What Is a Viral Sinus Infection?

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Acute viral upper respiratory tract infection

Acute viral upper respiratory tract infection: The common manifestations of viral upper respiratory tract infection are the following two: First, the common cold type, the main season of onset is mostly in late summer and early autumn, and lasts until the following spring. Symptoms are sore throat or sore throat, followed by runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, limb soreness, fatigue, headache; sometimes accompanied by varying degrees of fever. Leukocyte counts were mostly reduced or normal. The course of disease can heal for more than 3-7 days, but it can also last for more than several weeks. The second is a pharyngitis-type upper respiratory tract infection. The main symptoms are sore throat and runny nose, blocked nose, headache, cough and general malaise. Pharyngeal redness, tonsil lymphoid proliferation, with a little exudate, mandibular lymph nodes are often enlarged and tender. The white blood cell count is low or normal. More than 3-7 days of self-healing

Summary of acute viral upper respiratory infections

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Definition of Acute Viral Upper Respiratory Infections

Acute upper respiratory tract infection is a general term for acute inflammation of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or throat. Common pathogens are viruses, and a few are bacteria. There were no differences in age, sex, occupation, and region. Generally, the disease is mild, the course is short, and the prognosis is good. However, due to the high incidence and certain contagiousness, it not only affects the production labor, but can also cause serious complications, which should be actively prevented. Viral upper respiratory infections: Viral upper respiratory infections are commonly manifested in the following two forms:

First, the common cold type, the main season of onset is mostly in late summer and early autumn, which can last until the following spring. Symptoms are sore throat or sore throat, followed by runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, limb soreness, fatigue, headache; sometimes accompanied by varying degrees of fever. Leukocyte counts were mostly reduced or normal. The course of disease can heal for more than 3-7 days, but it can also last for more than several weeks.

The second is a pharyngitis-type upper respiratory tract infection. The main symptoms are sore throat and runny nose, blocked nose, headache, cough and general malaise. Pharyngeal redness, tonsil lymphoid proliferation, with a little exudate, mandibular lymph nodes are often enlarged and tender. The white blood cell count is low or normal. More than 3-7 days of self-healing

Overview of acute viral upper respiratory infections

Acute upper respiratory tract infection is one of the most common infectious diseases in clinical practice, and about 70% -80% are caused by viruses. According to statistics from the Department of Emergency Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, about 40% of the total number of emergency outpatients are patients with fever, of which about 80% are fever patients with acute viral upper respiratory infections. Due to its geographical characteristics, the clinical manifestations of patients with acute viral upper respiratory tract infection in Lingnan region are prone to wet symptoms. Modern research has found that the clinical symptoms of adult viral infection patients have a certain correlation with wetness. It is believed that the clinical manifestations of acute respiratory viral infection are mostly wet syndrome. Western medicine for acute viral upper respiratory tract infection is mainly antiviral therapy and antipyretic symptomatic treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine has a variety of treatments for acute viral upper respiratory tract infection, and the effect is definite. Modern pharmacological and clinical research data also show that the antiviral effect of traditional Chinese medicine is positive. The toxic and side effects are small, and many Qingrejiedu traditional Chinese medicines have strong antiviral effects in vitro and in vivo. Through proper compatibility, the effect of both symptoms and symptoms can be achieved, which has wide application and development prospects. Literature shows that there is no systematic research on the characteristics of exogenous fever and multiple dampness syndrome in Lingnan area, and there is no effective Chinese patent medicine preparation. This project is based on the experience of the famous old Chinese medicine professor Zhou Zhongying, who uses the method of clearing heat and resolving the dampness, and has the function of clearing heat and resolving the dampness. The aim is to observe the clinical efficacy of Xinxiang granules on acute viral upper respiratory tract infections, and to do preliminary research for the development and development of fast-acting, high-efficiency, non-toxic and side-effecting Chinese medicine preparations for the treatment of fever-induced diseases other than dampness syndrome in Lingnan area.

Upper respiratory tract infection

Etiology and pathology of acute viral upper respiratory infection

About 70% -80% of acute upper respiratory infections are caused by the virus. Bacterial infections can occur directly or secondary to viral infections. Hemolytic streptococci are more common, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus. When there are inducing factors such as cold, rain, excessive fatigue, and the local defense function of the whole body or respiratory tract is reduced, viruses or bacteria that already exist in the upper respiratory tract or invaded from the outside can rapidly multiply, causing the disease, especially old Young people who are weak or have chronic respiratory diseases such as sinusitis and tonsillitis are more likely to suffer.

Nasal cavity and pharyngeal mucosa congestion, edema, destruction of epithelial cells, a small amount of monocyte infiltration, serous and mucous inflammatory exudation. After secondary cell infection, there is neutrophil infiltration, and purulent toxin may appear.

Clinical manifestations of acute viral upper respiratory infection

Depending on the cause, there are different types of clinical manifestations:

Acute viral upper respiratory tract infection common cold

First, the common cold (common cold) commonly known as "cold", also known as acute rhinitis or catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, the main manifestation of nasopharyngeal catarrh. Most of the adults are caused by rhinovirus, followed by parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, ecovirus, coxsackie virus and so on. Onset is relatively rapid, with a dry throat, itching, or burning sensation in the early stage. At the same time or several hours after onset, there may be sneezing, stuffy nose, and running water-like snot. May be accompanied by sore throat, and sometimes hearing loss due to eustachitis, tears, dull taste, poor breathing, hoarseness, and a small amount of cough may also occur. Generally no fever and systemic symptoms, or only low fever, discomfort, mild chills and headaches. Examination showed congestion, edema, and secretions in the nasal mucosa, and mild congestion in the pharynx. If there are no complications, they are usually cured after 5-7 days.

Acute viral upper respiratory infections laryngitis and bronchitis

Second, viral pharyngitis, laryngitis, and bronchitis. According to the inflammatory response caused by the virus's different anatomical parts of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, clinical manifestations can be pharyngitis, laryngitis, and bronchitis. Acute viral pharyngitis is mostly caused by rhinovirus, adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. It is clinically characterized by itching and burning sensation in the pharynx, and the pain is not persistent and prominent. When swallowing pain, streptococcal infections are often indicated. Cough is rare. Influenza and adenovirus infections can cause fever and fatigue. On examination, the congestion and edema were noticeable. Submandibular lymph nodes are swollen and tender. Adenoviral pharyngitis can be associated with ocular meningitis. Acute viral laryngitis is mostly caused by rhinovirus, influenza virus A, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Clinical features include hoarseness, difficulty speaking, pain when coughing, fever, pharyngitis, or cough, physical examination showing edema and congestion of the throat, mild swelling and tenderness of local lymph nodes, and wheezing. Acute viral bronchitis is mostly caused by respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus. The clinical manifestations are cough, no sputum or mucus, with fever and fatigue. Other symptoms often include hoarseness and non-pleural substernal pain. Dry or wet rales can be heard. X-ray chest radiographs showed increased and enhanced vascular shadow, but no lung infiltrates. Influenza or coronavirus acute bronchitis often occurs in the acute episode of chronic bronchitis.

Acute viral upper respiratory infection herpes angina

Third, herpes angina is often caused by coxsackie virus A, showing obvious sore throat and fever, the course of the disease is about one week. Examination revealed congestion of the pharynx, soft palate, ptosis, gray-white herpes on the surface of the pharynx and tonsils, superficial ulcers, and redness around. More than the onset of summer, more common in children, occasionally in adults.

Pharyngeal conjunctival fever with acute viral upper respiratory tract infection

Fourth, pharyngeal conjunctival fever is mainly caused by adenovirus, coxsackie virus and so on. Clinical manifestations include fever, sore throat, photophobia, tearing, and congestion of the pharynx and conjunctiva. The course of the disease is 4-6 days, which usually occurs in summer and spreads during swimming. More common in children.

Acute viral upper respiratory tract infection bacterial pharyngeal-tonsillitis

5. Bacterial pharyngeal-tonsillitis is mostly caused by hemolytic streptococci, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and staphylococcus. Sudden onset of symptoms, obvious sore throat, chills, fever, body temperature can reach above 39 . Examination showed obvious congestion of the pharynx, enlarged and congested tonsils, yellow spotted exudates on the surface, enlarged and tender submandibular lymph nodes, and no abnormal signs in the lungs.

Diagnosis and diagnosis of acute viral upper respiratory tract infection

Laboratory tests for acute viral upper respiratory infections

First, the hemoglobin virus infection showed normal or low white blood cell count and increased lymphocyte ratio. Bacterial infections include white blood cell counts, neutrophils, and nuclear shift to the left.

2. Determination of viruses and viral antigens As required, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, serological diagnostics, and virus isolation and identification can be used to determine the type of virus and distinguish between viral and bacterial infections. Bacterial culture judges bacteria type and drug sensitivity test.

[Complications] May be complicated by acute sinusitis, otitis media, and trachea-bronchitis. Some patients may be secondary to rheumatism, glomerulonephritis, and myocarditis.

[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis] Clinical diagnosis can be made based on medical history, epidemic situation, symptoms and signs of inflammation of the nasopharynx, combined with peripheral blood and chest X-ray examination. Bacterial culture and virus isolation, or virus serology, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination inhibition test, etc. can be used to determine the diagnosis of the cause.

Acute viral upper respiratory tract infection

I. Allergic rhinitis is clinically very similar to "cold", the different ones are sudden onset, itching of the nasal cavity, frequent sneezing, running water-like snot, and the outbreak is related to sudden changes in the environment or temperature. Sometimes an abnormal odor can occur. Heal in minutes to 1-2h. Examination: pale nasal mucosa, edema, nasal secretion smear showing increased eosinophils.

Second, influenza often has obvious epidemic. Onset is acute, systemic symptoms are severe, high fever, sore body, and conjunctival inflammation are obvious, but the nasopharyngeal symptoms are mild. Smear specimens of mucosal epithelial cells in nasal wash of patients are stained with fluorescently labeled influenza virus immune serum and examined under a fluorescent microscope, which is helpful for early diagnosis, or virus isolation or serological diagnosis can be identified.

3. The precursor symptoms of acute infectious diseases, such as measles, polio, and encephalitis, often have upper respiratory symptoms at the beginning of the disease. They should be closely observed during the epidemic season or epidemic area of these diseases, and necessary laboratory inspections should be conducted to help the difference. , There are no specific antiviral drugs for respiratory viruses at present, and symptomatic or traditional Chinese medicine treatment is commonly used.

First, symptomatic treatment of severe illness or fever or the elderly and infirm should rest in bed, avoid smoking, drink plenty of water, and maintain indoor air circulation. If you have fever or headache, you can use antipyretic and analgesic tablets such as compound aspirin and Qutong tablets. Sore throat can be treated with anti-inflammatory throat tablets and localized atomization. Nasal congestion and runny nose can use 1% ephedrine nose drops.

Second, if there is a bacterial infection in the treatment of antibacterial drugs, suitable antibiotics can be selected, such as penicillin, erythromycin, spiramycin, and ofloxacin. Antibiotics are generally not required for simple viral infections.

Bacterial culture

Chemical drugs to treat viral infections are immature. Morphoguanidine (ABOB) has a certain effect on influenza viruses and respiratory viruses. Adenosine arabine has a certain effect on adenovirus infection. Rifampicin can selectively inhibit viral RNA polymerase and has a certain effect on influenza viruses and adenoviruses. In recent years, it has been discovered that a synthetic and powerful interferon inducer, polymuscle (poly l: C for short), can cause the human body to produce interferon and inhibit the reproduction of the virus.

Third, traditional Chinese medicine treatment

The principle of using proprietary Chinese medicines or treating according to syndrome differentiation is unique to upper respiratory tract infections.

^[1] [Prevention] Strengthening the body's own disease resistance is the best way to prevent acute upper respiratory infections. Such as adhere to regular and appropriate physical exercise, adhere to cold water bath, improve the body's ability to prevent disease and adapt to cold. Do a good job in preventing colds and avoid the causes of illness. Regular life, avoid overwork, especially overwork at night. Pay attention to the isolation of respiratory patients to prevent cross infection.

Treatment of acute viral upper respiratory infections

There are currently no specific antiviral drugs for respiratory viruses, and symptomatic or traditional Chinese medicine treatment is commonly used.

Symptomatic treatment of acute viral upper respiratory infection

Those with severe illness or fever or those who are old or infirm should stay in bed, avoid smoking, drink plenty of water, and maintain indoor air circulation. If you have fever or headache, you can use antipyretic and analgesic tablets such as compound aspirin and Qutong tablets. Sore throat can be treated with anti-inflammatory throat tablets and localized atomization. Nasal congestion and runny nose can use 1% ephedrine nose drops.

Antiviral treatment for acute viral upper respiratory infections

If there is a bacterial infection, you can choose a suitable antibiotic, such as penicillin, erythromycin, spiramycin, and ofloxacin. Antibiotics are generally not required for simple viral infections.

Chemical drugs to treat viral infections are immature. Morphoguanidine (ABOB) has a certain effect on influenza viruses and respiratory viruses. Adenosine arabine has a certain effect on adenovirus infection. Rifampicin can selectively inhibit viral RNA polymerase and has a certain effect on influenza viruses and adenoviruses. In recent years, it has been discovered that a synthetic and powerful interferon inducer, polymuscle (poly l: C for short), can cause the human body to produce interferon and inhibit the reproduction of the virus.

Chinese medicine treatment of acute viral upper respiratory tract infection

The principle of using proprietary Chinese medicines or treating according to syndrome differentiation is unique to upper respiratory tract infections.

Etiology of acute viral upper respiratory infections

About 70% -80% of acute upper respiratory infections are caused by the virus. There are mainly influenza viruses (A, B, C), parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, ecovirus, coxsackie virus, measles virus, rubella virus. Bacterial infections can occur directly or following viral infections. Hemolytic streptococci are more common, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and staphylococci. Occasionally Gram-negative bacilli. The main manifestations of his infection are rhinitis, sore throat, or tonsillitis.

When there are inducing factors such as cold, rain, excessive fatigue, etc., which reduce the local defense function of the whole body or respiratory tract, viruses or bacteria that already exist in the upper respiratory tract or invade from the outside can rapidly multiply, causing disease, especially the old and young Or those with chronic respiratory diseases such as paranasal sinusitis and tonsillitis are more susceptible.

Pathological changes of acute viral upper respiratory infection

Nasal cavity and pharyngeal mucosa congestion, edema, destruction of epithelial cells, a small amount of monocyte infiltration, serous and mucous inflammatory exudation. After the secondary bacterial infection, there was neutrophil infiltration and a large amount of purulent secretions.

Epidemiology of acute viral upper respiratory infection

The disease can occur throughout the year, and it occurs frequently in winter and spring. It can be transmitted through virus-containing droplets or contaminated equipment. Most of them are sporadic, but they are often epidemic when the climate changes suddenly. Because there are many types of viruses, the body's immunity to various viral infections is weak and transient, and there is no cross-immunity. At the same time, there are carriers of viruses in healthy people, so a person can have multiple attacks within a year.

Complications of acute viral upper respiratory infection

May be complicated by acute sinusitis, otitis media, and trachea-bronchitis. Some patients may be secondary to rheumatism, glomerulonephritis, and myocarditis. HIAN flu, etc.

Upper respiratory tract infection

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Auxiliary examination for acute viral upper respiratory tract infection

Hemogram of acute viral upper respiratory tract infection

Viral infection showed normal or low white blood cell count and increased lymphocyte ratio. Bacterial infections include white blood cell counts, neutrophils, and nuclear shift to the left.

Determination of viral antigens in acute viral upper respiratory infections

If necessary, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, serological diagnosis, and virus isolation and identification can be used to determine the type of virus and distinguish between viral and bacterial infections. Bacterial culture judges bacteria type and drug sensitivity test.

Differential diagnosis

This disease needs to be identified from the following diseases;

First, allergic rhinitis

Clinically, it is very similar to "cold". The difference is rapid onset, itching in the nasal cavity, frequent sneezing, and running water-like snot. The onset is related to sudden changes in the environment or temperature. Sometimes, the abnormal odor can also occur. It takes several minutes to 1-2 hours. get well. Examination: pale nasal mucosa, edema, nasal secretion smear showing increased eosinophils.

Influenza

Often there is a clear epidemic. Onset is acute, systemic symptoms are severe, high fever, sore body, and conjunctival inflammation are obvious, but the nasopharyngeal symptoms are mild. Smear specimens of mucosal epithelial cells in nasal wash of patients are stained with fluorescently labeled influenza virus immune serum and examined under a fluorescent microscope, which is helpful for early diagnosis, or virus isolation or serological diagnosis can be identified.

Precursor symptoms of acute infectious diseases

Such as measles, polio, encephalitis, etc. often have upper respiratory symptoms at the beginning of the disease. In the epidemic season or epidemic area of these diseases, close observation should be carried out and necessary laboratory tests should be performed to distinguish them.

Prevention of acute viral upper respiratory infections

Strengthening the body's own disease resistance is the best way to prevent acute upper respiratory infections. Such as adhere to regular and appropriate physical exercise, adhere to cold water bath, improve the body's ability to prevent disease and adapt to cold. Do a good job in preventing colds and avoid the causes of illness. Regular life, avoid overwork, especially overwork at night. Pay attention to the isolation of respiratory patients to prevent cross infection.