What Is a Bacterial Sinus Infection?

Bacterial infection. Including out-of-hospital infections and in-hospital infections. The most common bacteria causing out-of-hospital infections are Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, Haemophilus influenza, etc .;

Bacterial infection

Definition of bacterial infection

Most of the infections in hospitals are drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Aerobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Occasionally refractory Acinetobacter infections.

Out-of-hospital infections are sensitive to antibiotics, so out-of-hospital infections are easy to control, while in-hospital infections are more difficult to treat.

On the one hand, patients with primary disease and poor resistance, on the other hand, the bacteria that cause nosocomial infections are often resistant, so it is not easy to control, so the mortality rate is high.

Bacterial infection chart

Bacterial infection of human normal flora

The human skin and the mouth, nasal cavity, gastrointestinal tract, urethral opening, vagina, etc., which are in communication with the outside world, have a large number of various bacterial colonies. These flora are generally harmless to the body, and some are also beneficial. But normal is relative. Under certain conditions, the body can also cause disease. It can cause infection when the body's defense function is reduced, the bacterial flora changes the place of residence, and improper application of antibiotics. It can cause infection in the skin and nasal cavity. And Staphylococcus epidermidis, the normal flora in the intestine is E. coli, Klebsiella, Aerobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteroides.

Common bacterial infections of various human systems

With the help of some special components and structures on the surface, bacteria adsorb on the surface of human skin and mucous membranes, and then cause diseases in different ways. The common human bacterial infections are as follows:

Bacterial infection of the skin

Staphylococcus aureus and epidermis are common on the surface of the skin, so the most common infections on the skin are caused by staphylococci, such as pimple and folliculitis. Severe infections can progress to the formation of cellulitis or pupae in the subcutaneous tissue. Secondly, it can be seen that E.coli and Perfringens infections, except for the latter infection, where the subcutaneous air develops quickly, the other infected areas have redness, swelling, heat, pain, or abscess formation.

Bacteria (9 photos)

Bacterial infections of the eyes, ears, nose, throat, and mouth

Bacterial infections of the eye include conjunctivitis and dacryocystitis caused by staphylococci, streptococcus, and influenzae. Pancreatitis is often associated with ocular trauma or foreign body penetration. For closed wound infections, in addition to the aforementioned bacteria, attention must be paid to anaerobic infections. If the mother has gonococcal vaginitis, the fetus is susceptible to infection and gonococcal conjunctivitis. Group B streptococcus and Listeria in the mother's vagina can infect neonates with meningitis. Bacterial infections of the ear include external auditory canalitis and otitis media. Common pathogenic bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Influenza and E. coli. Proteus is prone to cause otogenic meningitis. Nasal bacterial infections include nasal vestibitis and sinusitis. Staphylococcus and streptococcus are common pathogenic bacteria, and anaerobic and influenza bacteria can also cause sinusitis. Among bacterial infections of the throat, tonsillitis is the most common. Others also have parapharyngeal and posterior pharynx wall abscesses. The pathogenic bacteria are mainly streptococci and staphylococci. Oral bacterial infections are most common in periodontitis and gingival abscesses, and mumps and submandibular glands are rare. Pathogenic bacteria are mainly anaerobic digestive streptococcus and pyogenic streptococcus.

Bacterial infections of the lungs and chest

Normal bronchioles and alveoli should be sterile. If the body's resistance is reduced, immune function is impaired, and inhalation of throat secretions during sleep or coma can cause bronchitis, pneumonia, and pleurisy. There are also lung abscesses and empyema due to sepsis. The common pathogens of out-of-hospital infections include streptococcus, staphylococcus aureus and influenza bacilli. Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Proteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are common in hospital infections. Nosocomial pneumonia mortality tends to be higher.

Intracranial bacterial infection

There are purulent meningitis caused by meningococcus, streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza bacillus and the like. Occasionally staphylococcal meningitis after head trauma, brain abscess after sepsis, and so on. Cerebrospinal fluid examination is very helpful for distinguishing purulent, viral and tuberculous meningitis. Those with positive cerebrospinal fluid culture have great reference value for diagnosis and treatment, and sometimes the immediate smear of cerebrospinal fluid has certain significance to find bacteria.

Bacterial infection

Gram-negative bacteria are common in peritoneal, gastrointestinal, and biliary tract infections, and mixed with anaerobic Bacteroides infection. Pathogens include E. coli, Salmonella, Proteus, Klebsiella and Bacteroides. Symptoms vary according to the site of infection. Ascites examination is helpful for differential diagnosis. Postoperative abdominal abscesses are a great threat to patients, often causing multiple organ failures and high mortality.

Bacterial infections Bacterial infections of the urinary and female reproductive systems

There are cystitis, pyelonephritis, pelvic inflammatory disease and appendicitis. The pathogenic bacteria are the same as those of the abdominal cavity. Gram-negative bacteria are also common. Routine urine and pelvic examination are helpful for diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

Bacterial infection of the cardiovascular system

There are endocarditis, pericarditis, lymphangitis and phlebitis. Pathogens are more common in Streptococcus grass greens, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus, but also caused by Gram-negative bacilli. Symptoms vary.

Diagnosis Various infections have chills and fever, local redness, swelling, heat, pain and other symptoms. The key examination is to take blood or pus for culture, and sometimes the pus smear to find bacteria is helpful for diagnosis.

The principle of treatment is to drain and use antibiotics to find the basic cause of infection as much as possible. For example, patients with diabetes are susceptible to skin infections. If diabetes is not controlled, infections will occur one after another. Staphylococcus can be treated with neopenicillin (benzisoxazole penicillin) or gentamicin. In severe cases, the two can be used in combination. For penicillin-resistant staphylococci, cefazolin sodium (pionein V) plus aminoglycoside antibiotics can be used, and vancomycin can be used as a multi-antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (MRSA). Oxypiperazine penicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics can be selected for E. coli, Klebsiella, etc. If the effect is not good, the third-generation cephalosporins can be used instead. For severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, ceftazidine (ceftiocarbamoxime) can be used.

Bacterial infections bacterial liver abscess

Liver abscesses can be caused by histolytic amoeba or bacterial infections. The incidence of amoebic liver abscess is closely related to amoebic colitis, and most of the abscesses are single. The bacterial invasion pathway of bacterial liver abscess can be caused by the direct spread of intra-abdominal infection in addition to sepsis. Infection enters the liver through the umbilical vessels and portal veins, and biliary tapeworms can also be the cause of bacterial liver abscesses.

treatment:

(1) Systemic supportive therapy: Give adequate nutrition, correct the imbalance of water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance, and if necessary, repeat a small amount of blood transfusion and plasma to enhance the body's resistance.

(B) antibiotic treatment: a larger dose should be used. Because the pathogenic bacteria of liver abscess are E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the most effective antibiotics for these two bacteria can be selected before the pathogens are identified, and then effective antibiotics should be selected according to the results of bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests.

(3) Surgical treatment: For large single abscesses, incision and drainage should be performed. Chronic localized thick-wall abscesses with a long course of disease can also be performed with lobectomy or partial hepatectomy. Multiple small abscesses are not suitable for surgery, but for larger abscesses, incision and drainage are also feasible.

(4) Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese medicine treatment: mostly used in conjunction with antibiotics and surgical treatment, mainly to clear heat and detoxify.

The difference between a viral infection and a bacterial infection

Differences between bacterial infections and viral respiratory infections

The clinical symptoms of bacterial and viral respiratory infections are similar. The following four aspects are the differences between bacterial and viral respiratory infections.

1. Epidemic viral respiratory infections have obvious characteristics of group disease. Most people get sick in a short time, or several people in a family get sick. Bacterial respiratory infections are more common with sporadic infections. At the same time on fever patients.

2. Viral upper respiratory tract infections are generally more nasal and runny than pharyngeal symptoms; bacterial upper respiratory tract infections are more pronounced with redness and pain in the tonsils or pharynx. If accompanied by diarrhea or conjunctival congestion, the virus tends to be infected.

3. Pure viral respiratory infections are mostly without purulent secretions, and purulent sputum is an important evidence of bacterial infections.

4. The onset of viral infection is rapid, and the symptoms of systemic poisoning can be mild or severe; while the symptoms of bacterial infection can be acute and slow, and the symptoms of systemic poisoning are relatively severe. If the fever is not high at first, and the disease worsens after 2-3 days, it is mostly a bacterial infection.

Differences between bacterial infections and viral infections in children

How to judge the upper pathogen based on the original primary data

1. In terms of incidence, 85-90% are viruses, and bacteria are probably less than 10%. In addition, mycoplasma, etc. can also cause it.

2. Bacteria: Severe poisoning sign, the spirit after heat regression is still not good; Virus: Symptom of poisoning is light, the spirit after fever regression is as usual.

3. Bacteria: most of them are of the hyperthermia type (both body temperature goes up and down); viruses: mostly of the stagnant heat type (the body temperature stays high).

4. There are pus spots on the tonsils ------ bacteria; there are herpes and follicles on the tonsils ------ virus.

5, tonsil congestion, uneven surface, dark --- bacteria; tonsil congestion, smooth surface, fresh color --- virus.

6, with catarrhal symptoms (clear sputum)-virus; pus, purulent secretions-bacteria.

7. Viral infections are often accompanied by rashes.

8. Younger age group (babies and young children) --- more bacteria; older age group --- more viruses.

9. The upper sensation is more than 3 to 5 days, and the bacterial infection is more common.

10, clear nose, thin sputum-virus infections are more common, but some people think that a few of them are bacterial infections.

11. Cough and sputum are mostly bacteria; cough and sputum are mostly virus.

12. Chinese medicine considers: clearing phlegm (snot) as cold and yellow (pus) sputum (snot) as heat. Modern medicine thinks from the other side: the former is a viral infection, but there are exceptions, the small part is bacillus, and the latter is Bacterial infections.

13. Hematology: Early stage of viral infection: WBC may increase slightly, but N is not high. Bacteria: Generally both are high, but there are three conditions:

A, WBC rises, N is not high;

B, WBC is normal / slightly lower, N is increased --- mostly negative bacteria;

C, WBC increased, N increased --- mostly positive bacteria.

Classification is more meaningful than total.

14. The WBC classification of machine check blood image is very different from manual, and manual should be more accurate.

15, fever with chills-may be a bacterial infection.

16, fever with cold hands and feet --- may be negative bacteria infection (Gram stain-negative bacteria sepsis, we must be alert to shock).

17. When the symptoms and signs are not typical, and the blood is "four dislikes", a comprehensive analysis should be combined with CRP, NALP and other tests.

Based on the above "experience", clinical operations seem to be "easy". However, pediatric anatomy, physiology, and immunity are special, blood routines are too "routine", and often lack specificity. Children's diseases change a lot and spread rapidly. Our The living environment is incomparable with developed countries, and it is difficult to change habits (such as spitting everywhere), so there are more primary / secondary bacterial infections, and wait for some test results (such as pathogen culture, serum tests, not to mention There are no conditions at the grassroots level), I am afraid that the child's illness will be delayed. Didn't SARS feel like it in the early days? Is it necessary to have antibiotics? Before the advent of antibiotics, did people also thrive with traditional medicine? Therefore, whether to use it or not, we must treat it dialectically, and analyze the specific issues.