What is a Chartist?

A charter refers to the basic documents between nations about an important international organization, and has the nature of an international treaty. Generally stipulates the purpose, principles, organizational structure, terms of reference, procedures, and rights and obligations of member states of the international organization, which is a type of multilateral treaty, such as the Charter of the United Nations, the Charter of the Organization of American States, the Organization of African Unity Charter, etc.

Three Charters Memorial Tower

[xiàn zhng]

The Constitution is the product of the combined effects of specific socio-political, economic, and ideological and cultural conditions. The basic form of institutional arrangements for society is to protect human rights. It has undergone a single political system to include political, economic, and cultural arrangements. In the process of all-round institutional arrangement, changes in the contrastive relationship between political forces within the country have a direct effect on the development and change of the Constitution, and international relations also have an impact on the development trend of the Constitution.

Charter Introduction

Three Charters Memorial Tower

Charter Legend

The charter, also known as tadpole, is the legendary beast name. It looks like a tiger and is the oldest seven. It has a good life, but it is powerful. The tiger head decoration on the upper part of the prison door is its statue. Legend has it that he is not only righteous and righteous, he can speak righteously, but also can distinguish right from wrong, be impartial and upright, and its image is magnificent. Therefore, in addition to being decorated on the prison door, it also lies on both sides of the official lobby. Whenever the Yamen Chief sits in the hall, the Chief Executive's title card and the upper side of the Quiet Avoidance Card have its image, it looks at it with jealousy, looks around, and maintains the integrity of the public hall. "Tianlu Shiyu · Dragon Species": "Nine species of dragons passed on by the vulture, each with its own advantages ... the four said that it is like a tiger with power, so it stands at the gate of prison."

Charter olympic charter

The Olympic Charter is the highest legal document on the Olympic Movement developed by the International Olympic Committee. The Charter's organization, purpose, principles, membership, institutions and their respective terms of reference and Olympic

Olympic Charter The basic procedures for Peak's various activities are clearly defined. This legal document is the most basic standard that governs the conduct of all Olympic participants and the basis for cooperation between all parties.

The "Olympic Charter" has gradually improved with the development of the Olympic Movement. When the International Olympic Committee was established in 1894, there were no specific rules and regulations, but only some basic intentions and principles were determined, such as the Olympic Games every 4 years and the relationship between the International Olympic Committee and the government. The first constitutional document was the "Status of the International Olympic Committee" drafted by Coubertin in 1908. This document provides a clearer explanation of the IOC's tasks, organization and management, and how members are selected. Since then, the regulations of the Olympic Movement have gradually formed on the basis of this document. For a long time, the names of these regulations were confused, such as "Olympic Rules," "Olympic Statues," and "Olympic Rules." Since 1978, the International Olympic Committee has officially used the name "Olympic Charter". In practice, for convenience of expression, people have previously called these regulations with different names also called "Olympic Charter".

With the development of the Olympic Movement, the International Olympic Committee has made many amendments to the Olympic Charter in response to changing conditions, while maintaining the basic principles and spirit of the Olympics. The current Olympic Charter was ratified at the 105th plenary meeting of the International Olympic Committee on July 18, 1996 in Atlanta. The Charter is composed of 6 parts: "Basic Principles", "Olympic Movement", "International Olympic Committee", "International Single Sports Federation", "National Olympic Committee" and "Olympic Games". There are 74 sections in total. Important aspects such as management, organization, activities and systems are clearly defined.

The content of the Olympic Charter has the following aspects.

expounded the purpose of the Olympic Movement, determined the goals of the Olympic Movement, and stipulated the development direction of the Olympic Movement;

Defined important concepts such as Olympicism and Olympic spirit, and laid the ideological foundation for the Olympic Movement to achieve its goals;

Fix the Olympic sports organization system in the form of legal terms. For the members of the Olympic family, especially the three pillars (ie the International Olympic Committee, the National Olympic Committee and the International Individual Sports Federation) in this sport Their respective positions, functions, tasks, and their relationships are clearly stated and stipulated, which not only guarantees their respective independence, but also interconnects them to form a complete functional system, thereby providing a corresponding response to the Olympic Movement. Proper organizational basis;

It defines the basic content of the Olympic Movement, such as the Olympic Games, mass sports activities, and Olympic education and cultural activities. ^[1]

Charter of the Organization of African Unity

(Done at Addis Ababa, May 25, 1963)

We, the heads of African countries and governments gathered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,

Convinced that controlling their own destiny is an inalienable right of peoples,

Conscious of the fact that freedom, equality, justice and dignity are the main goals of the realization of the legitimate aspirations of peoples in Africa,

Aware of our responsibility to harness the natural and human resources of our continent to fully promote the human endeavours of our peoples,

Encouraged by the common determination of the voices of our peoples and the cooperation of the voices of the nations, in keeping with the shared determination of our peoples to strengthen brotherhood and solidarity in a larger unity that transcends racial and ethnic differences,

Convinced that in order to turn this determination into a powerful force in the cause of human progress, it is necessary to create and maintain conditions for peace and security,

Determined to defend and consolidate the hard work of winning the independence and sovereignty and territorial integrity of our nations, and to fight against all forms of neocolonialism,

Dedicated to Africa's overall cause of progress,

Believing that we reaffirm the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that provide a solid basis for peace and active cooperation among States,

It is our great hope that all African countries will be unified from now on to ensure the prosperity and welfare of their peoples,

Determined to strengthen the links between our nations through the establishment and strengthening of common institutions, we agree on this Charter.

system

First

1. The States Parties establish an organization called the Organization of African Unity in accordance with this Charter.

2. The Organization includes the countries of the African continent, Madagascar and the islands adjacent to Africa.

purpose

Article 2

1. The purposes of the Organization are as follows:

(1) Promote the unity and solidarity of African countries,

(B) Coordinate and strengthen their cooperation and efforts to improve the lives of peoples in Africa;

(3) to defend their sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence;

(D) eradicating all forms of colonialism from Africa; and

(5) Promote international cooperation with due respect to the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

2. In order to achieve these objectives, each Member State shall directly govern the municipality and express its general policies, especially in the following aspects:

(1) Political and diplomatic cooperation;

(2) Economic cooperation, including cooperation in transportation;

(3) Cooperation in education and culture;

(D) Cooperation in health care and nutrition;

(E) cooperation in science and technology; and

(6) Cooperation in defense and security.

in principle

Article 3 In order to achieve the purposes stated in Article 2, Member States solemnly confirm and affirm that they follow the following principles:

1. The sovereignty of all member states is equal;

2. Do not interfere in the internal affairs of countries;

3. Respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity and the inalienable right of each member country to survive independently;

4. Settle disputes peacefully through negotiation, mediation, reconciliation or arbitration;

5. Unreservedly condemns all forms of political assassination and subversive activities by neighbouring countries or any other country;

6. To dedicate completely to the complete settlement of African territories that are still not independent;

7. Reiterate the non-aligned policy towards all groups.

Membership

Article 4 Every independent African sovereign State has the right to become a member of the Organization.

Rights and obligations of member states

Article 5 The rights and obligations of all Member States are equal.

Article 6 Member States pledge to abide by the principles enumerated in Article 3 of this Charter.

mechanism

Article 7 The Organization shall achieve its purposes through the following main bodies:

I. Meeting of Heads of State and Government,

The Council of Ministers,

3. The Secretary-General,

4. Mediation, Reconciliation and Arbitration Commission

National and government summit

Article 8 The Summit of States and Governments is the supreme body of the Organization. The summit should discuss issues of common concern to Africa in accordance with the provisions of this Charter, with the aim of regulating municipalities and adjusting the overall policy of the Organization. In addition, the Summit may consider the organizational structure, powers and actions of all organs and any specialized agencies established under this Charter.

Article 9 The Summit shall consist of the heads of State and Government or their duly appointed representatives and shall meet at least once a year. The Summit may hold a special meeting when requested by any Member State and approved by a two-thirds majority of the Member States.

Article 10

1. Each member country has one voting right.

2. All resolutions are decided by a two-thirds majority of the member states of the Organization.

3. Procedural issues should be determined by a simple majority. Whether or not an issue is a procedural matter should be determined by a simple majority of any Member State of the Organization.

4. A two-thirds majority of any Member State of the Organization shall be a quorum for any meeting of the Summit.

Article 11 The Summit has the power to determine its own rules of procedure.

Council of ministers

Article 12

1. The Council of Ministers consists of the Ministers of Member States or other ministers designated by their governments.

2. The Council of Ministers meets at least twice a year. A special meeting of the Council of Ministers may be held when any Member State draws a request and receives two-thirds approval from all Member States.

Article 13

1. The Council of Ministers is accountable to the heads of state and government and is responsible for preparing the summit.

2. It accepts any issues referred to it by the Summit. It is entrusted with the implementation of decisions taken by heads of State and Government. It coordinates cooperation within Africa in accordance with the Summit's instructions and Article 2, paragraph 2, of this Charter.

Article 14

1. Each member has one voting right.

2. All decisions are made by a simple majority of the members of the Council of Ministers.

3. A two-thirds majority of all members of the Board shall be a quorum for any meeting of the Board.

Article 15 The Council has the power to determine its own rules of procedure.

Secretariat

Article 16 The Organization shall have an Executive Secretary-General appointed by the Heads of State and Government. The Executive Secretary directs the work of the Secretariat.

Article 17 The Organization shall have one or more Assistant Secretary-Generals, who shall be appointed by the Heads of State and Government.

Article 18. The functions and conditions of service of the Secretary-General, Assistant Secretary-General and other staff members of the Secretariat shall be stipulated by the articles of this Charter and the regulations approved by the meeting of heads of State and Government.

1. In carrying out their duties, the Secretary and his affiliates shall not request or accept instructions from any government or any authority outside the Organization. They must not take any action that may affect their status as international officials who are accountable only to the Organization

2. All Member States of the Organization pledge to respect the exclusive nature of the duties of the Secretary-General and his staff, and do not seek to influence them in the performance of their duties.

Mediation, Reconciliation and Arbitration Commission

Article 19 The Member States guarantee the peaceful settlement of all disputes between them, and for this reason decide to establish a mediation, reconciliation and arbitration commission. The composition and working conditions of the committee are stipulated by a separate protocol adopted by the summit. Such a decision shall be considered as an integral part of this Charter.

Special committee

Article 20 The Summit will establish special committees as needed, including:

1. Economic and Social Commission;

Committee on Education and Culture;

3. The Health, Health and Nutrition Committee;

4. Defense Committee;

5. Science, Technology and Research Committee.

The specialized committees referred to in Article 21 and 20 shall be composed of the relevant ministers of the Member States or other ministers or plenipotentiaries designated by their governments.

Article 22 The duties of the special committee shall be performed in accordance with the provisions of this Charter and the regulations adopted by the Council of Ministers.

budget

Article 23 The budget of the Organization prepared by the Secretary-General for Administration shall be approved by the Council of Ministers. The budget is raised by Member States in proportion to their contributions to the United Nations, but the contributions due by any Member State must not exceed 20% of the regular annual budget of the Organization. Member States agreed to pay their dues on time.

Signature and ratification of the Charter

Article 24

1. This Charter is open for signature by all independent African sovereign states and ratified by the signatory states in accordance with their constitutional procedures.

2. The original chapters are written in African (if possible), English and French, and all texts are equally authentic. This original is kept by the Government of Ethiopia, and the Government of Ethiopia shall distribute certified copies to the independent sovereign states of Africa.

3. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Government of Ethiopia. The Government of Ethiopia will notify all signatory States each time such documents are deposited.

Entry into force of the Charter

Article 25 This Charter shall enter into force when the Government of Ethiopia receives the ratifications of two thirds of the signatory States.

Registration of the Charter

Article 26 After this Charter has been formally ratified, the Government of Ethiopia shall register it with the Secretariat of the United Nations in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Interpretation of the Charter

Article 27 Any question that may arise with regard to the interpretation of this Charter is determined by a two-thirds majority vote of the heads of State and Government of the Organization.

Join and join

Article 28

1. Any independent sovereign African State may at any time notify the Secretary-General of Administration of its intention to participate in or join this Charter.

2. Upon receipt of such notification, the Secretary-General shall circulate copies of the notification to all Member States. Admissions shall be decided by a simple majority of the Member States. Each Member State shall notify the Secretary-General of the decision, and the Secretary-General shall notify the State concerned of the decision upon receipt of the necessary votes.

Miscellaneous clauses

Article 29 The working languages of the Organization and all its institutions are African (if possible), English and French.

Article 30 The Secretary-General of Administration may, on the approval of the Council of Ministers, accept gifts, gifts and other donations on behalf of the Organization.

Article 31 The Council of Ministers shall determine the privileges and immunities enjoyed by members of the Secretariat on the territory of each Member State.

Suspension of membership

Article 32 All countries wishing to renounce membership shall submit written notice to the Secretary-General for Administration. At the expiration of one year after the notification is filed, if it is not withdrawn, this Charter shall cease to apply to the withdrawing State and the withdrawing State shall no longer belong to the Organization.

Amendment of the Charter

Article 33 This Charter may be amended or amended if any member state submits a written request to the Secretary General, but the proposed amendment must be formally notified to all member states and submitted to the General Assembly for consideration after a period of one year. This amendment will not enter into force until it has been ratified by at least two-thirds of all member states.

We, African heads of State and Government, have signed this Charter in a spirit of loyalty.

In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25th of 1963. ^[2]

Charter florence charter

The International Council of Historic Sites and the International Commission on Historic Gardens met in Florence on May 21, 1981 and decided to draft a charter for the protection of historic gardens that will be named after the city. This charter was drafted by this committee and registered by the International Council of Monuments and Sites on December 15, 1982 as an annex to the "Venice Charter" related to specific areas.

Definition and goals

Article 1 "Historical gardens refer to architectural and horticultural structures that are of public interest from a historical or artistic perspective." Therefore, it should be regarded as a monument.

Article 2 "Historical garden is a building structure mainly composed of plants, so it has vitality, which means that there is life and death." Therefore, its appearance reflects the permanent balance between the seasonal cycle, natural changes and the art of gardening, hoping to keep its water balance unchanged.

Article 3 As a monument, historical gardens must be preserved in accordance with the spirit of the Venice Charter. However, since it is a living monument, its preservation must be carried out according to specific rules, which is the subject of this Charter.

Article 4 The architectural structure of historical gardens includes:

-Its plane and terrain;

The plant, including variety, area, color, interval and respective height:

-Its structural and decorative characteristics;

It reflects the water surface of the sky, standing water or living water.

Article 5 This garden, as an expression of the direct relationship between civilization and nature, and as an entertainment place suitable for thinking and resting, has great significance in the ideal world. It is "heaven" expressed in etymological terms, and it is also a kind of A testimony of culture, a style, an era, and often an original testimony of a creative artist.

Article 6 The term "historical garden" applies equally to small gardens and large parks, whether formal or scenic.

Article 7 Whether or not a historical garden is associated with a building-in which case it is an integral part of it-it cannot be isolated from its own particular environment, whether urban or rural, or whether it is Natural or artificial.

Article 8 A historical site is a specific scenic area associated with a memorable historical event, such as: a major historical event, a famous myth, a historic battle or the background of a famous painting.

Article 9 The preservation of historical gardens depends on their identification and cataloging. Several actions are required on them, namely maintenance, protection and repair.

Maintenance, protection, repair, reconstruction

Article 10 In the maintenance, protection, restoration and reconstruction of historical gardens or any part of them, all their constituent features must be dealt with at the same time. Isolating the various processes in isolation will undermine their integrity.

Maintenance and protection

Article 11 It is extremely important to continuously maintain historical gardens. Since the main substance is a plant, if there is no change, the preservation of the garden requires both timely replacement as needed and a long-term periodic replacement plan (completely chopping and replaying mature varieties).

Article 12 The types of trees, shrubs, plants and flowers that are regularly replaced must be selected based on the practical experience identified and confirmed by each plant and horticultural area,

The goal is to identify those breeds that have grown and preserve them.

Article 13 Permanent or movable architectural, sculpture or decorative features that form an integral part of a historical garden may be moved or replaced only to the extent necessary for its protection or restoration. Any substitution and restoration of this dangerous nature must be implemented in accordance with the principles of the Venice Charter, and the date of any total substitution must be stated.

Article 14 Historical gardens must be kept in an appropriate environment, and any changes in the natural environment that endanger the ecological balance must be prohibited. All of this applies to any aspect of the infrastructure (drainage systems, irrigation systems, roads, parking lots, fences, guard facilities, and a comfortable environment for visitors, etc.).

Repair and reconstruction

Article 15: Without thorough research to ensure that this work can be carried out scientifically, and all related matters such as the excavation and data collection of the garden and similar gardens must not be restored, especially No reconstruction is allowed. Before any actual work is carried out, any project must be prepared according to the above studies and submitted to an expert appointment. Joint review and approval.

Article 16 The restoration must respect all successive stages of the development and evolution of the garden. In principle, no one should be equal for any period, except in exceptional cases, because the degree of damage or destruction affects some parts of the garden, so it is decided to rebuild it based on the remaining remains or based on solid documentary evidence. In order to reflect its significance in the design, this reconstruction work can be carried out especially in some parts of the garden closest to the building.

Article 17 In the case where a garden completely disappears or there is only speculative evidence of its successive stages, the reconstruction cannot be considered a historical garden.

use

Article 18 Although any historical garden is designed for sightseeing or walking, its reception volume must be limited to the extent that its capacity can bear so that its natural structures and cultural information can be preserved.

Article 19 Due to the nature and purpose of historical gardens, historical gardens are a peaceful place that is conducive to human communication, tranquility, and understanding of nature. Its concept of daily use must contrast with its occasional role during the festival. Therefore, in order to enable any such festival itself to be used to enhance the visual impact of the garden, rather than abuse or damage it. This occasional use of a historical garden must be clearly specified.

Article 20 Although historical gardens are suitable for some quiet daily games, they should also be adjacent to historical gardens and be divided into separate areas suitable for lively games and sports, so that the needs of the people in this regard can be met without harming the gardens and Protection of the landscape.

Article 21 The maintenance and protection work that determines the time according to the season, and the main work to restore the authenticity of the garden shall take precedence over the needs of the people. All arrangements for visiting historic gardens must be specified to ensure that the spirit of the area is preserved.

Article 22 If a historical garden is provided with a fence, its walls must not be removed before examining the possible consequences that may change its atmosphere and affect its preservation.

Legal and administrative protection

Article 23 It is the task of the responsible authorities to take appropriate legal and administrative measures to identify, catalog and protect historical gardens on the advice of qualified experts. The protection of such gardens must be stipulated in the basic framework of the land use plan, and such regulations must be formally stated in the relevant regional or local planning documents. On the advice of qualified experts, it is also the task of the responsible authorities to adopt financial measures that help to maintain, protect and restore and, if necessary, rebuild historical gardens.

Article 24 Historical gardens are one of the characteristics of the heritage. Given its nature, its survival requires long-term and careful care by trained experts. Therefore, appropriate training courses should be provided for such talents, whether they be historians, architects, landscaping experts, horticulturalists or botanists.

Care should also be taken to ensure regular planting of the various plants required for maintenance or restoration.

Article 25. Interest in historical gardens should be stimulated through various activities. Such activities can emphasize the true value of historical gardens as part of the heritage, and can help improve their understanding and appreciation, that is, to promote scientific research, the international exchange and dissemination of information and publications, including works designed for the general public Encourage the people to approach the garden under proper control and use the propaganda media to establish a sense of due respect for the natural and historical heritage. The most outstanding historical gardens should be recommended for inclusion in the World Heritage List. ^[3]

Origin of Charter Words

(1) Regulations. "Book of Jin Zhanghua": "Jin Li and the ritual charter belong to China, and there are many gains and losses."

(2) Follow the example. "Poetry · Chinese": "Jin Hongnong's eunuch Guo Kuo's poems, the charter Pan Yue, the stylistic styles are brilliant, they are playable, and they become Yongjia dull.

(3) Documents with a constitutional role. For example: the "majority charter" promulgated by the United Kingdom in 1215.

British Charter

Charter Basic Interpretation

[charter] Regulations

Charter explained in detail

1. Regulations.

"The Book of Later Han Dynasty · Yuan Shao Biography": "Emotionally let go of love and disregard the charter." Bei Qi Yanzhi's "Yan Family Instructions · Article": "The court charter, military vows, show kindness, invent merit, herdsmen build a country, use more "Tang Wuzhen's Zhengguan dignitaries · On pardon order": "The wise are not willing to be evil, the fool is guilty of breaking the charter." . "

Post-Hanshu 2. Extension means.

One of Tang Libai's "Ancient Styles": "Although the revival of the abolition has changed, the charter has also fallen." Wang Qi notes: "The charter is the law of poetry."

3. Follow the example.

Book of Rites: The Doctrine of the Mean: "Zhong Nizu described Yao and Shun, and the charter was civil and military." Song Suzheng, "The Spring Festival Banquet of Jiying Hall and the Word of the Church": "The Six Sacred Rules of the Charter. Biography of Ming Dynasty Jiang Dexu ":" I wish the second ancestor of the charter to restore the old system. "Qing Gong Zizhen," Ancient History Hengshen II ":" The charter covers the civil and military, and the bandit charter declares the king, the history of the three minor crimes. "

4. Constitutional documents. It also refers to documents that define the purposes, principles, and organization of international agencies, such as the Charter of the United Nations.