What Are the Different Types of Agricultural Machinery?

Agricultural machinery refers to various machinery used in crop planting and animal husbandry production processes, as well as in the initial processing and processing of agricultural and livestock products. Agricultural machinery includes agricultural power machinery, farmland construction machinery, soil farming machinery, planting and fertilizing machinery, plant protection machinery, farmland irrigation and drainage machinery, crop harvesting machinery, agricultural product processing machinery, animal husbandry machinery and agricultural transportation machinery.

Since the reform and opening up, with the country's promotion of agricultural mechanization and the acceleration of the implementation of rural infrastructure policies, China's agricultural machinery industry has developed significantly. Waiting for many small industries and forming a complete industrial system. The rapid development of agricultural machinery and its application in the countryside has accelerated the structural reform of the rural agricultural labor force in China, which has promoted the construction of a new countryside in our country and the development of the rural economy. Looking at the demand and use of agricultural machinery in rural areas, it has the following characteristics:

1) The potential for agricultural machinery in rural areas is large

China has a vast land and is also a large agricultural country. China has 1.5 billion acres of agricultural arable land, but the ratio of agricultural machinery use is still relatively low compared to developed countries. For example, according to the China Consumers Association survey, the use rate of rice harvesters in southern China in 2006 was only 20%. The demand potential for machinery is still great. With the advancement of China's rural industrialization, there is still huge development potential in the future use of agricultural machinery in rural areas.

2) The differences and levels of rural machinery purchases are prominent

Due to the vast area of our country and the rural distribution is relatively scattered, it is also difficult to purchase agricultural machinery in a concentrated way like the urban population. This has led to the prominent differences and levels of agricultural machinery purchase in rural markets. First, the level of purchasing agricultural machinery varies between rural areas, and the demand for agricultural machinery products in different terrains in rural plains, hills, grasslands, mountains and rivers is also different. Second, even in rural areas, different farmers have different levels of wealth, so there are differences when purchasing agricultural machinery. Third, China's rural market is also hierarchical. It is roughly divided into three layers: the eastern coast, the central plains, and the western inland three-tiered ladder markets. Farmers in these three-tiered ladder markets also differ in their consumption psychology and consumption structure. .

3) The purchase of agricultural machinery in rural areas is exemplary

Rural peasants still have a strong idea of small farmers, and the living characteristics of neighbors living in rural areas also lead to a strong sense of conformity and comparison among peasants. Often a farmer will spread information to others Farmers. Therefore, what good agricultural machinery a farmer buys will usually soon be known and copied by others, thus forming a good exemplary role.

4) Buying agricultural machinery in rural areas focuses on functionality

Rural farmers' consumption outlook is relatively simple, and the agricultural machinery consumer market is still at the stage of functional demand, that is, farmers mainly emphasize the practicality and material benefits of products, and do not pay much attention to the individual display and aesthetic value of products. The functional consumption concept of farmers has the following performances in the demand for agricultural machinery products: First, the practicality of agricultural machinery, farmers pay more attention to the performance of agricultural machinery products, and can adapt to rural consumption levels and consumption environment, Not much attention is paid to the aesthetics of agricultural machinery; the second is the cheapness of agricultural machinery. Under the premise of ensuring the practicality and durability of agricultural machinery, farmers require that the price of agricultural machinery be as cheap as possible. If the basic functions of the two agricultural machinery are the same, farmers must be Choose the one with a lower price. Third, the simplicity of agricultural machinery and the general education of farmers are not high. In the use of agricultural machinery, it is only necessary to emphasize the basic simple functions of agricultural machinery, such as the combine harvester in agricultural machinery, farmers Most of them only require that the wheat and other crops are cleaned. They do not pay attention to other functions of the combine, and agricultural machinery is easy to operate and easy to repair, and may be more welcomed by farmers. ^[1]

The origin of agricultural machinery can be traced back to the era when primitive farming tools were used in primitive society. In China, the Neo-Stone Age, the Yangshao culture period (about 5000 ~ 3000 BC), had primitive farmland tools-. In the 13th century BC, copper ploughshares were used for cattle farming. By the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in the 3rd century BC, it already had a series of iron and wooden farm tools such as arable land, seeding, harvesting, processing and irrigation. Around 90 B.C., the basic structure of the three-row puppet invented by Zhao Guo, the three-row drill, is still in use today. By the 9th century, a fairly complete animal-powered hoe-type plough had been formed. In ancient books such as Qi Min Yao Shu (about 540), Jing Jing (about 880), Wang Xi's "Agricultural Book" (about 1310), "Tiangong Kaiwu" (1637), agricultural production in various periods The various machines and tools used in it are well documented. In the West, primitive wooden ploughs originated in Mesopotamia and Egypt, and iron ploughshares were used around 1000 BC.

From the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, it was the era of developing and extensively using new animal-powered agricultural machinery. In 1831, the American CH McCormick created the successful Mara harvester. In 1836, the first horse-drawn grain harvester appeared. From 1850 to 1855, grain seeders, lawn mowers and corn seeders were successively manufactured and used. At the beginning of the 20th century, internal combustion engine-powered tractors began to gradually replace livestock. As a traction power, it was widely used in various field operations and used to drive various fixed agricultural machinery.

In the late 1930s, British HG Ferguson created a successful agricultural implement suspension system for tractors, which integrated the tractor and agricultural implements, greatly improving the use and operating performance of the tractor. The agricultural implement suspension system operated by the hydraulic system also makes the operation and control of agricultural implements more portable and flexible. The agricultural machinery supporting the tractor is gradually changed from a traction type to a suspended type and a semi-suspended type, so that the weight of the agricultural implement is reduced and the structure is simplified. Since the 1940s, grain harvesters in Europe and the United States have gradually changed from traction to self-propelled. In the 1960s, harvesting machinery such as fruits and vegetables was developed. Since the 1970s, electronic technology has gradually been applied to the monitoring and control of agricultural machinery operation processes, and has gradually developed towards the automation of operation processes. ^[1]

Agricultural machinery is generally classified by use. Most of them are specially designed and manufactured according to the characteristics of agriculture and the special requirements of various operations, such as soil cultivation machinery, planting and fertilizing machinery, plant protection machinery, crop harvesting machinery, animal husbandry machinery, and agricultural product processing machinery. The other part of the agricultural machinery is common to other industries, and can be directly selected according to the characteristics and needs of agriculture, such as agricultural power machinery, water pumps in farmland drainage and irrigation machinery; or these machines are designed into agricultural variants according to the characteristics and needs of agriculture, such as agriculture Agricultural vehicles, trailers in transport machinery, earth and stone machinery in farm construction machinery, etc.

Machines that power various agricultural machines and agricultural facilities. Agricultural power machinery mainly includes internal combustion engines and tractors equipped with internal combustion engines, as well as electric motors, wind turbines, water turbines and various small generator sets. Diesel engines have the advantages of high thermal efficiency, good fuel economy, reliable work, and good fire safety. They are most widely used in agricultural internal combustion engines and tractors. Gasoline engines are characterized by light weight, good low-temperature starting performance, and smooth operation. Most of them are used in small agricultural machinery, such as rice transplanters, motorized plant protection machinery, and tea pickers.

Farmland construction machinery is used to construct farmland for leveling land, building terraces and terraces, digging trenches, laying pipes and digging wells. Among them, earth and stone machinery such as bulldozers, graders, scrapers, excavators (see excavation machinery), loaders (see single bucket loaders), and rock drills are basically the same as similar machinery used in roads and construction, but large Most (except rock drills) are used in conjunction with agricultural tractors, and are easy to connect to improve power utilization. Other farmland construction machinery mainly includes trenchers, ratchet ploughs, shovel throwers, and water well drilling rigs.

Concrete trencher

Its working part is a ditching plough body with a ploughshare-type soil-cutting part. It is towed by a tractor and can complete the ditching operation in one stroke. The productivity is high, but the traction resistance is large. It must be matched with a high-power tractor. Excavation of small ditches.

Rotary Trencher

Rotate the milling and throwing disc to cut and throw the soil. It can be used with medium power tractors to complete the trenching operation after one or more strokes. Its operating speed is low, generally 50-400 meters / hour, so supporting tractors need to be equipped with or add ultra-low speed gear, the energy consumption of unit earthwork is greater than the ditch opener. It is suitable for excavation of large trenches.

Rat Road Plough

The working part is a cannonball-shaped cone-shaped cylinder with a column and a traction device. The tractor is used to dig a drainage ditch in the farmland.

Trenching and embedding machine

Can complete ditching, buried pipe, soil covering and compaction in one trip.

Shovel machine

The soil is shoveled by a shovel and sent to the spoiling part. The rotating disc type with the spoiling plate or the upwardly inclined circular tape type spattering part throws the soil to one side, and the throwing distance can reach 15 18. Meters, which can be used for earthmoving operations such as terraces and trenches.

Water well rig

There are three types of rotary, impact and composite. The rotary type is widely used. It consists of two parts: drilling device and circulating well washing device. The drilling device includes a turntable, a drill rod, a drill bit and a driving device. Different drill bits can be selected according to different rock formations. The circulating well washing device is used to discharge the drilled cuttings out of the well while drilling, and different types can be selected according to requirements. Percussion drilling rig is used to make the drill bit reciprocating up and down to impact and break the rock layer. It can be used for drilling operations of harder rock layers and pebble layers. Excavation of shallow wells. The composite drilling rig is equipped with an impact mechanism on the rotary drilling rig, which is mainly rotary drilling. When it encounters a pebble layer, it uses impact drilling to pass through, so it has strong adaptability.

Shovel machine

Farmland construction machinery capable of continuous soil shovel and lateral soil throwing. Used to build terraces and dig trenches. There are two types of disc working parts: disc type and belt type.

There are two types of disc scrapers: front-mounted and rear-mounted. The front-type shovel can open the road on its own, and has strong adaptability to complex terrain. However, the structure is more complicated. The thrown earth flow affects the driver's field of vision and deteriorates the operating conditions. It is mostly used to build steep slopes and terraces and to build mountain passages. The rear-mounted shovel is simple in structure and has good operating conditions, but has poor adaptability to steep slopes and cannot open roads on its own. It is mostly used to build gentle slope terraces. It is generally composed of a frame, a shovel, a curved soil collecting plate, a throwing disc and a transmission device. During operation, the shovel blade forms a cutting angle of 15 ° to 35 ° with the ground, scoops up the earthwork, and collects it onto the curved soil collecting plate below the soil disc. The soil-throwing disc is driven to rotate by the tractor's power output shaft via the universal shaft and the gearbox. Under the action of the throwing blades on the disc and the centrifugal force of the disc rotation, the earthwork on the soil-collecting plate is thrown in the tangential direction. . The blade tip has a linear velocity of 8 to 14 meters per second and a throwing distance of 5 to 15 meters. The direction of rotation of the soil-throwing disc can be changed, so that the back-and-forth strokes all throw the soil in the same direction. This machine has a compact structure and low cost, but it has a large impact load when throwing soil. The power consumption per unit of shovel is 0.1-0.2 kWh / m.

The belt-type shovel is suspended at the rear of the tractor, and is composed of a shovel, a vertical lifting chain, a horizontal sloping tape, a frame, and a transmission device. The driving wheels of the lifting chain and the blasting tape are driven by the tractor power output shaft. During operation, the soil shovel is lifted by an inclined upward chain plate type vertical lifting chain to the horizontal sloping tape on the back. The shovel tape transports the soil horizontally at an adjustable linear speed of 7 to 15 meters per second. And throw it at a throwing angle of 50 ° on one side. The maximum throwing distance is 10 to 18 meters. This kind of machine has strong adaptability to various soils, small impact load of the throwing parts, concentrated throwing, and good comprehensive utilization performance; it can also be used as a potato harvester and field lifter after partial modification. ^[2]

Basic soil tillage machinery Machinery used for ploughing, loosening or subsoiling the soil, including soil, including birch plows, disc ploughs, chisel ploughs, and rotary tillers.

Planting machinery can be divided into three categories: seeders, planters and seedling planters according to different planting objects and technological processes.

Plant protection machinery is used to protect crops and agricultural products from diseases, insects, birds, beasts, and weeds. It usually refers to various pesticide spraying machines that use chemical methods to control plant diseases and insect pests, including chemical or physical Methods Weeding and physical control of pests and diseases, machinery and equipment used to drive birds and beasts. Plant protection machinery mainly includes spraying, dusting and smoke spraying equipment.

Farmland drainage and irrigation machinery is used for irrigation and drainage of farmland, orchards and pastures, including water pumps, water wheel pumps, sprinkler irrigation equipment and drip irrigation equipment.

The crop harvesting machine includes various machines for collecting various crops or agricultural products. Different crops are harvested differently and the machinery used is different.

Grain combine harvester

It consists of harvesting table, conveying device, threshing device, separation device, cleaning device, grain tank and transmission device. There are two types of feeding methods: full-feeding and semi-feeding. European and American countries use the full-feed grain combine harvester, which is mainly used for harvesting wheat and other wheat crops. After being partially modified and adjusted, it can also be used to harvest corn, beans, rice and sunflower. During operation, the reciprocating cutter at the front of the harvesting table, with the cooperation of the reel, cuts the spiked straw on the harvesting table, and then feeds it into the threshing device via the harvesting table conveying device and intermediate conveying device. The gap between the concave plates is threshed by rubbing and striking. Most of the grains pass through the sieve holes of the concave plate and enter the cleaning device. A small amount of grains entrained on the concave plate is thrown to the separation device, and moves upward, downward, forward and backward along the chain separation device.

Agricultural product processing machinery includes preliminary processing of harvested agricultural products or collected poultry and livestock products, as well as certain

Animal husbandry machinery is a variety of machinery and equipment used in the production process of grazing and housing poultry and animal husbandry.

Pasture maintenance and improvement machinery

These include poisonous bait spreaders for killing pasture rodents, loose soil supplementary seeders and pasture sprinkler irrigation equipment that improve pastures to increase forage yield.

Ranch management equipment

Including electric grazing fences and their erection machinery, mobile anti-epidemic vehicles and medicine shower equipment. Electric fence: Pass the high-voltage pulse current generated by the electric pulse generator into the electric fence, so that the animals will receive a non-lethal electric shock when they touch the electric fence, so that they can move in the electric fence surrounded by the electric fence, Feed. Installation of solar or wind power generators can provide convenient and cheap power for electric grazing fences. Mobile anti-epidemic vehicle: A special off-road vehicle with good off-road performance. The vehicle is equipped with anti-epidemic and veterinary testing, disinfection, treatment equipment and internal combustion generators. It can carry several anti-epidemic or veterinary personnel to the epidemic area in time. medicinal shower equipment: mainly used to prevent and cure hernia and body parasites on herding herds.

Forage and forage harvesting machinery

Machinery that collects forage grass in the field and forms loose grass, bales, bales, and hay, etc., mainly includes mowing or lawn mowers, mowers, pick-up balers, grass-stacking machines, forage-handling machinery, and Green fodder harvester and so on. There are two types of lawn mowers: reciprocating and rotary. Compared with the traditional reciprocating type, the rotary mower started in the 1970s has the advantages of high cutting and advancing speed, stable work, and strong adaptability to forages. It is suitable for high-yield pastures, but the cutting is not neat and heavy. , Large energy consumption. Adding a pressure roller to the lawn mower becomes a lawn mower modulator, which can squash the cut fresh forage stalks to squash them to speed up the drying process. There are two types of mowers, horizontal and lateral, which are used to integrate cut grass scattered on the ground into different forms of straw. The baler is used to pick up strips of hay from the ground and compress them into compact bales of rectangular or circular cross-section for easy transportation and storage. There are two types of green forage harvesters: throwing knife type and universal type. The former uses high-speed rotating knife-type shredders to chop, cut and throw green forage crops into trailers, mainly for harvesting low-growing forage crops. The latter is equipped with three attachments: a full-size cutting and harvesting table, an opposite-row harvesting table and a pick-up device, so it can harvest a variety of forage crops.

Feed processing machinery

It mainly includes: feed crushers, mowers and green feed shredders that process various coarse and refined feeds; feed mixers that prepare mixed feeds; feed pelletizers that make powdered feed into granules; Stalk conditioning machine; washing machines, slicers, graters, beaters, vegetable mashers and feed digesters for processing succulent feed such as potatoes, melons and vegetables.

Feeding management machinery

It mainly includes: environmental control equipment such as ventilation, temperature control, and lighting for poultry houses; poultry feeding and drinking equipment; poultry epidemic prevention equipment; manure removal and manure processing equipment; and poultry egg collection and milking equipment. The modern laying hen house includes a complete set of mechanized and automated equipment from hatching and brooding to egg packing. Under the conditions of isolation from the outside world, the house environment can be automatically controlled according to requirements. According to the needs of different chicken ages and laying hens, the full-price compound feed is quantitatively fed, and automatic drinking fountains and regular manure removal equipment are installed. The eggs are collected automatically by the egg collection system, and then washed and classified for packing. ^[3]

Agricultural technical requirements

Agricultural machinery used for a certain operation should first meet the agricultural technical requirements of the operation, and have the possibility of adjustment within a certain range, or adopt a modified method to adapt to different agricultural technical requirements.

Operational requirements

The use of agricultural machinery is poor, the environmental conditions are complex and changeable, and the seasonality of agricultural operations is very strong. Therefore, the requirements for agricultural machinery are: installation, adjustment, maintenance, coupling with tractors, lifting of working parts, and vulnerability Replacement of parts and removal of general faults are simple and easy, and various safety protection measures are taken to ensure the normal operation of the machine and the safety of the operator. For example, on the soil farming machinery, there are protective covers or baffles for automatic obstacle surmounting devices and various exposed moving parts, as well as facilities for preventing cold, heat, dust, sound and vibration.

Versatility and comprehensive utilization

In order to improve the utilization rate of agricultural machinery and reduce operating costs, under the premise of ensuring agricultural technical requirements, agricultural machinery

Most agricultural machinery operates in open air, dusty, humid and dirty environments or in water, and comes into contact with soil, fertilizers, pesticides, feces, rotten plants and water, and is affected by these materials and the environment. In operation, some parts are severely worn by friction with materials such as soil, crop roots and livestock fur, and some parts are subject to large dynamic loads and impacts. Therefore, in the manufacture of agricultural machinery, metal and non-metal materials with corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, friction reduction, impact resistance and fatigue resistance, which are low in cost and whose raw materials are based on the country's resources, are often used, and various treatments are used. Process to improve and enhance the performance of these materials.

Steel tubes and cold-formed sections

Low-load planters and cultivators, etc., usually use square or rectangular sections of low-carbon steel welded steel pipes. Large-load hoe-type ploughs, chisel plows, disc plows, and disc harrows are used Low alloy manganese steel pipe. The use of cold-formed channel steel or crimped channel steel to manufacture stands such as seeders and cultivators can significantly reduce weight compared with hot-rolled steel stands. High-precision cold-drawn thin-walled seamless steel pipes are suitable for manufacturing hydraulic cylinders for agricultural machinery hydraulic systems.

Alloy steel and low alloy steel

Ploughshares, disc rakes, and mandrels made of alloy steels such as manganese steel, silicon-manganese steel, nickel-chrome steel, chromium-molybdenum steel, and chromium-manganese steel.

The development of agricultural machinery is directly related to the economic conditions of the country and the countryside. In the economically developed countries, especially in the United States with a small agricultural labor force, agricultural machinery continues to develop in the direction of large, wide, high speed and high productivity, and on the basis of achieving mechanization, it gradually transitions to the automation of production processes. Various advanced science and technology such as electronic technology, micro-electronic computer technology, etc. have been increasingly widely used in agricultural machinery products and their design and manufacture. In the animal husbandry industry, especially the chicken industry has entered the stage of factory continuous production. The closed chicken house that automatically controls the microclimate is a new development of animal husbandry machinery.

In field work machinery, automatic control devices that combine hydraulic and electrical control or directly use electrical or electromagnetic control have begun to be applied, such as the lifting control of the harvesting table on the grain combine and the infinitely variable speed of the reel. Variety of electronic monitoring instruments

Agricultural planting machinery

Increasingly, such as seeder uniformity monitors on planters, grain loss monitors and drum speed monitors on grain combine harvesters, and spray pattern and volume monitors on sprayers. Electronic technology is increasingly used in mechanical equipment such as automatic classification of vegetables and fruits, and automatic management of field irrigation.

China still focuses on developing small and medium-sized agricultural machinery. The key development projects are varieties of agricultural machinery, such as machinery for drainage and irrigation, plant protection, and fertilization, which have high economic benefits, can improve the ability to resist natural disasters, and ensure stable and high yields. The variety of machinery used in rural multiple operations will be greatly developed, such as various agricultural and sideline processing machinery and livestock breeding machinery, as well as mechanical equipment such as beekeeping, silkworm, pond fish farming, and edible fungi cultivation.

The energy conservation of agricultural machinery and the development of multiple agricultural energy sources have received more and more attention. The development trend is: Start from improving the combustion process, recycling exhaust gas and cooling water heat, and reduce the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines. Internal combustion engines that use vegetable oil, alcohol, and biogas to obtain fuel from agricultural and sideline products or rural waste, and dual-fuel internal combustion engines that can change the fuel used. Use solar energy, geothermal heat and waste heat from thermal power plants to dry grains and other agricultural products, or use them for heating and heating systems in greenhouses and poultry houses. Use wind power and water extraction. ^[3]