What Are the Common Causes of Flaky Nipples?

Papilloma is a tumor of epithelial origin. Its pathological characteristics are highly epithelial tissue hyperplasia, squamous epithelium overgrows outward to form a nipple, and the nipple is a round or oval epithelial mass with loose and vascular connective tissue in the center. Papilloma often occurs in nasal cavity, external ear canal, pharynx, esophagus, breast and other tissues and organs, and is mostly benign tumors.

Basic Information

English name

papilloma

Visiting department

Oncology

Multiple groups

Middle-aged and elderly

Common locations

Nasal cavity, external ear canal, pharynx, esophagus, breast

Causes of papilloma

At present, there is no exact cause, which may be related to environmental factors, viral infections, inflammatory stimuli, allergies and other factors.

Common types of papilloma

Nasal inverted papilloma

Nasal inverted papilloma is one of the common benign tumors of the nasal cavity and sinuses. Most are unilateral and rarely bilateral. Inverted papilloma tumors are common in the nasal cavity, involving the outer wall of the nasal cavity, followed by the maxillary and ethmoid sinus, and less involving the sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, and nasal septum. Most inverted papilloma has only one primary site. Multiple sites are involved in the later stages, and it is often difficult to distinguish the primary site.

Patients often present with nasal congestion and intranasal masses, which may be accompanied by runny nose, sometimes with blood, and may also have head and facial pain and abnormal olfactory sensations; as the tumor expands and the affected area varies, corresponding symptoms and signs may appear. The examination showed that the appearance of the tumor was papillary, the surface was not smooth, pink, hard, and easy to bleed. The lesions originated from the sinus mucosa, prolapsed to the nasal cavity, and extended to the nasopharynx and oropharynx.

2. External auditory canal papilloma

Papilloma of the external auditory canal occurs mostly in the outer segment of the external auditory canal, and is one of the most common benign tumors in the external auditory canal. It is the result of long-term stimulation and proliferation of squamous cells or basal cells.

The tumor is mostly asymptomatic in the early stage, and when it fills the external auditory canal, it feels blocked, itchy, or hearing loss. Often there are ears that bleed or dig out "cuts". With secondary infections, there may be earache and pus. It can be seen that the external ear canal has single or multiple sized bumps, rough and uneven surface, brown or yellow bumps with or without pedicles, which are relatively hard to touch, and most of them have a wide base. Infected persons may be congested, swollen and granulated. Those with local blood circulation disorders may be black and partly fall off naturally. Rapid proliferation can invade the middle ear and mastoid.

3. Pharyngeal papilloma

Papilloma is a more common benign tumor of the pharynx, with a majority of men, mostly single.

The tumors mostly occurred in the zygomatic arch, tonsil, soft palate margin, uvula, followed by the soft palate, the posterior wall of the hypopharynx, and epicondyle epiphysis. The surface of most tumors is grit-shaped, pedicled small mushroom-shaped, and there are no flat-shaped, mulberry-shaped removable, reddish or gray, softer, tumors are several millimeters in size, and several centimeters. Most patients have no conscious symptoms, or found in the examination of the pharynx, a few may have dry throat, itching, foreign body sensation, etc., the larger may have swallowing and breathing discomfort or obstacles. Most patients are solitary, but can be diffuse and multiple in children.

4. Esophageal papilloma

Esophageal papilloma is a benign polypoid tumor of squamous epithelium. The incidence rate is 0.01% to 0.05%, which can be affected by both men and women. Most of the patients were middle-aged and elderly.

The onset of this disease is insidious, with no specific clinical manifestations. Most of the above abdominal symptoms, such as posterior sternum pain, difficulty swallowing, heartburn, etc., also have blood in the stool and iron deficiency anemia. Vomiting is the main symptom, and patients often find it by accident when doing gastroscopy due to stomach diseases.

5. Intraductal papilloma of the breast

Intraductal papilloma of the breast refers to benign tumors that occur in the ductal epithelium, and its incidence is second only to breast fibroadenomas and breast cancer. Intraductal papilloma of the breast is more common in postpartum women, and most of them are 40-50 years old. It is a common clinical benign tumor of the breast.

The patient's nipples have a bloody, serous, or serous discharge, which can be continuous or intermittent. Some patients exudate fluid when squeezing the breast, while others inadvertently find stains on their underwear or bra. Individual patients may experience pain or inflammation. Due to the small size of the papilloma in the duct of the mammary gland, the mass cannot be detected by clinical examination in most cases. Some central papillomas can feel nodular or cord-like masses near the areola. The texture is soft and the fluid can be discharged when the mass is lightly pressed.

Diagnosis of papilloma

According to typical clinical manifestations combined with endoscopic and pathological examination, a clear diagnosis can be made.

Papilloma treatment

Surgical treatment is the main method, and the operation must be thorough, and sufficient safety circles should be removed from the basal and normal tissues surrounding the infiltrated tissue. This tumor is not sensitive to radiotherapy.