions of each year. Farmland water conservancy projects are also closely related to changes in meteorological conditions. The influence is wide.

Water conservancy projects are generally large in scale, complicated in technology, long in construction period and high in investment, and must be constructed in accordance with capital construction procedures and related standards.

Water supply for water projects

The available water supply is divided into a single project and the regional water supply. Generally speaking, there is a certain compensation and adjustment effect between the interconnected projects in the area, and the regional water supply is not the sum of the water available for each individual project in the area. The regional water supply is a water supply system composed of newly-added projects and original projects. It is calculated after adjusting and calculating according to the water requirements of the planned level year.

Regional water availability

The regional water supply is composed of the water supply of several single projects and calculation units. Regional water availability is generally carried out by establishing a regional water availability prediction model. Within each calculation area, all kinds of interconnected water conservancy projects are combined to form a water supply system, which is jointly adjusted according to certain principles and operating methods. Pay attention to joint calculation to avoid double calculation of water supply. For other projects in the region that do not exist interconnected, they are calculated according to a single engineering method. The calculation of available water supply mainly adopts the typical year method. In areas where the data of the incoming water series are relatively complete, there is also a long series of adjusting algorithms for calculating the available water supply.

Water storage project

Refers to reservoirs and ponds (excluding regulating reservoirs specially constructed for water diversion and water lifting projects), and statistics are based on large, medium and small reservoirs and ponds.

Water lifting project

Refers to projects that use a pumping station to extract water from surface water bodies such as rivers and lakes (excluding projects that draw water from storage and diversion projects), and statistics are based on large, medium and small scales.

Water transfer project

Refers to cross-basin water transfer projects between first-level water resources or independent river basins. The supporting projects of the water transfer project are not included in the storage, diversion and lifting projects.

Groundwater engineering

Refers to water well projects that use groundwater, and statistics are based on shallow groundwater and deep confined water.

Groundwater use

Study the development and utilization of groundwater resources to better serve all sectors of the national economy (such as urban water supply, industrial and mining enterprises, agricultural water, etc.). The utilization of groundwater in agriculture is to combine the rational development and effective use of groundwater for irrigation or drainage irrigation to improve soil and water supply for agriculture and animal husbandry. Comprehensive planning must be carried out in accordance with the region's hydrogeological conditions, hydrometeorological conditions, and water conditions.

Based on the evaluation of the groundwater resources and the exploration of the recoverable amount, a development plan and engineering measures are formulated. The following principles should be followed in groundwater utilization planning: (1) make full use of surface water, develop groundwater reasonably, and make a unified arrangement of groundwater and surface water; (2) determine the number of wells and mining in each layer according to the replenishment capacity of each aquifer (3) It must be integrated with the treatment of drought, flood, alkali and salt, and unified planning, so as to ensure irrigation, reduce groundwater level, and prevent alkali and stain; Both underground water has been mined and underground storage capacity has been emptied; rainfall and surface runoff can be stored during the flood season, and conditions have been created for flood and alkali control. In the process of using groundwater, management must be strengthened to avoid adverse consequences caused by blind mining.

Shallow groundwater

Refers to diving that has a direct replenishment relationship with local precipitation and surface water bodies, and weakly pressurized water that has a close hydraulic connection with diving.

Other water source projects

Including rainwater collection projects, sewage treatment and reuse, and seawater utilization and other water supply projects.

Rain collection project

Refers to the manual collection and storage of roofs

Water project composition

Whether it is to control water damage or develop water conservancy, it needs to be achieved through a certain number of hydraulic structures. According to their functions, hydraulic structures are broadly divided into three categories: water retaining structures; drainage structures; specialized hydraulic structures. An assembly composed of several hydraulic structures is called a water conservancy hub.

Gezhouba Water Conservancy Project Water-retaining building

Buildings that block or block the flow of water, support or regulate the upstream water level are generally called dams that cross the river, and those that are built on both sides of the river along the direction of the water are called dikes. The dam is a key project to form a reservoir. Most of the dams built in modern times are earth-rock dams filled with local earth-rock materials or gravity dams filled with concrete, which rely on the weight of the dam body to maintain the stability of the dam. When the valley is narrow, an arch dam with an arc on the plane can be used. In the absence of sufficient dam building materials, a lightweight concrete dam (commonly known as a pier dam) can be used, but its ability to resist earthquakes and its durability are poor. Stone masonry dams are ancient dams that are not easy to mechanize and are mainly used for small and medium-sized projects. The main problems to be solved in the dam design are the stability of the dam body against sliding or overturning, and the prevention of rupture and leakage of the dam body itself. Earth-rock dams or sand and soil foundations prevent the movement and destruction of soil particles caused by seepage (so-called "piping" and "liquid soil") occupy a more important position. When constructing a dam in an earthquake zone, we must also pay attention to the possibility of slipping due to the inviscid sand saturated with water saturated in the dam body or foundation, which is called the "liquefaction phenomenon" (see liquefaction of sand).

Spout building

Buildings that can safely and reliably discharge excess or needed water. There have been many earth-rock dams in history, which caused dam failures due to flooding over the reservoir capacity. In order to ensure the safety of earth-rock dams, riparian spillways must be set up in water conservancy hubs. Once the reservoir water level exceeds the prescribed level, excess water will be discharged through the spillway. Concrete dams have strong anti-scouring ability. The dam body can be used for flood discharge, which is called overflow dam. The key to constructing water-dissipating buildings is to solve the problems of energy dissipation, corrosion prevention and abrasion resistance. The discharged water flow generally has large kinetic energy and scouring force. In order to ensure downstream safety, the impact and friction inside the water flow are often used to eliminate energy, such as water leaps or draft energy dissipation. When the flow velocity is greater than 10 to 15 meters per second, some irregular sections of the water flowing part of the leaking building may have so-called cavitation damage, that is, the damage caused by the high-speed water flow in the vacuum cavity near the side wall. The main methods to prevent cavitation are to use a streamlined shape as much as possible, increase the pressure or reduce the flow rate, use high-strength materials, and ventilate the local area. Sandy rivers or when gravel is trapped in the water, the problem of resistance to wear must also be addressed.

Specialized hydraulic structures

In addition to the two general types of buildings mentioned above, buildings designed for a specific purpose or to accomplish a specific task. Canals are water-conveying buildings, most of which are used for irrigation and diversion projects. When the road is blocked by high mountains, you can go around the mountain or dig a water tunnel (see hydraulic tunnels); if it intersects with rivers and ditches, you need to set an aqueduct or inverted siphon. Thing. Hydropower station hubs include river bed type, dam rear type, diversion channel type, and underground type according to their plant location and water diversion methods. Hydropower station buildings mainly have a water diversion system with a concentrated water level drop, a pressure regulating system to prevent excessive water hammer pressure when a sudden stop occurs, a hydropower plant building, and a tailwater system. The velocity of flow through the buildings of hydropower stations is generally small, but these buildings are often subjected to large water pressures, so many parts require steel structures. After the completion of the reservoir, the dam blocked the original passages of ships, rafts, bamboo rafts and fish migration, which had a greater impact on shipping and breeding. To this end, locks, rafts and fishways for ships, rafts, and fish should be specially constructed. These buildings have strong local characteristics, and special research is required before construction.

Water project planning

The purpose of water conservancy project planning is to comprehensively consider and reasonably arrange the control, development, and use of ground and groundwater resources to maximize safety, economy, and efficiency. The problems to be solved in the planning of water conservancy projects are generally as follows: according to the needs and possibilities, various governance and development goals are determined, a reasonable engineering scale is selected according to local natural, economic and social conditions, and safe, economic, and convenient management is developed. Project layout plan. Therefore, the investigation and research work on the hydrology and hydrogeology of the river basins to be governed or developed should be done first to grasp the distribution of water resources.

Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project Engineering geological data is another important content that must be studied in advance in the planning of hydraulic projects, to judge the possibility of construction projects, to choose favorable ground conditions for hydraulic structures, and to study necessary reinforcement measures. Reservoirs are a form of engineering commonly used in river management and water development. In deep mountain valleys or hilly areas, basins made of natural terrain can be used to store excess or temporarily unused water for reference when needed. Therefore, the role of the reservoir is mainly to regulate runoff distribution, increase water levels, and concentrate water surface differences in order to create conditions for flood prevention, power generation, irrigation, water supply, breeding, and improving downstream navigation. For this reason, in the planning stage, a suitable location along the river or the throat of the basin must be selected to construct a dam to block the water and a hydraulic structure to release the river water downstream. In sediment-laden rivers, the reservoir volume is often reduced year by year due to sedimentation. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the service life of the reservoir or equip it with special sand flushing and drainage facilities.

Many modern large-scale water conservancy projects have the characteristics of comprehensive development and governance, so they are often referred to as "comprehensive use of water conservancy projects". It often takes into account flood control, irrigation, power generation, navigation, river management, and diversion or diversion across the basin, and sometimes even includes aquaculture, water supply, or other development goals. However, in order to stop floods and develop water conservancy, in addition to building large-scale backbone projects, we also need to rely on a large number of small and medium-sized water conservancy projects to control the water regime from the surface and ensure that large-scale projects can play their backbone role. Preventing pollution to the surrounding environment and maintaining ecological balance are also important topics that must be studied in the planning of water conservancy projects. It can be seen that water conservancy engineering is not only a highly comprehensive science and technology, but also restricted by social, economic and even political factors.

Water project development

China's per capita water resources are not abundant, and the distribution of space and time is uneven, which determines that China is a country with frequent and severe flood and drought disasters.

The "2013-2017 China Water Conservancy Engineering Industry Leading Enterprise Business Strategy and Advantages and Disadvantages Analysis Report" shows that the direct economic losses caused by floods and drought disasters in China account for about 60% of the total direct economic losses caused by various natural disasters. Since 1990, the annual average annual flood disaster losses in China are around 110 billion yuan, accounting for about 2% of GDP over the same period. In the years when river basin floods occur, the proportion can reach 3% -4%. The water conservancy engineering industry is an industry that is extremely dependent on government investment, and the long-term lag in water conservancy investment has led to unsatisfactory disaster reduction effects.

The data shows that the proportion of water conservancy investment in FAI and GDP continued to decline between 2002 and 2008. In 2009, it increased slightly due to the 4 trillion yuan investment, accounting for 0.56% of GDP. In 2010, water conservancy construction investment was 232.8 billion yuan, accounting for It reached 0.58% of GDP, but still maintained a low level, unable to adapt to the rapid economic development, and it is expected that the water conservancy construction will be fully accelerated.

The National Comprehensive Water Resources Plan approved by the State Council in November 2010 sets the main tone for the comprehensive development, utilization, conservation and protection of water resources in the next 15-20 years, and water resources have officially risen to the level of national resource strategy. Because of concerns about inflation and food security, rural water conservancy will become a top priority; and in order to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction targets, hydropower construction is expected to continue to advance rapidly.

The water conservancy industry has entered an acceleration channel since 2009, and the upward trend has been established. The investment in water conservancy construction during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period will reach 2.11 trillion yuan, an increase of 183.85% over the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period.

With the intensified competition in the water conservancy engineering industry, mergers and acquisitions and capital operations between large water conservancy engineering companies are becoming more frequent. Excellent domestic water conservancy engineering companies are paying more and more attention to the research on the industry market, especially the changes in the development environment and customer demand trends. In-depth research. Because of this, a large number of outstanding domestic hydraulic engineering companies have risen rapidly and gradually become the leader in the hydraulic engineering industry!

Prospects for Hydraulic Engineering

At present, most countries in the world are experiencing rapid population growth, insufficient available water resources, tight urban water supplies, energy shortages, and deterioration of the ecological environment. They are all closely related to water. Flood prevention and control, and the full development and utilization of water resources have become major issues in contemporary social and economic development. The development trends of water conservancy projects are mainly as follows: Engineering measures for preventing and controlling floods are further combined with non-engineering measures, and non-engineering measures are becoming more and more important; The development and utilization of water resources are further integrated and multi-target; The role is not only to meet the growing needs of people's lives and the development of industrial and agricultural production, but also to serve more to protect and improve the environment; Large-scale and large-scale water resources deployment projects, such as cross-basin diversion projects, will further Development; Due to the development of new exploration technology, new analytical calculation and monitoring test methods, and new materials and processes, complex foundations and high-head hydraulic structures will be developed accordingly, and local materials will be more widely used. The cost of hydraulic structures will be further reduced; The unified management and unified dispatch of water resources and water conservancy projects will be gradually strengthened.

Study the methods of preventing floods, developing water resources, and the science and technology of selecting and constructing various engineering facilities. Mainly through engineering construction, control or adjust the distribution of natural water in space and time, prevent or reduce drought, flood and flood disasters, rationally develop and make full use of water resources, and provide good environmental and material conditions for industrial and agricultural production and people's lives. Water conservancy projects include drainage and irrigation projects (also known as farmland water conservancy projects), soil and water conservation projects, river management projects, flood control projects, inter-basin water transfer projects, hydropower projects, and inland waterway projects. Others, such as aquaculture engineering, water supply and drainage engineering, and coastal engineering, although related to water conservancy engineering, are often listed as other branches of civil engineering or other specialized engineering disciplines. Hydraulic engineering was originally a branch of civil engineering. Due to the development of hydraulic engineering itself, it gradually has its own characteristics and its increasingly important position in the national economy. It has become a relatively independent technical discipline, but still maintains close links with many branches of civil engineering.

Water project construction

There are many places in the construction of water projects that are similar to other civil works. Diversion issues are an important part of the construction of hydraulic projects and often control the progress of the project. In wide river channels, the method of segmented cofferdams is generally used. First, a foundation pit is enclosed on one side of the river channel to carry out the construction of this section of sluice dam, and the river water passes through the other side. After completion of this side, it was transferred to the other side for construction, and the river water passed through some of the buildings already built. The use of cofferdams to intercept the current and force it to be transferred to the existing project is called interception. In addition, there are river bank drainage tunnels or dam bottom holes for diversion. These holes and holes are sometimes designed for diversion during the construction period, but they can also be reserved for permanent drainage facilities after construction.

Water project construction The construction period of water conservancy projects is generally long, ranging from 1 to 2 years in short and 5 to 10 years in long. The safety and security of water conservancy projects are often related to national economy and people's livelihood. If they are not properly managed after the completion of the project, not only will they not be able to play their due role, but they will also bring misfortune and disaster. The most important thing in operation management is monitoring, maintenance and scientific use. For this reason, each water conservancy project generally has a special operation management organization, which is a management unit and a production unit. A large-scale comprehensive utilization water conservancy project is often related to several sectors of the national economy. In order to give full play to the role of engineering and to fully and economically, reasonably and safely use water resources, coordination and unified command must be strengthened.