What Are the Different Types of Rhetoric Classes?

Rhetoric is a language activity that uses multiple languages to receive the best possible expression in the process of using language.

Chinese Rhetoric

Chinese Rhetoric

The so-called good expression includes its accuracy, intelligibility, and appeal, and it is in line with its own purpose of expression, suitable for specific objects and specific situations, appropriate and appropriate expression. Rhetoric is national, and different nationalities have their own rhetoric habits. Rhetoric is social and historical. Rhetoric is closely related to the development of society and history. The science that studies this language activity and its laws is rhetoric. It is a branch of language science. It with

The characteristics of rhetorical language (including its written form, that is, text), are also affected by

Rhetoric is closely related to the cultural tradition of a nation. The so-called cultural tradition here includes the national psychological characteristics, thinking habits, philosophical views, aesthetic views formed by various factors, and various cultural achievements reflecting these characteristics, habits, and views.

Excessive use of "comparative" in Chinese rhetoric

It's much used, and it's widely used. There are various ways of "bi". In general, they do not speak directly, but use this as a metaphor for the listener or reader to understand. In general rhetoric, "

In the history of Chinese rhetoric, there are always two basic viewpoints. Historically, there are very few monographs on Chinese rhetoric. Rhetoric discourse is not uncommon in various treatises throughout the ages. Taken together, we can see that there are two basic viewpoints that have been inherited from ancient times to the present.

Since ancient times, there are two groups of concepts related to language expression. One group includes "Tao, righteousness, reason, sentiment, will, intention," etc., all of which are thoughts and feelings, that is, the content aspect of expression; the other group includes "literature, speech, chapter, text, essay, article, discourse" And so on, all belong to verbal organization, that is, the linguistic form of expression. The former is generally called "quality", and the latter is generally called "text". The general requirement is "quality and knowledge", that is, form and content must be compatible, coordinated, and mutually reinforcing. Since then, in the aspect of "quality", "Dao" has gradually been emphasized.

Rhetoric is social and historical. From the pre-Qin era, where the written records became increasingly abundant, to the beginning of the 20th century, there was no fundamental change in the nature of society.

There are many types of rhetoric in Chinese, so I won't go into details here, only representative metaphors, puns, and parsing rhetoric are used to illustrate the reflection and reflection of Chinese rhetoric on the Chinese culture.

On Chinese Culture from the Figurative Figure of Speech

Metaphor is the most widely used rhetoric in the Han nationality. It has a unique status and artistic charm in the Chinese language. Metaphor is based on psychological association, grasping and using the similarities of different things, and using another thing to describe the thing to be represented. We will discuss which Chinese culture is reflected in the figurative figures of speech through the study of metaphor.

Animals are often used as metaphors in Chinese. Such as "look down

Chinese culture is extensive and inclusive, and we will talk about the influence and restriction of Chinese culture on Chinese rhetoric from the four aspects of national psychology, geographical environment, social system, and customs.

National Psychology and Chinese Rhetoric

Since ancient times, the Chinese have had a national social psychology, namely harmony. The so-called "harmony" is harmony, which is the coordination and unification of the relationship between people, nature and society. Confucian culture is China's traditional culture, and the Confucian classics embody the "harmonious" national psychology: "The Book of Changes in the Book of Changes" says "he is righteous to the moral and righteous, and exhausted to the point of death"; "Book of Rites · "Li Yun" reads "Father and son Tuk, brothers, husband and wife, family fat." From the "harmony of harmony" in the Warring States Period, to the "monarch and ministerial harmony and unity in one's heart" during the Tang Dynasty of Zheng Dynasty, to the political slogan of "building a socialist harmonious society" today, it can be said that the concept of "harmony" And thinking has been deeply imprinted in the minds of Chinese people. Affected by these values, the Chinese language pays special attention to structural equilibrium and symmetrical coordination, which is reflected in the rhetorical means, which form rhetoric such as duality and loopback.

The dual rhetoric is deeply influenced by the psychology of harmony, such as "painting the dynasty and flying to the south of Puyun, bead curtain twilight rolling in the mountains and the rain", "the sunrise river is red and the fire wins, and the spring river is green as blue". In these two sets of dual verses, the number of upper and lower couplets is equal, the number of syllables is the same, and the content is relative. They are flat, coordinated, and pleasing to the ear, which fully reflects the harmonious and tidy psychology of the Han nation. Another example is the loopback rhetoric "Knowledge of the Buddha, Words of the Buddha", "Fine Flower Pear Snow Drop, Falling Snow Pear Flower", recurring, unique form, rich dialectical color, showing the harmonious and perfect idea of the Han nation.

Geographical Environment and Chinese Rhetoric

China has a vast country, a long history, and abundant natural resources. It is a country where many ethnic groups live. The vast territory and ever-changing geographical conditions have had a significant impact on the development and trend of language and the accumulation of Chinese civilization. Chinese rhetoric will also show regional characteristics due to the complex and changeable geographical environment.

The differences in topography and geomorphology make the rhetoric regional. For example, in southern water villages such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang, rivers and lakes are interlaced, and small bridges are flowing water. There is a metaphor "boat to bridge head is naturally straight". In the mountainous areas of Chongqing and Sichuan, there are rolling hills, and there is a saying that "there must be a road before the car". It is a metaphor to do not worry, there will always be a solution. In the Loess Plateau, the vast and heavy landforms have forged the brave and bold personality of the Northwestern people, and the folk songs of Shaanxi are also simple and natural. Among them, "Send Big Brother" used Dingzheng's rhetoric: "I send Big Brother Huang Yangpo, and there are many yellow sheep on Huang Yangpo. A yellow sheep with two horns, how can a girl send a dry brother?"

Different climatic conditions make the rhetoric regional. In the winter in the north, the wind is bitter and snowy. Therefore, people often use ice, snow, and frost as metaphors, such as "white as snow" and "solid as ice"; in the south, such as Guangzhou, there is no or little ice, snow, and frost, so it is naturally less used Or don't use these metaphors. The climate in the south is suitable for growing tangerines, which often appear in rhetoric. In Nanning, Guangxi, citizens have the custom of placing oranges at home for the Chinese New Year. This is because the "hospitable auspicious orange" is the homophonic "auspicious wishfulness", and oranges represent wealth and luck.

Social System and Chinese Rhetoric

The social system of a country influences and restricts the language rhetoric of the nation. Times are developing, science and technology are progressing, a country's overall national strength is increasing, people's living standards are improving, and changes in concepts will inevitably lead to changes in social systems. As a means of language expression, the occurrence and development of Chinese rhetoric will also be affected and restricted by social systems. It will add new elements and new forms as the social system develops.

After the reform and opening up, Chinese society has gone from closed to open, economic development has accelerated unprecedentedly, people's consciousness and psychology are changing, many new concepts and phenomena have emerged, and rhetorical methods are also colorful, vivid and flexible. For example, "going to the sea", "training booths", "iron rice bowls", etc., are new words emerging in the new era. "Going to the sea" is a metaphor for doing business and doing business on its own; "training stalls" is a metaphor for individual businesses with less investment; "iron rice bowls" is a very solid position. Today, China is more closely connected and communicated with the world, and the open social environment has also affected Chinese rhetoric. There are many foreign words and Internet buzzwords in daily life. For example, the term "white-collar" refers to people who work in the office, engage in mental work, and have higher incomes; "soy sauce" refers to being indifferent to current events and doing only their own things.

Customs and Rhetoric

Each nation has its own special customs and customs, as is the Chinese nation. The customs and customs of the Han nationality are the sediment and essence of the Chinese civilization for five thousand years. They have been passed down from our ancestors to the present day and reflect the Han culture. These customs are accumulated in long-term social practice, and they affect and restrict Chinese rhetoric. We contact rhetorical examples to learn more about this impact constraint.

Let's take "jade" as an example. Jade is widely respected and cherished by the Chinese. Xu Shen explained in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Jade, the beauty of stone". The jade in the eyes of the Chinese is different, beautiful and noble. It has transcended itself and become the spiritual sustenance of the Chinese nation. In ancient times, jade was used as a letter and jade seal was used to symbolize the power, majesty and credibility of the country. To this day, the national sentiments of Chong Jade and Love Jade are still deep-rooted, and the jade culture has developed into a wonderful work of the Han national culture.

Confucius said that there are eleven virtues such as benevolence, wisdom, righteousness, and ritual. The "Book of Rites" stated that "gentleman has no reason, and jade does not go away." Affected by this custom, Chinese rhetoric often uses "jade" as an image. For example, "Jade as a flower", "Yan in the book itself", "Looking at the ten-mile long pavilion with less jade muscle" etc. all use "jade" as a metaphor for beauty. The "jade" in "Jade Jie Bingqing" and "Jade Jade Songzhen" symbolizes pure and naive and kind women. There are also the appearances of "jade" in ideological methods, such as "Yuquan" refers to wine, and "Jade handle" refers to literati.