What are the Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism, also known as hyperthyroidism, is a clinically common endocrine disease. It refers to one of the multiple systems, including the nervous system, circulatory system, and cardiovascular system of the digestive system, caused by thyroid function enhancement caused by various reasons, excessive thyroid hormone secretion, or increased thyroid hormone (T3, T4) levels in the blood. A series of hyper-metabolic syndromes as well as high excitatory and ocular symptoms. The clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism patients are: palpitation, tachycardia, fear of heat, sweating, hyper appetite, weight loss, weight loss, fatigue and irritability, irritability, insomnia, inattention, prominent eyes, and tongue trembling , Goiter or swelling, women may have menstrual disorders or even amenorrhea, men may have impotence or breast development. Goiter is symmetrical, and some patients have asymmetric swelling. Goiter or swelling moves up and down with swallowing, and some patients with hyperthyroidism have thyroid nodules. Eye changes caused by hyperthyroidism. One type is benign exophthalmos, patients with prominent eyeballs, eyes staring or showing frightening eyes; the other is malignant exophthalmos, which can be transformed from benign exophthalmos. Patients with malignant exophthalmos often have fear. Light, tears, diplopia, vision loss, eye swelling, tingling, foreign body sensation, etc., because the eyeball is highly protruding, the eye cannot be closed, conjunctiva, corneal exposure causes congestion, edema, corneal ulceration, etc., and even blindness. There are also patients with hyperthyroidism who do not have ocular symptoms or their symptoms are not obvious. The above are the typical clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism, but not all clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism are present. Different types of hyperthyroidism have different clinical manifestations.

Hyperthyroidism is an abbreviation for hyperthyroidism. It is a group of common endocrine diseases caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones caused by multiple reasons. Hyperthyroidism symptoms are a series of physical reactions caused by hyperthyroidism. The main clinical manifestations are hypermetabolism syndromes such as polyphagia, weight loss, fever, sweating, palpitations, and agitation. The nerve and blood vessels are enhanced, and goiter and eye processes, hand tremors, and vascular murmurs of the tibia are characterized by varying degrees. Severe cases of hyperthyroidism, coma, and even life-threatening can occur.

About Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism heart disease

It can be from 16 to 73 years of age, and the incidence rate is 13.4% to 21.8% of patients with hyperthyroidism. It usually occurs 2 to 3 years after hyperthyroidism. In addition to the typical clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism, its ECG often has sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation Fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrioventricular block, ventricular preconstriction, myocardial damage and myocardial hypertrophy. Heart enlargement can be aortic valve type, or left and right heart enlargement. Heart disease can be improved after hyperthyroidism is cured. This disease should often be differentiated from myocarditis, coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, and other enlarged heart diseases.

Hyperthyroidism Periodic Paralysis

This disease mostly occurs in young males and is often mixed with hyperthyroidism myopathy. Hyperkalemia is normal in potassium and abnormal electromyography. Periodic paralysis of hyperthyroidism includes:

The serum potassium is less than 3.5mmol / L, and the potassium metabolism is abnormal;

Abnormal potassium distribution: Elevated blood glucose can cause potassium to move from outside to inside cells;

The excitability of the central nervous system is enhanced, and the vagus nerve promotes increased insulin release, which can promote further abnormalities in potassium distribution;

Immune factors can cause the levels of IATS, LATS-P, T3 and T4 to increase, and thyroid hormone to promote the reduction of potassium levels;

The hyperadrenergic state of hyperthyroidism can promote the decline of potassium levels and the occurrence of periodic hyperparalysis of hyperthyroidism. This type should be distinguished from Bartters syndrome, familial periodic paralysis, hypomagnesemia, hyperaldosteronism, myasthenia gravis, and drug-induced hypokalemia.

Hyperthyroidism crisis type

The incidence of hyperthyroidism is 1% to 2%. It is more common in the elderly. It is often related to infection, trauma, surgery, childbirth, overwork, sudden drug withdrawal, drug reactions, and other complications. It causes exacerbation of hyperthyroidism and sympathetic nerve activity. Strengthening functions and causing crisis. In the early stage of the crisis, fever can reach above 39 ° C, pulse rate can reach 120-160 beats / min, restlessness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, palpitations, sweating, lethargy, and development to semi-coma and coma. Patients in a coma indicate a crisis and are very dangerous. Elevated white blood cells, abnormal liver function, GPT, GOT, bilirubin, etc. can all increase, including dehydration, hypotension, electrolyte disturbance, acidosis, heart failure, and pulmonary edema. Serum T3, T4, FT3, and FT4 can all be increased, and the case fatality rate is high. Local rescue must be timely.

Hyperthyroidism hyperthyroidism eye disease

Exophthalmos can occur at the same time as hyperthyroidism, or it can occur before or after the onset of hyperthyroidism. The severity of eye disease is not parallel to most of the hyperthyroidism. In some patients, hyperthyroidism is not obvious, but the eye disease is very serious. According to the severity of the disease can be divided into benign exophthalmos and invasive exophthalmos. The former manifests as widening of the fissures of the eyes, receding eyelids, gaze, decreased blinking, and mild exophthalmos; the latter can show excessive tearing, photophobia, scum sensation in the eyes, conjunctival edema and congestion, edema in the orbital tissue, and eye movement Restricted, double vision, loss of vision, and even vision loss and blindness. Benign exophthalmos are more common, usually bilateral exophthalmos, and sometimes exophthalmos can be seen; invasive exophthalmos are rare. For special treatment for benign exophthalmos, only hyperthyroidism can be treated. Infiltrative patients can take thyroid tablets while they are being treated with antithyroid drugs. Adrenal corticosteroids are used in severe cases. A few require ocular radiation therapy or eye surgery. No matter what kind of treatment is used, it is important to take good care of the eyes during the treatment period (raise the head of the bed during sleep, wear sunglasses to protect from light and dust when going out, drop eye drops, apply eye ointment or wear eye masks, etc.).

Hyperthyroidism myopathy

More common are chronic myopathy with slow onset. Patients often report difficulty squatting to stand and go upstairs. In addition, myopathies are more specific with periodic paralysis and myasthenia gravis, which are rare. Mainly for the treatment of hyperthyroidism, except for symptomatic treatment, there is no special treatment.

Hyperthyroidism Nursing

Hyperthyroidism is a chronic disease with no symptoms or atypical symptoms at an early stage. If it is not treated in time, there will be life-threatening dangers such as hyperthyroidism crisis and hyperthyroid heart disease. Even with regular treatment, some patients still fail to achieve good results after short-term treatment. Due to the lingering disease, long treatment course, recurrent attacks, and high mental stress, it has a great impact on life and work. Therefore, it is particularly important to take good care of patients while actively treating them. The focus of nursing is: 1. Relieve the mental and physical pain of the patient. 2. Prevent complications. 3. Provide life help to patients.

(I) General Nursing

1, appropriate rest and activities.

When clinical symptoms are significant, bed rest should be timely, especially when the activity is restricted from 1 to 2 hours after eating. When clinical symptoms are significantly improved, pay attention to rest while taking appropriate activities or physical exercise. Avoid overwork; All laboratory tests are normal and may not restrict activities.

2. Emotional Nursing Chinese medicine believes that a person's mental state is closely related to the body's internal organs, qi and blood, and a person's emotional activity is closely related to the function of mind-hiding, which is full of spirit. Patients with a cheerful mind generally have better curative effects. Worse. Therefore, it is necessary to care about the patient in nursing, talk to the patient, understand the patient's state of mind, and guide the patient to let go of his doubts.

3.Diet care

The diet should be based on the principles of high calories, high protein, high vitamins, and appropriate amounts of fat and sodium salt. Use less spicy and irritating condiments. The food should be soft and easy to digest, rich and nutritious. Do not eat high iodine foods, such as: Kelp, seaweed, jellyfish, seaweed and algae food, etc., to prevent poor control of hyperthyroidism. No smoking. No drinking. Strong tea and coffee.

(L) Give adequate carbohydrates and fats. Carbohydrates and fats have the effect of saving protein. If there is sufficient supply, proteins can exert their unique physiological functions. Give adequate vitamins and inorganic salts. Vitamins and inorganic salts can regulate physiological functions and improve body metabolism, especially vitamin B and vitamin C. Adequate calcium and iron should be given to prevent deficiency.

(2) Properly increase animal viscera, fresh green leafy vegetables, or supplement vitamin preparations.

(3) Appropriately control foods rich in cellulose. Patients with hyperthyroidism often have diarrhea. Excessive supply of fiber-rich foods can increase diarrhea.

4. Condition Nursing

It is mainly to observe whether the whole body has the manifestation of high metabolic comprehensive , whether the thyroid is swollen, whether the eyeballs are protruding, and the nervous system. Cardiovascular system. Digestive system. Blood system. Reproductive system. No edema, flushing, wet fingers, and other strange manifestations. Pay special attention to observe changes in body temperature and cardiovascular system to prevent the occurrence of hyperthyroidism crisis and hyperthyroid heart disease.

5.Symptomatic care

When using western medicine treatment, pay attention to age, sex, and disease. Select thyroid drugs. Pay attention to changes in the condition during treatment, whether allergic to thyroid drugs, drug eruption, liver damage, and leukopenia. Periodically review liver function and blood routine. . When using traditional Chinese medicine treatment, pay attention to decoction. The method of taking the medicine, the contraindications in the process of taking medicine.

Hyperthyroidism Treatment

The treatment of hyperthyroidism is as follows:

1. Surgical treatment: The majority of the thyroid is removed, and the cure rate is higher. However, because the deep part of the thyroid contains four very small parathyroid glands that regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism, if the surgical experience is inadequate and the parathyroid glands are removed accidentally, low-calcium can cause lifelong hand-foot convulsions, and may also damage the vagus nerve and cause sound dumb

2. Radioactive iodine treatment: Radioactive iodine is made by labeling iodine with radioactive material, also known as 131 iodine. Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder caused by excessive thyroid hormones. Treatment includes drugs, surgery, and radioactive 131 iodine. This is a treatment for hyperthyroidism. However, treatment with this method can easily lead to lifelong hypothyroidism or infertility or even canceration.

3. Drug treatment: The condition can be controlled by oral antithyroid drugs, but long-term medication is required, and the drug cannot be stopped without authorization. The relapse rate of drug withdrawal is about 30% to 50%. Some patients are afraid that long-term medication will harm the body. In fact, this worry is unnecessary. The vast majority of people can tolerate antithyroid drugs, but there are indeed a small number of patients who can develop allergies, bone marrow suppression, liver damage. Patients with severe liver disease cannot be treated with medication. For patients taking oral antithyroid drugs, one or two weeks must go to the hospital to check blood and liver function.

Hyperthyroidism prevention

(1) Prevention before illness: Emotional factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperthyroidism. "Jishengfang. Treatment of Tumor Tumors" says: "People who have Tumor Tumors often suffer from anger and insanity, and become overwhelmed by over-anxiety." Therefore, to prevent hyperthyroidism, we should first keep our spirits happy in our daily lives. Comfortable. Secondly, a reasonable diet to avoid irritating foods is also an important preventive measure; at the same time, living rules, do not waste time; help the spleen and stomach, enhance physical fitness, improve their immunity and disease resistance are very important.

(2) Prevention and transmission of disease: Preventing disease before it happens is the most ideal prevention. However, if hyperthyroidism has occurred, it should be diagnosed and treated early to prevent the disease from changing, that is, to prevent the development of the disease and complications. "Su Wen. Jade Machine's Theory of Real Tibet" reads: "The five internal organs are interconnected, and there are times when they are moved. If the five internal organs are diseased, they all pass on their successes." Therefore, preventive measures should be taken according to the rules of the occurrence of hyperthyroidism complications. Prevent complications and control the change of disease.

(3) Prevention of recurrence after healing: As the saying goes: "Illness comes down like a mountain, and illness goes like a shred." The metaphor of the image shows that the body still has a state to be recovered. There is a recovery of body fluid consumption. If you are not careful at this time, the original condition may be delayed and relapsed. Therefore, in the early recovery stage, drugs, diet, spirit, medicated diet, etc. should be comprehensively adjusted, and regularly checked and carefully monitored, which are important measures to prevent recurrence after illness.

In general: Coastal areas should pay attention to iodine-containing foods, and it is recommended not to use high iodine diet to prevent iodine hyperthyroidism; Inland areas (iodine-deficient areas) should be limited in iodine supplementation, and thyroid tablets should be time-limited; When the general health is checked, thyroid B ultrasound or thyroid function should be added to detect patients with hyperthyroidism at an early stage. Patients with hyperthyroidism who are passively detected are delayed for 2 to 3 years. Avoiding mental incentives, regular living, and work-life combination are good for preventing morbidity.

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

(1) Patients with hypermetabolic disorder often have fatigue, weakness, hunger, eating more and losing weight. Afraid of heat and sweat, skin warm and humid, may be accompanied by low fever. There can be high fever in crisis.

(2) Mental and nervous system nervousness, hyperactivity, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, lack of concentration, memory loss. Sometimes hallucinations may even manifest as submania or schizophrenia. Even manifested as dumb depression, indifferent expression. May also have a hand, eyelid, tongue tremor and so on.

(3) The cardiovascular system may have palpitations, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Heart rate increased, severe cases had atrial fibrillation, enlarged heart and heart failure. The systolic blood pressure increases, the diastolic blood pressure decreases, and the pulse pressure increases.

(4) The digestive system often has anorexia and weight loss. Elderly hyperthyroid patients may have anorexia and anorexia. There is often diarrhea.

(5) Most patients with musculoskeletal system have muscle weakness and muscle atrophy. Chronic myopathy is mainly weakness and atrophy of the proximal muscle group. Male patients may be accompanied by periodic paralysis.

(6) Females of the reproductive system often have reduced menstruation or amenorrhea, males have impotence, and occasionally male breast development.

(7) Most goiters are diffuse, symmetrical, and the degree of swelling is not significantly related to the severity of hyperthyroidism. It can move up and down with swallowing. I have tremors and hear murmurs of blood vessels.

(8) The eyes show no wrinkles on the upper eye, and the lower eyelids fall late; Benign exophthalmos have no sensation, and there are many symptoms of malignant exophthalmos. (Malignant exophthalmos are also known as invasive exophthalmos, endocrine exophthalmos, etc. Exophthalmos are above 18 mm, and there may be extraocular muscle paralysis, periorbital edema, etc. Patients often complain of photophobia, tearing, and stinging eyes.)

(9) Other patients may have mild anemia, and the elderly and children often have atypical performance.

Hyperthyroidism Harm

1: influence social

Patients are upset and irritable, with loud voices, and often show a temper tantrum, easily arguing with others, and greatly affect the relationship with family and others.

2: Impact on labor and work efficiency

Patients with hyperthyroidism have shortness of breath, insomnia and more dreams, labor and work inefficiencies, and even lose their ability to work. Causes eye lesions, eyelids not tightly closed, or double eye diplopia

3: Causes diabetes

Thyroid hormones can antagonize the effects of insulin. The hyperphysiological thyroid hormone content has a stronger antagonistic effect on insulin during hyperthyroidism, and can promote the absorption of intestinal glucose and promote gluconeogenesis, thus causing an increase in blood sugar and diabetes.

4: cause cardiovascular disease

Because there are more T3 receptors on myocardial cells, the cardiovascular system responds strongly to excess thyroid hormones, leading to increased heart oxygen consumption and increased heart burden. Thyroid hormones have a long-term effect on the heart, which can easily cause the heart to become enlarged, atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia, and even heart failure and death.

5: Cause liver disease

The cause of liver damage caused by hyperthyroidism is: increased oxygen consumption during hyperthyroidism leads to insufficient oxygen supply to the liver, a significant increase in catabolic metabolism during hyperthyroidism, increased liver glycogen loss, various nutrients such as amino acids, excessive vitamin consumption, and hyperthyroid patients Due to heart failure, hepatic vein congestion and central hepatic lobular necrosis are accompanied by infection and shock.

6: cause renal tubular acidosis

Toxic diffuse goiter is an autoimmune disease. The autoimmune lesion is not limited to the thyroid gland, but also occurs in the renal tubules. Renal tubular lesions cause renal dysfunction of acidified urine, that is, acidic substances cannot be excreted from the renal tubules and excreted in the urine, so they accumulate in the blood and cause acidosis.

7: Impact on fertility and sexual function

Many female patients with hyperthyroidism have menstrual disorders, or even menopause, low libido, and it is difficult to get pregnant. Male patients with hyperthyroidism are likely to cause hyposexuality, impotence, premature ejaculation, and infertility.

8: Motor system damage

Most of the muscle symptoms of hyperthyroidism are mild muscle weakness to severe muscle weakness and muscle atrophy, which can be accompanied by slight tremors, active tendon reflexes, and shortened reflex times.

9: cause other diseases

In patients with poorly controlled hyperthyroidism, a negative balance of protein and calcium and phosphorus metabolism will lead to bone thinning. The patient complained of leg pain, low back pain, and a compression fracture of the lumbar spine, which was prone to fracture after a fall. In patients with chronic hyperthyroidism, the organs of the body are affected, functional failure, malnutrition, and infection are prone to occur. Under the influence of external factors (infection, fatigue, various stresses), hyperthyroidism crisis may occur, manifested as high fever, diarrhea, delirium or even coma, and those with heart failure, shock and jaundice have a poor prognosis and extremely high mortality.