What Is a Breast Neoplasm?

Symptoms of breast cancer can be varied. Common are: breast lump, breast pain, nipple discharge, erosion or skin depression, and axillary lymph nodes. Although these symptoms are not necessarily specific, understanding these symptoms and their manifestations will help us in the early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of breast cancer.

Symptoms of breast cancer can be varied. Common are: breast lump, breast pain, nipple discharge, erosion or skin depression, and axillary lymph nodes. Although these symptoms are not necessarily specific, understanding these symptoms and their manifestations will help us in the early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of breast cancer.

Chinese name

Breast tumor

Foreign name

breast neoplasms

Department

Breast surgery

Basic overview of breast tumors

Breast tumors are mostly benign, and breast cancer is a common malignant tumor in women. Motherland medicine has a more detailed discussion of breast cancer. Such as: "milk nucleus", "milk hair", "jealous milk" and so on are similar to breast cancer. It is thought that the qi stagnation and blood stasis are caused by unhappy mood, stagnation of liver qi or imbalance of duty, and qi and blood stasis. Concentrated in milk. The incidence of breast cancer in China is 11.61 per 100,000 population, and its incidence is relatively high. Fortunately, the incidence of breast cancer is higher and the mortality is lower, which indicates that the treatment effect of breast cancer is better in malignant tumors.

Breast tumor symptoms

Overview of breast tumor symptoms

Of course, the emergence of certain symptoms indicates that the lesions are not early, so a comprehensive and deeper understanding and grasp of these symptoms will allow us not to be distressed by missed treatment opportunities, and not to worry too much and affect normal life.

Early symptoms of breast tumors

Breast tumor masses are most common in the outer upper quadrant, followed by the nipple, areola, and upper and inner quadrants. Because there are many unconscious symptoms, the mass is often found by the patient unintentionally (such as taking a bath or changing clothes). A few patients may have varying degrees of tenderness or irritation and nipple discharge. The mass grows faster, and invasion of surrounding tissues can cause changes in the shape of the breast, with a series of signs. Such as: the surface of the tumor is sunken; the cancer adjacent to the nipple can lead the nipple to the direction of the cancer; Larger tumors can shrink the entire breast tissue, and the masses are prominent. The cancer continues to grow, forming what is known as an "orange peel" change. These are important symptoms of breast tumors.

Breast tumor

A breast lump is the most common symptom of breast cancer. About 90% of patients come to see a doctor with this symptom. With the popularization of tumor knowledge and the development of anti-cancer screening, this proportion may increase. If there is a lump in the breast, the following aspects should be understood.

1. Part: The mammary gland is centered on the nipple, and it can be divided into five areas: inner upper, outer upper, inner lower, outer lower, and central (areola). And breast cancer is more common outside, followed by internal. Inside and outside are rare.

2. Number: Single breast tumors are common in breast cancer. Unilateral multiple tumors and primary bilateral breast cancer are rare in clinical practice. However, with the improvement of tumor prevention and treatment, the survival time of patients continues to prolong, and after the operation of one side of breast cancer, the chance of the second primary cancer on the opposite side will increase.

3. Size: The mass of early breast cancer is generally small and sometimes difficult to distinguish from lobular hyperplasia or some benign lesions. However, even small tumors sometimes involve the overhanging ligaments of the mammary gland, causing symptoms such as local skin depression or nipple retraction, which are easier to detect early. In the past, due to poor health care, when the doctor came to see a doctor, the lump was often large. Nowadays, with the popularization of breast self-examination and the development of census work, clinically early breast cancer has increased.

4. Morphology and borders: Most breast cancers show invasive growth, and the borders are unclear. Some may be flat, the surface is not smooth, and there is nodularity. However, it should be noted that the smaller the mass, the less obvious the above symptoms are, and a small number of special types of breast cancer can be lightly infiltrated and grow expansively, appearing smooth, moving, and with clear boundaries, which is not easy to distinguish from benign tumors.

5. Hardness: Breast cancer tumors have a hard texture, but cell-rich medullary carcinomas can be slightly soft and individual can be cystic, such as cystic papillary carcinoma. Around a small number of masses, there is more adipose tissue wrapped around the palpation and feels pliable.

6. Mobility: When the mass is small, the mobility is large, but this kind of activity is that the mass moves with the surrounding tissues, which is different from fibroadenomas. If the tumor invades the pectoralis major fascia, the activity is reduced; if the tumor enters the pectoralis major muscle, the activity disappears. The patient contracted the chest muscles with his hands on his hips and chest, showing that the breasts on both sides were significantly asymmetric. Advanced breast cancer can invade the chest wall, is completely fixed, lymph nodes around the tumor are invaded, and the skin edema can be orange peel-shaped, called "orange peel sign", and the nodules around the tumor appear as "satellite nodules".

In benign breast tumors, it is not uncommon to show breast masses, the most common of which is breast fibroadenomas. The disease is more common in young women and has a lower incidence rate over the age of 40. Tumors are usually solid, tough, with a complete envelope, smooth surface, and slippery touch. Generally, there is no skin adhesion and no nipple retraction. Intraductal papilloma, the mass is often small and difficult to reach. Slightly larger persons can swell and small nodules around the areola. Nipple discharge is the main symptom in clinical practice. Breast lobular hyperplasia rarely forms a clear mass, and is mainly thickened by local breast tissue. The texture is tough and has no capsular sensation. It often has pain before menstruation.

Some showed only localized thickening of the breast with no obvious masses and no clear boundaries, and most were diagnosed as "mammary hyperplasia". However, careful examination of the thickened area is more limited, and it should be noted when accompanied by a small amount of skin adhesion, which can be used for breast radiography.

Breast tumor breast pain

Although breast pain can be seen in many breast diseases, pain is not a common symptom of breast tumors. Whether benign or malignant breast tumors are usually painless. In early breast cancer, pain is occasionally a symptom, which can be dull pain or traction, especially when lying on the side. Studies have shown that breast cancer detection will increase in postmenopausal women with breast pain and glandular thickening. Of course, tumors can be accompanied by tenderness or tenderness. If advanced tumors invade nerves or axillary lymph nodes and compress or invade brachial plexus nerves, they may have shoulder pain.

Breast tumor nipple discharge

Nipple discharge is divided into physiological and pathological. Physiological nipple discharge is mainly found in pregnant and lactating women. Pathological nipple discharge refers to mammary ductal secretion in a non-physiological state. The latter is usually referred to as the latter. Nipple discharge can be caused by a variety of breast diseases, and it is easier to pay attention to patients. It is one of the main reasons for about 10% of patients to come to the clinic. Among the symptoms of various breast diseases, the incidence is second For breast masses and breast pain.

1. Nipple discharge can be divided into bloody, serum-like, serous, water-like, purulent, and milk-like according to its physical properties. Among them, serous, watery and milky discharges are more common, and bloody discharges account for only 10% of cases. When the lesion is located in a large duct, the discharge is mostly bloody; when it is located in a smaller duct, it can be pale or serous; if the blood stays in the duct for too long, it can be dark brown; when the duct has inflammation and infection, it can be mixed There is pus, and the liquefied necrotic tissue can be watery, milky, or brown; the liquid of breast duct dilatation is usually serous. Bloody discharges are mostly caused by benign lesions, and a few breast cancers can also be bloody. Physiological nipple discharge is mostly bilateral, and its discharge is often milky or watery.

2. The etiology of nipple discharge is mainly divided into: extra-mammary factors and intra-mammary factors.

Nipple discharge is present in 5% to 10% of breast cancer patients, but only 1% is symptomatic with nipple discharge. The discharge is usually single-tube, and the characteristics can be various, such as bloody, serous, watery or colorless. Breast cancer that originates from a large duct or a ductal carcinoma is more common with nipple discharge, such as malignant changes of ductal papilloma and nipple eczema. It is worth noting that, although most people think that breast cancer is rarely accompanied by nipple discharge, and even if the overflow occurs almost immediately after or at the same time, those without tumors are rarely considered cancer. However, recent studies have shown that nipple discharge is an early clinical manifestation of certain breast cancers, especially intraductal cancers, and can exist alone before a significant mass is formed.

Intraductal papilloma is a disease in which nipple discharge is more common, accounting for the top of all nipple discharge lesions. Among them, intraductal papilloma in the areola area is more common, and it can be single or multiple. It ranges from 30 to 50 years old. Tumors range from 0.3 to 3.0 cm in diameter, with an average of 1.0 cm. Larger than 3.0 cm is often malignant. The discharge is mostly bloody or serous, and the others are rare. It is generally believed that papilloma that occurs in large ducts is mostly single and rarely cancerous, while those with small and medium catheters are often multiple and can be seen to be cancerous. The two are similar lesions, but they differ in the location and growth process.

Although cystic hyperplasia is not a tumor, the most common benign lesions in breast tissue are more common around the age of 40 and rare after menopause. Among them, three pathological changes of cysts, ductal epithelial hyperplasia, and papillomatosis are the basis of their discharge. The nature is mostly serous, and the combined discharge of this disease only accounts for 5%.

Breast tumor nipple changes

Breast cancer patients with abnormal changes in the nipple usually show nipple erosion or nipple retraction.

1. Nipple erosion: There is a typical manifestation of Paget disease of the breast, which is often accompanied by itching. About 2/3 of the patients may be accompanied by areola or a mass in other parts of the breast. Initially, only nipple flakes or small cracks in the nipples are present. Nipple desquamation is often accompanied by a small amount of secretions and scabs, and the red erosive surface can be seen when the skin is removed, which will last forever. When the entire nipple is affected, one can invade the surrounding tissue, and as the disease progresses, the nipple can disappear entirely. Some patients may also have breast masses first, and then nipple lesions.

2. Nipple retraction: When the tumor invades the nipple or subarea, the fibrous tissue and duct system of the mammary gland can be shortened accordingly, pulling the nipple to make it sunken, biased, or even fully retracted behind the areola. At this time, the affected nipple is often higher than the healthy side. It may appear in early breast cancer, but sometimes it is an advanced sign, depending on where the tumor grows. When the tumor is under or near the nipple, it can appear early; if the tumor is located in the deep tissue of the mammary gland, far away from the nipple, this sign is usually late. Of course, the nipples are not retracted, and the depressions are not all malignant lesions, which may be caused by congenital dysplasia or chronic inflammation. At this time, the nipples can be pulled out with fingers and not fixed.

Breast tumor skin changes

Breast tumors cause skin changes, which are related to the location, depth, and degree of invasion of the tumor. They usually have the following manifestations:

1. Skin adhesion: The breast is located between the deep and shallow fascia. The shallow layer of the superficial fascia is connected to the skin, and the deep layer is attached to the superficial surface of the pectoralis major muscle. The superficial fascia forms a leaflet space within the breast tissue, the breast suspensory ligament. When tumors invade these ligaments, they can shrink and shorten, pulling the skin to form depressions, which look like dimples, so they are called "dimple signs". When the tumor is small, it can cause very slight skin adhesions that are difficult to detect. At this time, it is necessary to lightly support the breast under good lighting conditions to increase the surface tension. When the breast is moved, slight traction and depression of the skin on the tumor are often seen. Those with this symptom should be alert to the possibility of breast cancer, which is rarely seen in benign tumors.

2. Superficial varicose veins of the skin: When the tumor is large or grows fast, it can make the surface skin thin and thin, and the superficial blood vessels and veins often varicose. The liquid crystal heat map and infrared scan are more clear, and they are common in breast giant fibroadenomas and lobular cystosarcomas. Superficial varicose veins are also common in tumors during acute inflammation, pregnancy, and lactation.

3. Redness of the skin: The skin of the breast can be red and swollen during acute and chronic mastitis. But in breast cancer, it is mainly found in inflammatory breast cancer. Because all the subcutaneous lymphatic vessels are occupied by cancerous emboli, it can cause cancerous lymphangitis. At this time, the skin color is reddish to dark red, which starts to be relatively limited, and soon spreads to most breast skins, with skin edema, thickening, and skin. Temperature rises and so on.

4. Skin edema: The subcutaneous lymphatic ducts of the breast are blocked by tumor cells or the central area of the mammary gland is infiltrated by the tumor cells, which restricts the return of breast lymphatic ducts, the accumulation of lymph fluid in the lymphatic ducts, the thickening of the skin, the expansion and deepening of the hair follicle opening, and the display shows Skin-like changes. " In obesity, drooping breasts are usually accompanied by mild skin edema at the outer and lower sides, such as bilateral symmetry, which is caused by local circulation disorders; if it is unilateral, care must be taken to prevent cancer.

In addition, advanced breast cancer can still directly invade the skin and cause ulcers. If combined with bacterial infection, the smell is unpleasant. If the cancer cells infiltrate into the skin and grow, they can form scattered hard nodules in the skin surrounding the main lesion, that is, "skin satellite nodules."

Breast tumor axillary lymphadenopathy

Breast cancer gradually develops and can invade lymphatic vessels and metastasize to its local lymphatic drainage area. Among them, the most common site of lymphatic metastasis is ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. Lymph nodes often increase gradually from small, and the number of lymph nodes gradually increase from small. At first, the enlarged lymph nodes can be promoted, and finally they fuse and fix each other. If the enlarged lymph nodes invade or compress the axillary veins, the ipsilateral upper limbs can edema; if they invade the brachial plexus nerve, they cause shoulder pain. When examining axillary lymph nodes, the affected upper limb should be relaxed as much as possible so as to reach the axilla. If you can reach the enlarged lymph nodes, you need to pay attention to the number, size, texture, activity and surface condition of the lymph nodes to distinguish them from inflammation and tuberculosis.

If there is no lump in the breast, but the axillary lymph node enlargement is the first symptom, it is rare to see a doctor. When the axillary lymph node enlarges and the pathology proves to be metastatic cancer, in addition to carefully examining the lymph drainage area, the lungs must be excluded. And digestive tract tumors. If the pathological suggestion is metastatic adenocarcinoma, pay attention to the possibility of "occult breast cancer". At this time, most of the breast lesions were not found, and molybdenum radiography may be helpful in diagnosis. Lymph nodes are tested for hormone receptors. If they are positive, breast-derived tumors should still be considered even if the examination fails to detect lesions in the breast.

Breast cancer can metastasize to the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes, and can also metastasize to the contralateral axillary lymph nodes through the communication between the anterior chest wall and the internal mammary lymphatic network. The incidence is about 5%. In addition, advanced breast cancer can still have metastatic supraclavicular lymph node metastasis, and even contralateral supraclavicular lymph node metastasis.

The above is just a brief description of the basic symptoms of breast tumors, especially breast cancer. As long as the majority of women have a strong awareness of cancer prevention, fully understand and master these knowledge, and do a good job of self-examination carefully, with the level of medical care I believe that cancer is by no means incurable.

Breast tumor pathology

Its etiology is related to factors such as endocrine disorders, breast development, heredity, chronic stimulus, virus, diet, and mentality. The pathology of breast cancer is divided into non-invasive and invasive. Non-invasive is divided into two types: lobular carcinoma in situ and intraductal carcinoma. Invasive cancer is divided into lobular invasive carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, well-differentiated adenoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, sweating adenoid carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and papillary Jie disease Nine kinds.

There are often no obvious clinical symptoms in the early stage, or only mild breast pain, mostly dull or faint pain, a few are acupuncture-like pain, often intermittent and confined to the lesion, and the pain does not change with the menstrual cycle. To the advanced cancer, when the nerve invades, the pain is more severe, and it can radiate to the ipsilateral shoulder and arm.

Breast tumor breast fibroma treatment

Breast cancer diagnosis method

As the most common breast fibroid in breast tumors, the diagnosis of breast fibroids can be determined by surgery. Generally, after the tumor is removed, the doctor must quickly perform a frozen section and ordinary paraffin section to understand the nature of the tumor. In a nutshell, this is also the true diagnosis;

Breast tumor treatment

For breast fibroadenomas, surgery is generally recommended to remove the tumor.

First, after the mass is removed, the doctor must quickly perform a frozen section and paraffin section to understand the nature of the mass. To be precise, this is the true diagnosis;

Second, after the tumor is completely removed by surgery, it can prevent the tumor from continuing to grow, and it also has a positive significance in preventing the canceration of the tumor;

Third, as far as breast fibroadenoma is concerned, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and any other Chinese and Western medicine treatments have no reliable effect, and surgery is considered to be a credible treatment;

Fourth, the surgery does not leave large scars, as some patients worry, and affects the shape of the breast and future breastfeeding. It turns out that this worry is completely unnecessary. Does not affect breast shape and lactation function, and after the surgical method is improved, the postoperative is only;

Fifth, even if breast fibroadenoma has been diagnosed, the tumor may grow faster during the wait-and-see process. If breastfeeding and pregnancy factors are excluded, the physician must consider the mucus or malignant change of the tumor. Breast, the loss will be more severe;

Sixth, if the breast fibroadenoma occurs in the para-mammary gland, it can also be removed by surgery, so that both diseases can be treated reasonably.

Breast cancer high intensity chemotherapy

A study published in the International Journal of Cancer showed that, with high-intensity chemotherapy supported by autologous blood stem cells, the independent prognostic factor for patients with high-risk primary breast cancer is P53 and Her2 / neu overexpression.

Dr. Manfred Hensel of the University of Heidelberg, Germany, points out that previous studies have found that P53 and Her2 / neu are prognostic factors for conventional treatment of breast cancer. Moreover, patients with high-risk breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis have a poor prognosis for traditional chemotherapy. To this end, researchers have been studying the therapeutic effects of high-intensity chemotherapy assisted by autologous blood stem cell transplantation since 1992.

The researchers selected common clinical parameters such as tumor size, number of axillary lymph node metastases, and several other commonly used laboratory indicators, including hormone receptor levels and tumor grades, to assess the prognosis of breast cancer. In addition, immunohistochemical methods are also used to analyze the molecular indicators of tumors. It is amazing that the predictive value of conventional clinical parameters is lower than modern molecular indicators.

Dr. Hensel pointed out that multivariate analysis showed that the best prognostic factor for high-dose chemotherapy was P53 and Her2 / neu overexpression, with relative risks of 6.06 and 3.86, respectively.

Dr. Hensel believes that high-intensity chemotherapy may be used in breast cancer patients with P53 and Her2 / neu overexpression in the future, while other breast cancer patients may require other treatment options such as antibody therapy, tumor vaccine and cell therapy.

Examination of benign breast tumors

Gynecologists remind women that in order to detect and treat breast cancer as early as possible, and to eliminate the psychological burden caused by benign breast tumors, it is recommended that women should seek medical treatment immediately if they notice abnormalities in the breast, such as pain, lump, and nipple discharge To undergo breast examination.

For women with high risk factors for breast cancer, such as immediate family members with breast cancer, women with a previous history of breast cancer, it is recommended that regular breast physical examinations be performed to detect early treatment early.

A regular physical examination of the breast should include both inspection and palpation. The patient will be taken into an examination room with good natural or daylight. Before the examination, it is necessary to fully expose the chest and bilateral breasts, and use two methods of sitting and lying according to the requirements of the examining doctor. In the sitting position, both hands fell on the knees, and the upper limbs were relaxed; in the supine position, a pillow was sometimes added to properly lift the shoulders and chests, so that the breasts could be checked in a relatively flat condition, and it was not easy to miss the lesions.

The doctor will observe the development of the breast, whether it is symmetrical on both sides, whether the size is similar, whether the nipples are in the same position, whether the nipples have erosion, retraction, overflow, and whether the breast skin is abnormal. Changes such as cellulite sign and dimple sign are important manifestations of breast cancer diagnosis. Patients are often asked to hold their hands high to reveal the underside of the breast and the tail of the breast.

Palpation of the breast is very important. In particular, the doctor will pay attention to the location, size, border, texture, mobility, and adhesion of the skin and pectoral muscles when examining the mass, so as to make a judgment on the nature of the lesion. Experienced doctors often palpate breasts gently or increase skin tension when palpating to find out whether the skin caused depression after a slight stretch, which often indicates the possibility of early breast cancer. In order to examine the relationship between the mass and deep tissues, patients are sometimes required to have their hands on their hips to keep the pectoral muscles in a contracted state. If the mass invades the pectoralis fascia or pectoral muscles, the affected breast will be raised and the movement will be restricted during pectoral muscle contraction. Make a percussion on the surface of the breast in the quadrant or clockwise with the belly of two fingers flat. Do not grasp the breast with your fingers to prevent the normal breast tissue from being mistaken for a mass.

The axillary and supraclavicular lymph nodes are regional lymph nodes of breast cancer, so palpation of the axillary is also part of the physical examination, and occult breast cancer is sometimes found because the axillary touches the lymph nodes. The examination generally uses a sitting position, and the patient's arm is held up by the examiner to relax the armpit naturally to facilitate the examination. In the examination of the supraclavicular lymph nodes, the doctor often touches the supraclavicular fossa with both thumbs.

In addition to breast physical examination, women of all ages can also learn breast self-examination, which is a simple and economical method for early detection of breast cancer, but requires some training. Self-examination of the breast is usually performed once a month. The pre-menopausal women should choose the 9th to 11th days after menstrual cramps. At this time, the endocrine hormone is mainly the estrogen, which has the least effect on the breast. Abnormal changes in the breast are found; postmenopausal women should choose a time that is easy to remember, such as the first day of each month; when breast lumps are found during breastfeeding, they should be checked again after stopping breastfeeding.

Breast tumor clinical diagnosis

Breast tumor diagnosis

Nipple discharge;

changes in nipples and areola;

local skin changes;

breast contour changes;

Axillary and supraclavicular lymph nodes.

Staging of breast tumors and breast cancer

Staging is an important part of determining a treatment plan. The most common staging method is

Stage : refers to the primary tumor with no metastasis of lymph nodes smaller than 2 cm;

Stage : The primary tumor is larger than 2 cm with axillary lymph node metastasis and lymph node activity;

Stage : The primary tumor is larger than 5 cm with axillary lymph node metastasis and fixed lymph nodes;

IV refers to distant metastasis of any size of the supraclavicular or subclavian lymph nodes in the primary tumor stage.

Breast cancer (tumor) routine treatment:

The first stage of breast cancer (tumor) is mainly surgery, combined with traditional Chinese medicine, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy and other comprehensive treatment measures. It is an optimized solution for treating breast cancer with high efficiency and low toxicity.

Breast tumor

Malignant tumors are derived from gene mutations in normal tissues. Malignant tumors that originate from breast epithelial tissue are called breast cancer; malignant tumors that originate from non-epithelial tissue of the breast are breast sarcomas. Common sarcomas are:

Breast lobular cystosarcoma: In 1982, WHO proposed the histological classification of the disease as benign, borderline, and malignant. It is generally believed that tumors may be derived from fibroadenomas, and the cause may be related to estrogen stimulation. Tumors are generally larger in diameter and grow rapidly. The malignant are mostly lobulated. In benign cases, resection of the tumor is feasible. In the critical state and low malignancy, enlarged tumor resection can be performed, and simple mastectomy, quadrant resection, and semi-mastectomy can be performed. In malignant patients, radical mastectomy should be considered. The effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on malignant phyllodes sarcoma are uncertain.

Breast fibrosarcoma: The growth of the tumor is slow, mostly single, can be huge, the surface is smooth, the texture is tough, and it is mobile. Often needs to be distinguished from phyllodes sarcoma. The treatment is mainly based on simple mastectomy. After surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be combined.

(3) Breast liposarcoma: extremely rare, most of the tumors are solitary, hard texture, clear boundaries, movable, and rapid growth. A well-differentiated liposarcoma can undergo a simple mastectomy. Poorly differentiated liposarcomas are prone to lymph node metastasis, and radical surgery should be performed.

Breast malignant lymphoma: It can be localized manifestations of systemic malignant lymphoma, or it can be primary malignant lymphoma of the breast. The breast manifestations of systemic malignant lymphoma, in addition to local masses, should have enlarged lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegaly, accompanied by systemic fever, and localized pain in the body. Rapid onset and rapid growth of the mass. Primary breast sarcoma, often accompanied by systemic lymphadenopathy. Pathological tissue biopsy is the key to differential diagnosis. Both the breast manifestations of systemic lymphosarcoma and primary breast lymphomas are systemic disorders and are prone to extensive metastases at an early stage. Therefore, systemic chemotherapy should be the first choice for treatment. For primary breast malignant lymphoma, simple mastectomy or radiotherapy can be performed after the disease is controlled.

Breast cancer sarcoma: It is a mixed lesion of cancer originating from epithelium and sarcoma originating from other tissues. Extremely rare. The main treatment is surgical resection, and postoperative radiotherapy should be used.

Diagnosis of breast tumors

Differential diagnosis of common breast masses and breast cancer

1. Glandular cystic hyperplasia: This disease is a disease stage of abnormal breast proliferative disease. It is mostly older and prone to occur. Sometimes it is a cord-like nodule and the border is unclear.

2. Breast pain: It is a disease stage of dysplasia of the mammary glands. It is mainly manifested in the fact that most of the small nodules on the breast can be touched, and most of them have mild spontaneous pain. Especially breast tenderness before menstrual cramps is obvious, and even pain is untouchable, the patient is very painful.

3. Papilloma: single or multiple. Single cases are mostly elderly women, and 50% have bloody discharge. Multiple cases showed diffuse nodules without obvious mass. This tumor can be malignant.

4. Adenofibroma: Occurs in young women with strong endocrine and disordered regulation, mostly in the 20-30 years old. The mass was obvious, the border was clear, smooth, mobile, soft, and nodular. It grows slowly and has little pain, but malignancy can occur.

5. Fat necrosis: It usually occurs in the outer part of the breast of obese women. Most of them have a history of trauma and need to be excised for identification.

6, breast tuberculosis: most of the chest wall tuberculosis spread, can ulcerate, and exudate caseous pus. Note that during examination, tuberculosis lesions in other parts are often present at the same time.

7, plasma cell mastitis: also known as non-lactating mastitis. Rarely, with a history of acute attacks, may have pain, fever, etc., but subsided quickly after anti-inflammatory treatment.

8. Phyllocystic sarcoma: It is more common in people aged 35-40 years, and develops slowly. The tumor is lobulated, partly hard like stone, and partly cystic. Tumors are often large, sometimes ruptured, and rarely fixed to the chest. It is often mistaken for advanced breast cancer, but the effect is very good after radical operation. Metastasis is rare, and is usually dominated by blood, with occasional lymph node metastasis.

Breast Cancer Prevention

1. Regular exercise: Recently, a research report published in the journal of the National Cancer Association pointed out that exercise can reduce the incidence of breast cancer in women around menopause by 60%. A Norwegian research agency surveyed 25,624 women and found that those who exercised at least 4 hours per week had a 37% lower risk of breast cancer.

2, weight control: exercise can prevent breast cancer, the root cause is that it can control the body to gain weight. A study from Harvard University shows that women who gain weight rapidly after the age of 18 are almost twice as likely to have breast cancer after menopause than those who maintain a standard weight for a long time.

3. Don't drink: American experts believe that if you drink alcohol once a day, your risk of breast cancer will increase by 11%; if you drink it twice a day, the risk will be 24%; if you drink more than twice a day, then its The risk increases to 40%. Therefore, it is recommended that ladies who like drinking alcohol, it is best to drink no more than 3 times a week, and the amount should be limited.

4. Taking vitamin D: The latest research results show that vitamin D has the effect of preventing breast cancer. Studies have found that women who take 200 international units a day (only about two teaspoons of vitamin D-containing milk powder) can reduce the risk of breast cancer by about 30%. Doctors therefore recommend that women aged 50 years and younger take at least 200 international units of vitamin D per day; women over 50 years old are advised to take 400 to 600 international units of vitamin D per day.

5. Sun exposure: Related to taking vitamin D, sun exposure can also reduce the incidence of breast cancer, because the skin can synthesize vitamin D only in the sun. American experts say that for most people, 10 to 15 minutes of sun a day is enough, which is enough to maintain the vitamin D that the body needs. However, some experts have suggested that if the skin is exposed to the sun too much, the risk of skin cancer will increase, so it is necessary to stop the sun.

6. Proper selenium supplementation: Selenium is an indispensable trace element in the human body and has antioxidant capacity. Supplementing selenium can enhance the cell's antioxidant capacity, regulate endocrine and metabolism, and remove toxins from the body. It is amazing for preventing breast diseases.

Essentials of postoperative nursing for breast tumors

1. Reasonable lifestyle, quit smoking and alcohol, and eat more yellow-green vegetables, fruits, edible fungi, soy products; persistently participate in sports and various entertainment activities to strengthen the mind and body; If you are over 28 years of age, you should not give birth to a child over 30 years of age, to prevent multiple abortions, and breastfeeding after giving birth.

2. Harmonious and regular sex life can not only bring fun and joy to your body and mind, enhance the relationship between husband and wife, but also help reduce the incidence of breast hyperplasia and breast cancer.

3. If you find breast or axillary lumps, nipple discharge, nipple depression, areola and eczema, and skin rupture, go to the hospital in time. All adult women undergo a self-examination once a month. Women over the age of 30 are better to have a breast ultrasound once a year, and women over the age of 40 to have a mammogram and a clinical physical examination every year.

4. Maintain psychological balance: Women should learn to self-regulate and control their emotions, and to deal rationally with emotional disputes and emotional crises in interpersonal relationships, families, marriages and other aspects. Only mental well-being is conducive to psychological and physiological balance.

5. Control of body obesity: Obesity should be prevented during pregnancy and childbirth and after menopause. Maintaining an appropriate weight can reduce the risk of cancer.

Daily conditioning for breast cancer after breast cancer surgery

Regarding the diet of breast cancer patients after surgery, there are widespread opinions in the society: "Can't eat chicken", "Can't eat eggs", "Can't eat crab", etc. Patients and their families are at a loss for diet after breast cancer. Postoperative dietary considerations for breast cancer patients are as follows:

1. Diversified diet and balanced nutrition. A balanced diet is the best way to maintain normal weight for cancer patients after surgery. The diet should be balanced, diversified, not partial, not eaten, with vegetarian food, and thick and thin. When cooking, use steam, cook, and stew as much as possible, and eat less fried foods.

2. The postoperative diet of breast cancer patients should be taboo. Postoperative breast cancer patients should not eat raw onions, garlic, sour pork, pumpkin, alcohol, and warm, fried, greasy, savory, stale, moldy, and other fires. Sputum is a food that hinders the spleen.

3. After adenocarcinoma surgery, the products of nourishing qi and nourishing blood, and regulating qi and dispersing stagnation can be given to consolidate the curative effect to facilitate rehabilitation. Such as yam powder, spinach, loofah, kelp, hawthorn, rose and Cordyceps.

4. When adenocarcinoma undergoes postoperative radiotherapy, it is easy to consume yin and jin, so it is advisable to take Ganliang moisturizing food. Such as almond cream, capsule, white pear, ume, lotus root, banana, olive and so on.

5. Diet appetizers and spleen: Hawthorn meat dicing: 100g of hawthorn, 1000g of lean pork (or beef) meat, 250g of vegetable oil, and appropriate amount of shiitake mushroom, ginger, green onion, pepper, cooking wine, monosodium glutamate, and sugar. First cut the lean meat into pieces, oil exploded, and then stir-fry with hawthorn seasoning, etc., and you can eat. Both appetizing and anti-cancer. Astragalus medicinal herbs: 30g of astragalus membranaceus, cook with water for half an hour, remove residue, add 60g of Huai Pills (Huaishan should be washed with salt water and eat), cook for another 30 minutes, add sugar (constipation and honey) to serve. Served once daily in the morning and evening. It has the effects of nourishing qi and activating blood, increasing appetite, and improving gastrointestinal absorption.

6, eat foods with anti-cancer effects, such as turtles, mushrooms, black fungus, garlic, seaweed, mustard. Royal jelly and Cordyceps. Studies have found that Cordycepin contained in Cordyceps sinensis can effectively engulf tumor cells, which is four times as effective as selenium, and can enhance the ability of red blood cells to adhere to tumor cells. It can prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis during chemotherapy and after surgery. Formula: Choose Fulinmen Cordyceps, which has a high content of natural cordycepin, and take it after pulverization, 1.5 grams each time, twice a day, and continuously take it for one month. Most patients can obtain good results.

7, eat fresh vegetables and fruits with high vitamin content: This type of food can not only increase resistance, but also increase appetite. Some patients believe that raw and cold foods should be avoided, but fruits and vegetables should be treated as appropriate. Eating fresh and cold cold dishes and fruits, especially during chemotherapy and radiotherapy, has obvious appetizing effects. Those who drool should warm up slightly after warming, and should not eat too much at the same time.

Breast cancer breast cancer at high risk

Women with family history generally refer to immediate family members. If the mother develops breast cancer before menopause, the daughter is twice as likely to develop breast cancer as the average person, and the age of illness may be earlier. Therefore, women with a family history of breast cancer should be checked regularly and detected early.

Although hyperplasia of mammary glands does not occur in every patient with hyperplasia of mammary glands, those who are older, have a longer history, larger lumps, and the relationship between lumps and menstruation are prone to malignant changes.

Overweight people who are overweight are also one of the causative factors of breast cancer, because fat cells will secrete estrogen, affect hormone levels in the body, make the body's endocrine disorders, and easily cause breast cancer, especially menopausal women, it is necessary to pay attention to prevention.

With the change of people s aesthetics, many women have focused their attention on the chest, long-term external application, or breast enhancement products. These products are added with estrogen, or can be converted into estrogen by the liver for long-term use. It can also induce breast cancer.

One of the risk factors for breast cancer among infertile women is unfertile women, because they lack the protection of progesterone and are more susceptible to the stimulation of excessive estrogen and induce breast cancer.

Women with early menstruation, early menstruation, early menstruation, delayed menopause. Early menstruation (less than 12 years old), women with delayed menopause (greater than 55 years), due to long estrogen action in breast tissue receptors, chances of breast cancer increase.

Frequent flow of people Many women always ask the doctor before becoming a flow of people: How much influence does flow of flow have on the body? They generally considered physical damage and pain, but did not realize the impact of painless and itchy hormone changes on the human body. After pregnancy, the estrogen in the body is increased, and the ducts and acinars of the breast are developed vigorously. After the pregnancy is stopped, the level of estrogen in the body drops suddenly and the growth of the breasts stops suddenly, which easily causes breast stasis and causes masses. The flow of people more than three times is more dangerous.