What Are the Signs of an Iodine Overdose?

Iodine excess has received great attention from the international thyroidology and endemic communities in recent years. International authoritative academic organizations first proposed the definition of iodine excess (urine iodine greater than 300 micrograms / L) in 2001, and they agreed that iodine excess can cause a significant increase in the incidence of hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroid disease, and papillary thyroid cancer. Experts believe that the recommended dose of iodine intake is 150 micrograms / day for adults over 12 years old, 120 micrograms / day for children 6-12 years old, 250 micrograms / day for pregnant women and lactating women. The maximum iodine tolerable intake is 1000 micrograms / day. On the day, the median urine iodine should be controlled between 100-200 micrograms / L. In order to ensure that the iodine nutritional status of our residents is always in a safe range, free from the harm of iodine deficiency and iodine excess.

Iodine excess

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Iodine excess has been affected internationally in recent years

Caused by human metabolic disorders manifested as weight loss, muscle weakness and other symptoms. Excessive consumption of iodine can also occur

Authoritative experts in China in this regard point out that excessive iodine can increase the risk of developing hyperthyroidism; it can make recessive thyroid

Most people are very tolerant of excessive iodine intake from food. However, it has been reported that excessive intake can cause thyroid dysfunction, inducing the presence or absence of goiter.

Iodized salt can effectively prevent iodine deficiency diseases. We must eat iodized salt scientifically to improve the utilization of iodine.

First, iodized salt is expensive. Human body iodine supplementation is a long-term, daily and daily process. Normal people should regularly take iodized salt, preferably daily.

Secondly, the storage method of iodized salt should be proper. The iodized salt should be stored in glass or ceramic jars, sealed and placed in a cool and cool place. At the same time, iodized salt should not be stored for a long time, it is advisable to buy with food. The previous iodized salt was made by mixing potassium iodide in table salt, but since potassium iodide is easily oxidized in the air, it will cause iodine loss, and the price is more expensive. Therefore, China has stipulated that potassium iodide is not added to table salt since 1989 Potassium iodate (KIO 3). Potassium iodate is a strong oxidant and will not be oxidized in the air or when exposed to light. Moreover, potassium iodate is an ionic crystal with a high boiling point and is not volatile, so it is not necessary to emphasize before cooking or when cooking. Add salt when serving. Some popular science articles emphasize that iodized salt should be kept away from light, and cooking iodized salt should be avoided sooner or later. In fact, it refers to potassium iodide, which does not exist for potassium iodate. Although iodized salt will not be oxidized in the air, in order to prevent it from being reduced, it should be stored in a sealed state.

Hyperiodine hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism can be divided into various types according to its cause. The most common is diffuse goiter with hyperthyroidism, which accounts for about 90% of all hyperthyroidism. Both men and women can develop the disease, but it is more common in young women. The male to female ratio is 1: 4.

Hyperthyroidism is a common and frequently-occurring disease. According to the etiology, it is divided into primary hyperthyroidism (exophthalmic goiter), secondary hyperthyroidism, and high-functioning adenomas. Primary hyperthyroidism is the most common and is an autoimmune disease.

Hyperthyroidism ^[2]

Rarely, it is transformed from nodular goiter. Hyperthyroidism is a difficult and difficult disease to cure. Although it is not a persistent disease, it is a hypermetabolic disease caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones.

At present, the prevalence of female population in China is 2%, and it is increasing year by year. Because people lack awareness about prevention, they often ignore treatables. Suddenly exacerbating the symptoms of hyperthyroidism to a life-threatening state (mainly manifested by high fever, sweating, extreme tachycardia, vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, severe coma, and death if not rescued in time.) One type of hyperthyroidism that is easily misdiagnosed and mistreated is Hashimoto's hyperthyroidism. Hashimoto's disease often shows symptoms of hyperthyroidism in the early stages of the disease. If the disease is not completely diagnosed, treatment of hyperthyroidism alone will cause the primary disease to be ignored. (General thyroid function indicators can distinguish between the two under laboratory tests). The occurrence of this disease is caused by excessive thyroid hormone in the blood caused by a variety of reasons. And various mental stimuli (sadness, anger, scary, fear, etc.) cause the nervous system (especially the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis) dysfunction is an important factor in hyperthyroidism.

The disease must be an autoimmune disease, but its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. One of the characteristics is the presence of autoantibodies in the serum that can react or stimulate the thyroid tissue. This antibody can stimulate the thyroid of rodents, improve its function and cause tissue proliferation, but its effect is slow and long-lasting. Therefore, it is named thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) or thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb), etc., clinically collectively referred to as TSH receptor antibody (TRAb), IgG secreted by lymphocytes of the disease, and its corresponding antigen is TSH receptor. The body or the part near the plasma membrane surface of the thyroid cells, when TSI binds to thyroid cells, the TSH receptor is activated, so that the function of the thyroid gland is stimulated, causing hyperthyroidism and goiter, the effect is similar to that of TSH. It is thought that the production of autoantibodies is mainly related to the reduction of suppressor T lymphocyte (Ts) function related to gene defects. Defects in Ts function lead to inappropriate sensitization of helper T cells and cause B cells to produce anti-autothyroid antibodies with the involvement of interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 effects that may be caused by viral infection. Deficiencies in immune surveillance alone are not sufficient to explain some specific immunopathies, and genotypic cascade mechanisms need to be linked.

Iodine excess hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism, that is, hypothyroidism, is a clinical syndrome caused by thyroid hormone deficiency and decreased metabolic activity of the body. It is called "hypothyroidism in adults" when it develops in adults. It is also called myxedema in severe cases, so it is also called "Myxedema", coma is called "myxedema coma", and those with fetal or infancy onset severely affect the growth of the brain and body, and become dementia dwarf, known as "dementia" or "cretinism".

It is mainly divided into three types: stupid illness, hypothyroidism in young age, hypothyroidism in adult, and more common in middle-aged women. Hypothyroidism in adults is often caused by surgical resection, long-term antithyroid therapy, or the use of radioactive 131 iodine to treat hyperthyroidism.

Main pathological manifestations and harms:

(1) General performance: fear of coldness, dry skin, less sweat, rough, yellowing, cold hair, thinning hair, dryness, brittle nails, cracks, fatigue, drowsiness, poor memory, mental retardation, unresponsiveness, mild anemia, Gain weight.

Hypothyroidism ^[3]

(2) Special manifestations: pale and waxy face, swollen face, dull eyes, swollen eyelids, indifferent expression, low speech, hoarseness, and mixed words.

(3) Cardiovascular system: slow heart rate, low heart sound, generalized enlargement of the heart, often accompanied by pericardial effusion, myocardial fiber swelling after disease, deposition of mucus glycoprotein (positive PAS staining), and interstitial fibrosis Hypothyroidism cardiomyopathy.

(4) Reproductive system: Men may have sexual function, delayed sexual maturity, backward parasexuality, decreased libido, impotence and testicular atrophy. Women may have irregular menstruation, excessive menstrual blood, or amenorrhea, and are generally infertile. Both affect the fertility of male and female patients.

(5) Muscle and joint system: muscle contraction and relaxation are slowly delayed, muscle pain is often felt, stiffness, bone metabolism is slow, bone formation and absorption are reduced, joints are ineffective, have anxiety, worsen after cold, like chronic Arthritis, occasionally joint fluid.

(6) Digestive system: Patients have decreased appetite, constipation, abdominal distension, and even paralytic intestinal obstruction. About half of the patients have complete gastric acid deficiency.

(7) Endocrine system: impotence in men, menstruation in women, amenorrhea due to chronic illness, low adrenal cortex function, decreased blood and urinary cortisol.

(8) Mental nervous system: memory loss, mental retardation, unresponsiveness, drowsiness, mental depression, and sometimes psychic manifestations, severe cases develop into suspected schizophrenia, late dementia, ring hallucinations, or lethargy .

Iodine excess thyroiditis

Thyroiditis is a thyroid disease with inflammation as its main manifestation. Thyroiditis is divided into: acute suppurative thyroiditis. subacute thyroiditis chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or Hashimoto's disease. acute painless thyroiditis Postpartum thyroiditis. The latter three types of thyroiditis are classified as autoimmune thyroiditis.

According to the number of cases, they are divided into: Hashimoto's thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, painless thyroiditis, infectious thyroiditis, and thyroid caused by other causes. The most common are chronic lymphocytic and subacute thyroiditis.

1.Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis was first reported and described by the Japanese Hashimoto policy in 1912, hence the name, also known as Hashimoto's disease, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, and autoimmune thyroiditis. It is the most common type of thyroiditis, accounting for about 7.3% -20.5% of all thyroid diseases. Hashimoto's disease is more common in women aged 30-50 and is also a common cause of sporadic goiter in children, with a male to female ratio of about 1: 6-10.

Main pathological manifestations and harms:

Onset is slow, with goiter, hard and tough texture, clear boundaries, and some patients may have compression symptoms.

There is often no special sensation in the early stage, thyroid function can be normal, a few patients may be accompanied by transient hyperthyroidism in the early stage, and most cases appear under the thyroid function.

Patients often suffer from cold, edema, fatigue, dry skin, bloating, constipation, irregular menstruation, and decreased libido.

2. Subacute thyroiditis:

It usually occurs in 30-50 years old, and the incidence rate is 3-6 times higher in women than in men. Most patients can return to normal after thyroid function, and some patients can relapse within a few months after remission. The incidence of permanent hypothyroidism is less than 10%, and very few cases can develop Hashimoto's disease or toxic diffuse goiter.

Main pathological manifestations and harms:

The typical manifestation is severe thyroid pain, which usually begins on one side of the thyroid gland, and is quickly dissipated to other parts of the gland and to the roots and jaw of the ear. It is often accompanied by general discomfort, fatigue, muscle pain, and fever. It peaks in 3-4 days, and subsides within 1 week. Many patients have a slow onset of disease. Over 1-2 weeks, the fluctuation of the condition lasts for 3-6 weeks. After improvement, it includes excitement, heat, panic, tremor, and sweating. These symptoms are caused by the excessive release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid during acute inflammation. In the course of the disease subsiding, a small number of patients may have symptoms such as swelling, constipation, fear of coldness, and drowsiness, but the duration of these symptoms does not Long thyroid function eventually returns to normal.