What Does a Marine Scientist Do?

"Master of Science" is an 8-volume series. 80 famous scientists who have made pioneering contributions in the field of science in different scientific fields and different countries are included. Catherine Cullen's "Saving Deep Sea Secrets (10 Scientists in Oceanography)" introduces 10 famous scientists who have made outstanding contributions to the development of marine science. Each chapter describes the research, discoveries and contributions of society to scientists . This book is accompanied by more than 30 precious black and white pictures, these pictures are equipped with accurate descriptions; the book also introduces information about related publications and online resources, providing readers with the possibility to expand reading. "Master of Science" is suitable for students, teachers and readers who want to know scientists. ^[1]

Salvaging deep sea secrets: 10 scientists in oceanography

Foreword Acknowledgment prompts Sir Sir W.Vyville Thomson (1830-1882)
The first purely scientific ocean expedition commander. A series of academy posts. Life in the inanimate zone. The famous "Challenger" expedition. "Challenger" report. (1861-1930)
Oceanographer and polar explorer's childhood "Pirate" voyage Research on the invertebrate nervous system Crossing the ice sheet Advancing to the far north The Nobel Peace Prize-winning oceanographer's chronology Expansion reading III Beebe) (1877-1962)
Exploration of deep-sea creatures Early interest in wildlife Expeditions in the field of tropical plants "Big Horn" Expedition Haiti and Bermuda Inspired by deep-sea diving ball diving others Chronology Extended Reading 4 Henry Bigelow -1967)
The diversified ecology of the oceanFrom birds to the oceanThe complex marine ecology of the Maine BayThe Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and Harvard's Chronology of Life ExpansionRead five Ernest Everett Just (1883 -1941)
Marine Invertebrate Embryologist Opportunities for Education Doctoral Study: Growing Prestige of Sand Worms Sea Urchin Fertilization Escapes Racism Main Works Chronology Extended Reading Six Harry Hammorld Hess (1906 -1969)
Model of Seafloor Expansion Little Navy Commander from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean's confusing marine geology found the seafloor expansion hypothesis praise and honor chronology extended reading JacqtJes-Yves Cousteau (1910-1997 )
Childhood accidental invention of the invention of aqua respirators and the popularization of marine biology drifting. The underwater research team of the invention of the underwater respirator. The Caripso continental shed experiment. Eternal heritage. Chronology. Extended reading. Eugenie Clark Clark) (1922-)
Toxic fish and shark behavior research expert Early interest in fishRespected ichthyologists own laboratory shark behavior New York and Maryland shark repellent and sleeping sharks reach the peak Life chronology extended reading Nine Silvia Sylvia Earle (1935-)
Pioneer in the use of scuba in marine research From farms to seaside seaweed specialists Submarine habitats Swim with humpback whales Record protection diving mission Chronology Extended reading Ten Robert D. Robert D. Ballard (1942-)
Discovery of black chimneys and advances in deep-sea exploration technology California's boyhood Rough career plans Plate tectonics Geological evidence Center for the study of the hydrothermal black chimney Titanic A great contribution to various fields Life chronology Extended reading

In the mid-19th century, little was known about the deep sea. Although shallow seas have been developed and animals near the coast have been observed, in fact, people know nothing about the oceans that cover 70% of the earth's surface. How deep are they? What will be found in that seemingly bottomless abyss? Is there life there? How does sea water flow?
To structure a new field of science, a Scottish naturalist is determined to collect valuable information. Charles Weaver Thomson was the commander of the HMS (Her Majesty's Ship) Challenger for the world's first scientific marine expedition. He overturned the "inanimate" theory that there is no life in the deep sea. Under his leadership, thousands of marine life species were discovered, and a large amount of marine data was collected, which was enough to generate a field of oceanographic research, that is, to scientifically study the ocean and all aspects including physical, chemical and biological Subject. A series of college positions Charles. Weaver. Thomson was born in Bonsyde, Linlithgow, Scotland on March 5, 1830. His father, Andrew Thomson, was a surgeon. As a teenager, he studied at the Merchiston Castle School. He was admitted to medical school at the age of 16 and serves as a secretary to the Royal Society of Physics, which is actually closer to the Natural Science Society. Three years later he had to give up medical school due to health problems. In 1853 he married Jane Ramage Dawson and had a son, Frank Wvville Thomson, who eventually became one with his grandfather Surgeon.
Thomson holds a number of college positions. In 1851 he was first employed as a lecturer in botany by the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, and in 1853 he was a professor of natural sciences at Queen's University, Cork, Ireland. In the following years he moved to Belfast and became a professor of geology at Queen's University. In Belfast, he was known as an invertebrate marine biologist and was awarded a professor of zoology and botany in 1860. In 1865, he published a landmark paper in the Journal of the Royal Society Philosophy, "On Embryogenesis of Sea Sheep Tooth". He moved again in 1868 and accepted the position of professor of botany at the Royal Academy of Dublin. Finally, in 1870 he entered the University of Edinburgh and became a professor of natural history. As a teacher, Thomson was very popular. He lectures passionately, is not limited to books, and always shares experimental models with students. Life in inanimate areas was curious about the deep sea for many reasons in the mid-19th century. But in fact, people knew almost nothing about the deep sea at that time. In the 1850s and 1960s, telephone companies began trying to lay cables across the ocean. For telephone companies to improve their technology, further development requires more marine information, especially information about the depth and composition of the ocean. Biologists are interested because of the knowledge itself. Considering the cold, dark, and extreme stress of the deep ocean floor, Scottish biologist Edward Forbes asserted that there was a lifeless zone in the ocean, and he believed that there was no life below 1,800 feet (540 meters). In 1866, Thomson went on a Christiania (now known as Oslo) trip, and he was thrilled to see marine animals that might have been salvaged below 1,800 feet. Should there be life there? If life exists, where do they get food from? How can living creatures adapt and change in such a harsh environment? Those interested in the theory of evolution are more interested in knowing if there are biological fossils on the ocean floor.
Thomson tried to find life in what was considered a lifeless area at the time, and his behavior was supported by another interested person, Professor William Benjamin Carpenter of the University of London. Carpenter is the Vice-President of the highly respected, first-class theoretical institution, the Royal Society of London. The two asked for help from the Royal Society to persuade the Admiralty (the government administration of the British Navy) to support their deep-sea fishing expeditions. The Admiralty gave them a paddle steamer, the HMS Lightning. In 1868, Thomson and Carpenter successfully obtained biological samples from the ocean below 1,800 feet. Samples are obtained from the ocean floor using net baskets or digging equipment during fishing. At the same time, they found that the temperature in the deep sea was not always maintained at 39.2 ° F (4 ° C) as previously thought.
Because these findings contradicted two theories that were popular at the time, they could easily win further admiralty support for the second expedition. On the HMS Porcupine, Thomson and John Gwyn Jeffreys measured the temperature of the seawater, sampled the sea mud, and analyzed the water from Ireland's west coast to the Shetland Islands. Sea water samples. Surprisingly, they received evidence that a large number of organisms existed at 14,610 feet (4383 meters). Most organisms belong to unknown species, and many of them seem similar to some fossils considered extinct.
Shortly after the Porcupine sailed, the Royal Society elected Thomson as a special member. In 1873, he published the results of the "Lightning" and "Porcupine" expeditions in "The Depth of the Ocean": there is life in the deep sea, and even if the depth is the same, the water temperature in different sea areas will be different. These discoveries have triggered a new wave of marine exploration. Taking this opportunity, Thomson filed a new application with the Admiralty and the Royal Society to plan a systematic study of the chemical, geological, physical, and biological properties of the ocean. He plans to measure the depth of seawater at different locations, record the water temperature at different depths, draw ocean current maps, and collect samples of seabed mud. But for Thomson, the most important thing is to collect and study the creatures in the deep ocean. P1-4

The first place in the team will be the best place in the stadium as an enthusiastic audience; the first athlete to break the ribbon and cross the finish line will win a gold medal; the eldest son is most likely to get the right to inherit the throne of the throne ... Such advantages and benefits often accompany the "first", but the effort to obtain the "first" is often quite huge. Neil Armstrong, the first astronaut to walk on the moon, began flight lessons when he was 16 years old, worked tirelessly to pay tuition fees, and worked hard to obtain a bachelor's degree in aviation engineering. As a brave Air Force pilot, he completed 78 combat missions in North Korea, worked as a civil test pilot for 7 years, and then spent 7 years as an astronaut at NASA. The "Ro 11" program has carried out many dangerous space flights before. After enduring years of rigorous physical training and full mental preparation, he finally bravely took the risk of his life and set foot on a place where human beings have never been involved before. Armstrong was a pioneer in space exploration, and he opened the way for future generations to continue. Although not all pioneering behaviors are as dangerous as space exploration, scientific pioneers must be passionate about his cause, just like enthusiastic audiences on the sports field; they must also be focused, just like runners in the competition; Sometimes there is the favor of heaven, just like the luck that is born to inherit the throne.
Science encompasses all knowledge based on universal truth and observable facts. In a narrow sense, science refers specifically to the branch of knowledge that explores the natural world and its laws. To describe it from a philosophical perspective, science is an effort, a search for truth, a way of cognition, and a method of discovery. Scientists obtain information through one method, and this is the scientific method. The scientific method requires people to state a problem, then put forward a verifiable hypothesis, or an educated guess to describe a phenomenon or explain an observation, and finally draw conclusions from the results. Data can test hypotheses, but they can never be guaranteed to be absolute truth. When a scientist obtains a lot of supporting evidence, he has reason to believe that a certain assumption is correct. This process sounds very straightforward, but sometimes scientific progress does not follow such a logical trajectory mechanically. Because someone is always observing, developing hypotheses, experimenting, and summing up conclusions, students studying science must understand the personal factors in science.
The "Master of Science" series is about the people behind science, those who have invented new ideas and research. At the risk of failure, they often have to face various forces of opposition, but still pave the way for a new path of scientific exploration. Their backgrounds are very different: some do nt even have a high school degree, and some have a variety of advanced degrees; some people can rely on their family background to conduct research without being troubled by financial problems, while others have difficulty Poorly malnourished and displaced. Their personality is either cheerful or melancholic, mild or stubborn-but ... All these people are full of dedication, they don't hesitate to contribute their time, insights and responsibilities, because they believe in the knowledge they seek. The thirst for knowledge allowed them to overcome all difficulties and obstacles and move forward, and eventually their contributions pushed the scientific cause forward.
This set of books consists of 8 books: "Exploring the Mysteries of Life", "Deciphering the Secrets of Elements", "Interpreting the Legend of the Earth", "Saving the Secrets of the Deep Sea", "Anatomy of the Material World", "Creating the Frontiers of Science and Technology", "Tracing the Mysteries of the Universe", and "Breaking Weather Changes". Each book contains biographies of 10 science masters in the discipline, introduces the childhood of these characters, their commitment to science and their research areas, and provides sufficient scientific background to help readers understand their discoveries and contributions . Although the characters we introduce here are quite remarkable, it does not mean that they cover all the greatest scientists of all time. Our writing actually follows the principle: these selected prominent figures represent diverse branches of discipline, diverse history, diverse scientific approaches, and diverse personalities in various fields. Each chapter has a chronology and related bibliography about the life of the character and his writings. Each book has an introduction to the field of science, illustrations, photos, and an extended reading bibliography that provides comprehensive information.
The intent of this set of books is to provide readers with information on pioneer scientists at an appropriate level. The author hopes that readers will be inspired to realize the greatness of those modern figures, to resonate with the giants at the forefront of science, and then to experience the positive and immortal influence these scientific giants have on modern society.