What Is Renal Impairment?

Renal insufficiency is caused by a variety of reasons. The glomerulus is severely damaged, causing the body to suffer from clinical syndrome syndromes in terms of excretion of metabolic waste and regulation of water-electrolyte and acid-base balance. Divided into acute renal insufficiency and chronic renal insufficiency. The prognosis is severe and it is one of the main life-threatening conditions.

Causes of Renal Insufficiency

The causes of renal insufficiency can be summarized as follows:

1. Kidney diseases: such as acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, acute tubular degeneration, necrosis, kidney tumors and congenital kidney diseases caused by chemical poisons and biological poisons.

2. Extrarenal diseases: such as systemic blood circulation disorders (shock, heart failure, hypertension), systemic metabolic disorders (such as diabetes), and urinary tract disorders (urinary tract stones, tumor compression), etc.

Stages of renal insufficiency

Renal insufficiency can be divided into the following four stages:

Renal Insufficiency Phase I

Renal function reserve period. Because the kidney reserve has a large ability to compensate, although the renal function has decreased clinically, its ability to excrete metabolites and regulate water and electrolyte balance can still meet normal needs. No clinical symptoms appear and renal function tests are normal The range may occasionally be slightly higher.

Renal Insufficiency Phase II

Renal insufficiency. The glomerulus has more damage, 60% -75%, the kidney has a certain obstacle when excreting metabolic waste, and creatinine urea nitrogen can be higher or higher than normal. Patients can develop anemia, fatigue, weight loss, and difficulty concentrating. However, it is often overlooked. If there is dehydration, infection, bleeding, etc., obvious symptoms will soon appear.

Renal insufficiency stage III

Renal failure. Renal function has been seriously damaged, 75% -95%, unable to maintain the stability of the internal environment of the body, patients are prone to fatigue, fatigue, inability to concentrate and other symptoms worsen, anemia is obvious, nocturia increased, blood creatinine, urea nitrogen increased significantly, And often acidosis. This period is also called azotemia.

Renal Insufficiency Phase IV

End stage of uremia or renal insufficiency. At this stage, glomerular damage has exceeded 95%, with severe clinical symptoms such as severe nausea, vomiting, oliguria, edema, hypertensive hypertension, severe anemia, itchy skin, and urinary odor.

Renal insufficiency pathology

According to the latest pathological stage of renal fibrosis, the compensatory stage of renal insufficiency is in the inflammatory reaction stage, and the kidney damage is minor, with only mild proteinuria, hematuria, and edema symptoms. During this period, experts observed through many years of clinical practice, and through standardized treatment, they can Get complete elimination of symptoms.

Kidney Anatomy Renal insufficiency is decompensated and renal insufficiency is in the stage of renal fibrosis. Pathological damage in this stage is more serious than in the previous stage, and complications begin to appear, such as increased blood pressure, anemia, dizziness, headache, fatigue, decreased appetite, and blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. At this stage, after repairing damaged kidney tissue and recovering renal function, symptoms will be eliminated, blood creatinine and urea nitrogen will return to normal, preventing the disease from progressing to uremia, and avoiding dialysis and kidney transplantation. But if this period is not paid attention to and treatment will continue to increase, the disease will progress to end-stage renal disease. In the uremia phase of renal insufficiency, the kidney is almost scarred, and more than 90% of nephron function is lost. This period can only be used to alleviate complications, prolong the dialysis interval, or get rid of dialysis.

Generally speaking, it is the clinically reversible phase of renal fibrosis. As long as the kidney function is prevented from continuing to deteriorate and the kidney function is repaired in time, it is completely possible for the clinical cure and the patient to achieve benign disease. At this time, the focus of treatment for renal insufficiency is to block from the source, correct vasospasm, and ensure unblocked blood circulation; in addition, inactivate various pathogenic inflammatory mediators and nephrotoxic factors to promote inherent Cells reversed to healthy tissue after phenotypic transformation.

Clinical manifestations of renal insufficiency

In the early stages of renal insufficiency, there are only clinical symptoms of the primary disease, which can involve various organs and tissues throughout the body, with corresponding symptoms:

Symptoms and causes of renal insufficiency (8 photos)

First, gastrointestinal manifestations are the earliest and most common symptoms of uremia. Anorexia and abdominal discomfort are the main complaints in the early stage, and nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, glossitis, odour in the mouth, oral mucosal ulceration, and even large gastrointestinal bleeding later appear.

Second, the mental and nervous system manifestations of malaise, fatigue, dizziness, headache, memory loss, insomnia, numbness of the limbs, burning of hands and feet, and itching of the skin, and even itching of the lower extremities, which must be moved frequently, can not rest, etc. Late stage can cause drowsiness, irritability, slang, muscle tremors and even convulsions, convulsions, and coma.

Third, the performance of the cardiovascular system often has elevated blood pressure. Long-term hypertension can enlarge left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial damage, and heart failure. Retained toxic substances can cause myocardial damage and uremic pericarditis.

4. Anemia in the hematopoietic system is an inevitable symptom for patients with uremia. In addition to anemia, there are also easy bleeding, such as subcutaneous ecchymosis, epistaxis, bleeding gums, and black stools.

Fifth, the respiratory system exhibits deep and long breathing when acidosis occurs. Retention of metabolites can cause uremic bronchitis, pneumonia, and pleurisy, with corresponding clinical symptoms and signs.

6. Skin manifestation The skin is tarnished, dry and desquamated.

Seven, metabolic acidosis

Dehydration or edema

Nine, electrolyte balance disorders

(1) Hyponatremia and sodium retention

(2) Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia

10. Patients with metabolic disorders often have significant hypoproteinemia and weight loss. In addition, patients with uremia often have hyperlipidemia.

Classification of renal insufficiency

Renal insufficiency can be divided into chronic renal insufficiency and acute renal insufficiency according to the time of development, that is, by time.

Chronic renal insufficiency

Chronic renal insufficiency is the final outcome of various progressive kidney diseases. Therefore, there are many causes of chronic renal insufficiency. The most common are the following:

1. Chronic glomerulonephritis: such as IGA nephropathy, membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis; focal segmental sclerosing glomerulonephritis and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.

2. Renal damage caused by metabolic abnormalities, such as diabetic nephropathy, gout nephropathy and amyloidosis nephropathy;

3. Vascular nephropathy, such as hypertension, renal vascular hypertension, renal arteriosclerosis, etc .;

4. Hereditary nephropathy, such as polycystic kidney disease, Alport syndrome, etc .;

5. Infectious kidney disease, such as chronic pyelonephritis and renal tuberculosis;

6, systemic diseases, such as lupus nephritis, vasculitis kidney damage, multiple myeloma, etc .;

7. Toxic nephropathy, such as analgesic nephropathy, heavy metal toxic nephropathy, etc .;

8. Obstructive nephropathy, such as ureteral obstruction; reflux nephropathy, urinary tract stones, etc.

Note: When the kidney disease is in its early stage (inflammatory reaction phase), only the hematuria and proteinuria stages are the best treatment time. Through the regular treatment of small-scale pathological damage to the kidney, it can be repaired quickly, the kidney function returns to normal, and the indicators return to normal. It is not easy to relapse; once the condition worsens, complications occur at the same time, serum creatinine urea nitrogen increases, enters the stage of renal insufficiency, renal functional units are extensively fibrotic, and treatment is difficult, but at this time, if active treatment can still reverse renal function and control concurrency Disease, reduce blood creatinine urea nitrogen, avoid dialysis, kidney transplantation.

Acute renal insufficiency

I. Clinical manifestations

The performance is divided into oliguria and non-oliguria.

High-definition ARF: tissue catabolism is fast, blood urea nitrogen and blood creatinine increase at a rate of> 14.3mmol / L (40mg / dl) and> 170umol / L (2mg / dl) daily.

1. Prerenal azotemia oliguria, elevated blood urea nitrogen

2. Sudden anemia or intermittent anuria in postrenal azotemia

3. Renal parenchyma may vary depending on the affected area.

(1) RPCN has rapid nephritis syndrome.

(2) Typical oliguria-type ATN: oliguria, polyuria, and recovery.

(3) Drug-induced AIN has a history of useful drugs, and a few have a history of allergies. It has manifestations of interstitial tubule dysfunction, such as anemia, hypokalemia, normal blood glucose, urine glucose positive, and acidosis that are not parallel to the decline in renal function.

(4) Malignant hypertension of renal vascular ARF, one or both sides of large vascular disease

Causes and pathogenesis

() Prerenal azotemia

1. Causes of decreased blood vessel content: bleeding, gastrointestinal loss, dehydration, excessive diuresis, etc.

2, the situation of systemic vascular resistance: sepsis, allergic reactions, anesthesia, use of drugs to reduce cardiac afterload. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, epinephrine, norepinephrine, anesthetics, and cyclosporine can all cause decreased glomerular filtration function.

3. Insufficient cardiac output leads to insufficient effective circulation capacity. Cardiogenic shock, congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pericardial tamponade, etc. cause renal blood perfusion to decrease.

(Two) postrenal azotemia

These include urethral obstruction, bladder dysfunction or obstruction, ureteral or pelvic obstruction. Hyperplasia of the prostate, cancer of the bladder, prostate, or cervix, retroperitoneal fibrosis, or neurogenic bladder can cause urinary tract obstruction.

Less common causes include bilateral ureteral stones, urethral stones, and renal papillary necrosis. In patients with solitary kidney, unilateral urinary tract obstruction can cause postrenal azotemia.

(Three) renal parenchyma

1. Glomerular disease, acute nephritis, severe glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome with ARF.

2. The pathological manifestations of acute interstitial nephritis are interstitial inflammation with edema and tubular damage.

Mainly caused by drugs, other causes include infectious diseases, immune diseases or idiopathic.

3. The cause of acute tubular necrosis is ischemia and poisoning.

4. Renal vascular disease is relatively rare

(4) Occurred on the basis of chronic renal insufficiency

Chronic glomerular disease combined with acute interstitial nephritis, diabetic nephropathy combined with contrast agent nephropathy, various glomerular diseases caused prerenal azotemia after application of ACE.

Third, differential diagnosis

1. ARF is a rapid decrease in excretory function of both kidneys in a short time due to various reasons, and the average daily increase in blood creatinine is 44.2umol / L.

2. It is further determined as oliguria type, non-oliguria type, or high decomposition type?

3, pay attention to the following two points: the use of diuretics can increase urine excretion, so at this time can not rely on urine excretion and sodium excretion fraction as a diagnostic basis; those who have proteinuria or diabetes and mannitol, dextran or radiography After administration, both urine specific gravity and urine osmotic pressure can be increased, so it should not be used as a basis for diagnosis.

4. Chronic renal failure should also be ruled out. B-ultrasound measurement of kidney size and nail creatinine measurement can help identify acute and chronic renal failure. B ultrasound is not small, the thickness of renal parenchyma is not thin, which supports acute renal failure. Nail creatinine represents the blood creatinine level in the patient's serum 3 months ago, so if the nail creatinine is normal it also supports the diagnosis of acute renal failure.

5. The gold standard is to perform an emergency kidney biopsy as soon as possible to confirm the diagnosis.

Fourth, cure and prognosis

1. The treatment of prerenal azotemia should first look for the cause.

2. When ARF is suspected to be caused by posterior renal obstruction, a urinary catheter should be placed in the bladder. The residual urine capacity of the bladder can be increased, or a large amount of urine retained due to obstruction can be discharged.

3. Renal parenchyma

After severe acute streptococcal infection, glomerulonephritis should be supported and symptomatic, and dialysis can be applied if necessary; nephrotic syndrome combined with ARF should actively use hormones to treat nephrotic syndrome, and supplemented with dialysis therapy if necessary.

The key to treatment is to discontinue allergenic drugs and, if necessary, corticosteroids.

The treatment of mild ATN is mainly conservative treatment such as support and symptom.

Malignant hypertension should be gradually and actively lowered. Early renal macrovascular diseases such as renal artery or renal vein thrombosis or embolism can be treated with thrombolysis and anticoagulation accordingly.

Factors that cause renal insufficiency

Renal insufficiency is divided into acute renal insufficiency (ARF) and chronic renal insufficiency (CRF).

The etiology of ARF is divided into prerenal, renal and postrenal. Prerenal azotemia accounts for about 50% to 80% of the cause of ARF; the cause of insufficient renal perfusion is due to extracellular fluid loss or cardiovascular disease; renal acute glomerular vascular and tubulointerstitial nephropathy Sexual causes, such as malignant hypertension, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, bacterial infections, drug reactions and metabolic disorders (such as hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia); postrenal azotemia accounts for about 5% to 10 %; Urinary urination and various obstructions in the collection part are responsible for this. Many ARF patients can find more than one cause. The factors that cause ARF and maintain ARF may be different. More than 90% of acute renal failure can be recovered.

The chronic etiology is divided into primary and secondary. Chronic renal failure is the final outcome of all progressive kidney diseases. Therefore, the causes of chronic renal failure are diverse. The common causes are:

Chronic glomerulonephritis, such as IgA nephropathy, membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis; focal segmental sclerosing glomerulonephritis and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis;

Kidney damage caused by metabolic abnormalities, such as diabetic nephropathy, gout nephropathy and amyloidosis nephropathy;

vascular nephropathy, such as hypertension, renal vascular hypertension, renal arteriosclerosis, etc .;

Location of kidney Hereditary nephropathy, such as polycystic kidney disease, Alport syndrome, etc .;

Infectious kidney disease, such as chronic pyelonephritis and renal tuberculosis;

Systemic systemic diseases, such as lupus nephritis, vasculitis kidney damage, multiple myeloma, etc .;

Toxic nephropathy, such as analgesic nephropathy, heavy metal toxic nephropathy, etc .;

Obstructive nephropathy, such as ureteral obstruction; reflux nephropathy, urinary stones, and so on. In addition, the etiology of approximately 6% -9% of patients is difficult to determine.

Renal insufficiency test

Qualitative test of urine protein in renal insufficiency

Protein test paper method, sulfosalic acid method, heating acetic acid method are usually used. Under normal circumstances, the qualitative test for urine protein is negative. However, this test method is susceptible to a number of factors, which can cause false results. For example, when the urate content is high, the urine shows an acidic reaction, the protein test paper method results are lower than the actual situation, and the sulfosalic acid method is liable to false positives; When penicillin is used in large quantities, the sulfosalic acid method is liable to give false positive reactions; when using sulfo contrast agents, both the sulfosalic acid method and the heated acetic acid method can produce false positive reactions; when urine is strongly alkaline, the false results are more There are many false negative reactions of protein test paper method, or false negative reactions of sulfosalic acid method and heated acetic acid method.

When the urine protein is only some special proteins, the protein test paper method and the sulfosalic acid method are not sensitive. Therefore, in the qualitative analysis of urinary protein, various factors should be integrated, and the specific situation should be specifically analyzed to select an appropriate method. Although qualitative tests are more convenient, sometimes it is difficult to reflect the actual situation of proteinuria, and it is better to carry out quantitative inspection when conditions permit.

Routine blood test for renal insufficiency

Obvious anemia, normal cell anemia, normal or increased white blood cell count. Platelets decrease, and the rate of fine cell sedimentation increases.

Routine examination of renal insufficiency:

There is a trap difference with the primary disease. Their common points are:

The urine osmotic pressure is lower than 450mOsm per kg, and the menstrual weight is usually lower than 1.018. In severe cases, it is fixed between 1.010 and 1.012. When urine concentration and dilution test is performed, nocturnal urine volume is greater than day urine. Volume, the urine specific gravity exceeded 1.020 each time, and the difference between the highest and lowest urine specific gravity was less than 0.008;

The urine output is reduced, mostly below 1000ml per day;

The quantitative increase of urinary protein, due to the majority of the glomerulus has been destroyed in the late stage, but the urinary protein has decreased;

urine sediment examination, leukocytosis in the urine sediment (normally full field of vision, chronic period of 5 / high magnification field), sometimes white blood cell cast.

Urine Bacterial Test: This nephritis test is relatively simple. When urine contains a large amount of bacteria, 90% of the bacteria can be found due to Gram staining in the urine sediment coating. The test results have a high positive rate.

X X-ray of renal insufficiency

^[1] X-ray examination is performed when the patient's nephritis attacks repeatedly, or the patient's condition develops to an uncontrollable level. At this time, X-ray examination is used for nephritis examination, including abdominal X-rays, intravenous pyelography, urination, cystourethrography . The purpose was to exclude the presence or absence of stones, congenital malformations of the urinary system, sagging kidneys, and other lesions.

Prevention of Renal Insufficiency

Precautions for renal insufficiency

Patients with chronic renal insufficiency must first strengthen self-care, exercise, strengthen disease resistance, timely treatment of upper respiratory infections, clear infections, treatment of primary disease, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, hypertension, etc. Damage to the kidneys.

Secondly, pay attention to observe certain changes in the body: such as edema, hypertension, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, anemia, etc., and observe the changes in urine and the amount of urine. If you have any discomfort, you should do blood and urine. Analysis, urine bacterial culture and counting, renal function measurement, and even kidney biopsy and renal imaging examination to determine the etiology, pathological changes and renal function of kidney disease, for the treatment and prognosis of kidney disease Provide evidence.

The treatment of kidney disease is mainly divided into general treatment and special treatment. In general treatment, pay attention to rest, how to rest depends on the condition. According to the different types of disease, the corresponding diet is used for the degree of the disease. Control the infection, clear the primary focus, treat the primary disease, adjust the water and electrolyte balance, and strengthen the body's resistance to disease. In special treatment, different treatment schemes are also adopted according to different types of kidney disease.

Prevention and treatment of renal insufficiency in the elderly

With the rapid growth of the elderly population, the number of elderly patients with chronic renal insufficiency has also increased. The disease develops rapidly, there are many complications, high mortality, and the age of onset is more common in older patients over 60 years old. Due to the increase in age, the small arteries of the kidney become sclerotic and gradually harden. When suffering from hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, obstructive nephropathy, chronic pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, kidney cancer and prostate cancer, it can aggravate the progress of renal tubular arteriosclerosis and glomerulosclerosis, and Causes chronic renal insufficiency. Therefore, how to protect the kidney and delay the occurrence and development of renal insufficiency in the elderly is a clinically important issue.

1. First treat primary diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes. Prevents aggravation of renal artery and glomerulosclerosis.

2. Actively control infections, especially urinary and respiratory infections, and prevent double infections.

3. Actively correct the imbalance of hydropower and acid-base balance.

4. Diuretic and correct heart failure.

5, the diet with a high-calorie, high-quality low-protein, low-phosphorus diet with essential amino acids, appropriate vitamins, minerals and trace elements.

6, avoid cold, wet and overwork, prevent colds, do not use drugs that damage the kidneys.

7. Fully effective dialysis.

8. Comprehensive treatment of complications is required to correct anemia and prevent gastrointestinal bleeding. Those with hypercoagulability need anticoagulation treatment. Those who have progressed should switch to blood purification therapy as soon as possible.

Kidney Insufficiency Care

Kidney Insufficiency Daily Care

Pay attention to observe certain changes in the body: such as edema, hypertension, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, anemia, etc., and observe the changes in urine, the amount of urine, if you have the above discomfort, you should do blood, urine analysis, Urine bacterial culture and counting, renal function measurement, and even kidney biopsy and renal imaging examination to determine the etiology, pathological changes and renal function of kidney disease, and provide evidence for the treatment and prognosis of kidney disease .

Remedy for renal insufficiency

Remedy one: Taking the blood circulation, stasis, dampness and turbidity as the criteria, the established prescriptions mainly include Salvia miltiorrhiza, Achyranthes bidentata, Motherwort, Aquilegia, Pellin, Pinellia ternate, Lutong, Psyllium, Talc, Rhubarb, Licorice For those with severe back pain, add Eucommia and Chuanchuan; for those who have severe nausea and vomiting, add bamboo ru, ochre, and inflorescence; constipation with mirabilite and ugly; unfavorable urination with Mutong and Cork; wetness with Cangzhu, Magnolia, Amomum villosum Hematuria plus pupa yellow, Platycladus orientalis, and white grass root; those with calculi plus money grass, sea gold sand, chicken gold; those with positive urine cultures add white flowering hydrangea, dandelion, ground tincture and forsythia; dark tongue with stasis Spots can be given compound Danshen injection or Mailuoning injection 20ml, 250% 5% glucose solution 250ml, intravenous drip once a day.

Part two: The method of activating blood circulation, removing blood stasis, and dampness and turbidity is the main method. In the treatment of renal insufficiency, it can indeed play a role in regulating Qi and venting yangming. Salvia miltiorrhiza, Achyranthes bidentata and Leonurus can promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis; fragrant incense and Pelan are aromatic and turbid, to strengthen the spleen and refresh the stomach, avoid dullness and stomach stagnation; the other prescription is Pinellia suffocate, Psyllium, Lutong, Talc It can penetrate dampness and water, rhubarb Tongli, licorice reconcile various medicines, and play a role in removing blood stasis and reducing turbidity. Combined with intravenous drip of compound Danshen injection or Mailuoning injection, the intensity of removing blood stasis is increased.

Renal Insufficiency Diet Therapy

First, in order to maximize the use of the protein in the renal insufficiency recipes and not allow it to be converted into energy consumption, you must also supplement energy while taking a low-protein diet. The daily calories per kilogram of body weight is at least 35 kcal, which is mainly supplied by sugar. It can eat fruits, cane sugar products, chocolate, jam, honey and so on.

Second, there must be a reasonable protein intake. Metabolites in the human body are mainly derived from protein components in the diet. Therefore, in order to reduce the workload of the remaining kidney, the amount of protein intake must be compatible with the excretion capacity of the kidney.

For example, when the serum creatinine is 170-440 micromoles / liter, the protein is preferably 0.6 grams per kilogram of body weight per day. For those who have a large amount of proteinuria, 1.5 grams of protein can be supplemented for each gram of protein lost. When the serum creatinine exceeds 440 micromoles / liter, the protein intake should be further reduced, and it is better that the total amount does not exceed 30 grams per day. However, it must be emphasized that if blindly pursued to limit protein intake, it will lead to malnutrition, physical decline and poor results.

Third, the amount of salt in the recipe for renal insufficiency should depend on the condition. If you have hypertension or edema, you should use a low-salt diet with 2 grams of salt per day.

Fourth, it is worth noting that although some foods meet the previous conditions, such as egg yolk, meat floss, animal offal, dairy products, bone marrow, etc., they are not suitable for consumption because of their high phosphorus content, because the storage of phosphorus can promote Kidney function deteriorates further. In order to reduce the phosphorus content in food, fish, meat, potatoes, etc. should be boiled and discarded before further cooking.

Fifth, drugs excreted by the kidneys may also damage the kidneys, such as gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, guanmutong, sulfa antibiotics, penicillin and autoimmune injections, indomethacin, paracetamol, As well as hormones and contrast agents.

In addition, if you have high blood pressure, diabetes, or infection, you must prevent kidney damage from these diseases.

As a staple food, you can choose Jiangsu standard rice, medium white rice, rich and strong powder, and rice flour. It is not advisable to use Jiangsu glutinous rice and Beijing extra rice millet.

For fish with renal insufficiency recipes, you can choose lean pork, lean lamb, chicken, duck, big yellow croaker, eel, catfish, catfish, bonito, loach, river prawn, ham, pig heart, chicken gizzard, and mussel. It is not suitable to use various meat floss, brain, liver and lung of various animals, beef milk powder, dried shark, dried squid, scallop, turtle, herring, dried saury, Kaiyang, shrimp skin, silver carp, carp, belt fish, river crab, etc.

Pickles and dried vegetables, pickled greens, snow red, kohlrabi, dried radish, and pickled radish, sweet and sour garlic can be used. Do not use pickled toon, mustard, pickled cucumber, mushroom, winter mushroom, white fungus, seaweed, kelp.

Soy products, soy milk, jelly, vermicelli and green beans can be selected. Should not use soybeans, mung beans, red beans, broad beans, vegetarian chicken, oil tofu, dried tofu, gluten.

For fruits and dried fruits, various fruits can be used. Peanut kernels, watermelon seeds, sunflower seeds, almonds, and dried lotus seeds are not suitable.

Vegetables can be selected from a variety of radishes, bamboo shoots, Chinese cabbage, small greens, lettuce, cabbage, amaranth, celery, green garlic, scallion, winter melon, pumpkin, cucumber, loofah, eggplant, tomatoes, green peppers, potatoes. Not suitable for corn flakes, raw coriander, lettuce, and lily.

For condiments, brown sugar, white sugar, and honey can be selected. Sesame or sesame sauce and bean paste are not suitable.

For eggs, you can use the protein of various eggs. It is not suitable to use the yolk of various eggs.

Other recipes for renal insufficiency can be popsicles, ice cream, etc. It is not suitable to use cakes, peach cakes, rice noodles, etc.

Early signs of renal insufficiency

Early Signs of Renal Insufficiency Renal insufficiency is a late stage in the progressive deterioration of patients with chronic kidney disease. Clinically, when patients with chronic kidney disease enter the stage of renal insufficiency, due to the clinical manifestations and differences in clinical laboratory indicators, renal insufficiency is also divided into compensatory period, decompensated period, renal failure period and uremia period.

Regardless of the stage of renal insufficiency, early stage renal insufficiency, or intermediate and advanced stages of renal insufficiency, the disease does not develop overnight, it is the result of long-term effects of various pathogenic factors. Studies have confirmed that there is a lack of sensory nerves in the kidney, so patients often feel normal after suffering from kidney disease. Therefore, when severe anemia, nausea and vomiting occur, the patient's life is already in danger.

Although the development of kidney disease is relatively secretive, early warning signals will still appear in the human body during the early stages of renal insufficiency

Symptoms of drowsiness, fatigue, yellowing, and poor appetite are the early manifestations of kidney dysfunction. Almost 100% of patients will appear, but they are the most easily overlooked. When this happens, people are often associated with fatigue. So be sure to check your kidney function at the hospital at any time.

Hypertension is due to the kidney's excretory function. When kidney function is impaired, sodium and water retention will occur in the body. In addition, the kidney will secrete some substances that raise blood pressure. Therefore, 90% of people with uremia in the early stage show high blood pressure.

Swelling and changes in urine volume are relatively easy to detect, and they are also the late symptoms of renal failure. In the early stage, they only swell in the ankle and eyelid, and then develop into persistent or systemic edema. Patients with symptoms such as facial edema, increased urine foam, darker colors, pain in the kidney area, and urinary discomfort should consult a nephrologist in a timely manner. However, most CKD patients do not have any symptoms in the early stages, but are found during physical examination. Therefore, regular urine tests are convenient, fast and inexpensive. Most CKD patients can find urine tests.

Is renal insufficiency inherited?

Renal insufficiency can be caused by a variety of causes, most of which are not inherited, but it is worth noting that one of the causes of renal insufficiency is hereditary kidney disease, such as polycystic kidney disease It is one of them. Clinically, polycystic kidney disease is divided into autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. The former is more common and the latter is rare. Familial clustering, therefore, renal dysfunction caused by polycystic kidney disease has a certain genetic color, Dr. Yu Huimin suggested that it is best for this type of patients to consider childbearing at the same time from the perspective of eugenics and effective treatment measures Active treatment of renal insufficiency. From the clinical experience point of view, the original "spleen theory treatment" theory and "-like immune conditioning" therapy have a good effect on chronic renal insufficiency.

In addition, for patients with essential hypertension, it must also be noted that due to high blood pressure, renal insufficiency is likely to occur, and it is also one of the causes of renal insufficiency. This part of patients also needs to be more vigilant, experts said that it may be Because of the inheritance of hypertension, renal dysfunction occurs.

Can renal dysfunction be intersexed?

Patients with renal insufficiency can share the same room, but you must pay attention to the following three points:

First of all, patients with renal insufficiency should pay attention to the same room, should not be too frequent.

Sexual life should be moderately reduced. This is necessary and beneficial for restoring the kidneys and striving for early recovery while taking medication. The active cooperation of family members of patients with renal syndrome is also very important. First of all, we must correctly understand the principle of "abstinence" and take an active attitude to cooperate with the treatment of patients. This also plays a very important role in reducing patients' mental pressure. In addition, patients with kidney syndrome should pay special attention to hygiene during sexual life to prevent further increase of kidney damage after infection.

Patients with renal insufficiency should then share the same room, depending on the condition:

The active cooperation of family members of patients with kidney disease is also very important. First of all, we must correctly understand the principle of "abstinence" and take an active attitude to cooperate with the treatment of patients. This also plays a very important role in reducing the mental pressure of patients. In addition, patients with kidney disease should pay special attention to hygiene when they are having sex, so as to prevent further damage to the kidney after infection.

Finally, if in the treatment period, pay attention to contraception, and avoid kidney disease-induced factors such as fatigue and cold.

The patient is still in the treatment period, and all the indicators are abnormal, it is not suitable for fertility (referring to women), and precautions should be taken. Be careful not to catch a cold, or you will use this as an incentive to increase the burden on your kidneys.

Renal insufficiency

1. Zanba: Commonly known as Zangua. According to modern analysis and research, loquat white contains more oxalic acid and insoluble calcium oxalate. Therefore, anyone with urinary stones should eat more and often eat loquat.

2, bamboo shoots: sexual surprise, sweet, can clear heat and water. However, according to modern research, because bamboo shoots contain more insoluble calcium oxalate, which is not good for chronic nephritis and renal insufficiency, it should be avoided.

3. Ginger: warm in nature and spicy in taste. Ginger is the most common vegetable that cannot be eaten by renal insufficiency, because the ginger in ginger can stimulate the mucous membranes of the urinary system such as the bladder, which can aggravate the inflammatory response to urinary system infection. Therefore, for patients with urinary system infection, whether it is cystitis or urethritis, it is not appropriate to eat more ginger.