What Is a Band Clamp?

Entrainment refers to stealing; related materials carried secretly during the exam. In the words of Ming Tang Xianzu's "Peony Pavilion · Bottom List": "Then Chen Xiucai brought a piece of pirate text, and he arrived quickly."

Chinese name: Entrainment
Foreign name: enter
Pinyin: ji dài

Zhuyin: '
From: Ancient Imperial Examination
Production characteristics: Specialized pen
History: Guards rigorously checked for entrainment during examinations in the Tang Dynasty

Entrainment

1. [enter]: Included.

2. [carry secretly]: Stealing, refers to hiding in other items or carrying on your body.

3. [notes smuggled into an examination hall]

Stashing. ^[1]

Entrainment Citation Explanation

1. Hidden prohibited items or carry them in secret.

"History of the Song Dynasty, Part 2 of Food and Beverages": "In the first year of Chongning, Cai Jing agreed to change the salt law ... Xu Xu was transported by private ship, and he still rigorously imposed a ban on the passing of private salt to Xinjiang." Yuan Wuming's "Holding The second fold of "Makeup Box": "Chen Lin, the clever words that you heard there, let me open the box and see what I understand. I did not let you go." The internal supervisor said: 'Do nt you have any entrainment?' Said: 'No.' The 80th round: "Actually, the senior members of Sichuan, regardless of whether they leave or leave the country, enter or leave the country, it is common for them to carry private goods." Xiao Qian, "A Faded Photo Album," 12: "The text of the contract is like a piece of paper Abacus beads, everything is under the eyelids, there is no Tibetan mastiff entrained. "

2. Personally bring materials related to the test questions during the test.

Ming Tang Xianzu's "Peony Pavilion · Bottom List": "Then Chen Xiucai brought a piece of pirate text, and he arrived quickly." Qing Yan Youxi "Shu Hua essay with Huaihuan": "Monitored by the special minister on the spot, and found out Huai Entrain dozens of people. Xu Teli, The State of French Elementary Schools : Children read more of such entrained books when taking exams, which has the same meaning as a small book that is one inch wide and two inches long in China s previous imperial examinations. It's the same thing. "

3. Still mixed.

"Zhu Zi Genre" Vol.16: "It's just that you shouldn't entrain your selfishness when you should apply it." The first time in "Dream of Red Mansions": "Now there is a romantic case, and it's time to end it, so he will entrain him in it and make him Go through the experience. "Pitano," Spring Without Flowers, "Chapter 11:" Speaking with laughter. " ^[1]

Basic concept of entrainment

Entrainment introduction

Entrainment, a method of cheating in the ancient Chinese imperial examinations. The ancient imperial examination candidates reduced the eight books including the "Four Books" and "Five Classics" into small Chinese characters

Entrainment Compression, sewn into clothes, soles, hidden in the hair, etc., bring cheats into the test room, if cheating is successful, the probability of passing the test will be increased by half. At the same time, rigorous investigations by the governments of the DPRKs towards incarceration are essential, as well as brutal punishment measures. However, even so, cheating entrained in the exam is repeatedly banned.

The imperial examinations were the main way for ancient students to enter the career path. Therefore, cheating has existed in the imperial examination rooms of all dynasties. There are three of the most common methods of cheating. One is to bribe the examiner to get good results; the second is to bring the test script into the examination room to cheat; the third is to ask someone to take the test. Guards were placed in the examination room of the imperial examinations during the Tang Dynasty to prevent candidates from being cheated. In Wu Zetian's time, a method of "name-fixing" was set up to cover the candidates' names in order to reduce the chances that the appraisers would recognize the respondent.

Cheating has also been around since the day the exam was born, and the most common way to cheat is by entrainment. Cheating on the imperial examinations was strictly forbidden by the government. The imperial examinations were the main way for ancient students to enter the career path. Cheating in the imperial examination rooms of all dynasties has been a phenomenon of cheating.

Entrainment is a long-established and common method of cheating that has been tried by almost everyone who cheats. But the easiest method is often the most difficult, just like the martial arts novels that can beat Taizu Changquan is definitely a master in the master. The ancient Chinese played the art of entrainment as art, and the auction prices of imperial examinations on the antique market have become stronger every year.

Entrained history

The eight-strand article pays attention to "convergence of inheritance and inheritance." There is a set of special formats and writing methods. If you don't read the scriptures thoroughly and memorize every chapter of the "Five Books" and "Five Books," you will not pass the imperial examination. In order to prevent candidates from carrying cheats, the imperial court specifically stipulated that gowns, robes, and even hats and socks must be single-layered. But shortly after, candidates came up with a new "excellent idea": if the book could be made smaller and the words compressed, wouldn't it be more convenient to bring it into the test room? There is a need, since some people have catered to this demand in order to make money, this kind of "Wu Jing Quan Zhuan", the size of a matchbox, came out. It can be carried on the soles of boots, hidden in sleeves, or hidden at the bottom of the platform.

This kind of micro-engraving for cheating is only seen in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, and it should be one of the private type with the smallest font and highest density in ancient Chinese books. The book is in tan paper as the cover, and the text is printed on rice paper. The ink color is pure, the collation is fine, the printing is fine, and it is printed by hand. It is amazing. The miniature "Five Classics of Annotations" advertised as easy to carry on the journey is actually a convenience for candidates to cheat. The court's punishment for the search of this book was extremely severe, and once found, it would be linked to the nine ethnic groups.

The Imperial Examinations of the Tang Dynasty had guards to prevent cheating. Since the Song Dynasty, examinations have been conducted in the tribunal. The candidates in the tribunal are separated by walls.

Socks , Called the number house. Candidates are not allowed to make noise or leave the venue to prevent passing or passing the word. However, this method of cheating with Scripture is always banned and emerges endlessly. Common methods include hiding scriptures in clothes, footwear, or simply writing on clothing or the body. Various other personal items, including stationery, food, candles, etc. have been used as carry-on items. The Song Dynasty invented the method of "scratching". After the examinee's test paper was copied by a person, the examiner rated the content of the transcript. The imperial examination security measures in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were more stringent, and even strict requirements were put on candidates' wear and various tools used in the examination room to prevent the entrapment.

The imperial examination security in the Ming and Qing dynasties was very strict and required to reach the level of "no piece of paper can be brought into the test room". In addition to being carefully searched by the soldiers and guards before entering the court, Qianlong even issued detailed restrictions on the specifications of various items that candidates brought into the court. For example: the size of the stand, charcoal, cakes; materials for kettles and candlesticks; even the styles of writing brushes and baskets have clear limits. In addition, there are rewards for those who bring the report. In addition to being disqualified, the founders must also show publicity. But the court fraud has never been completely and effectively cracked down.

In the Qing Dynasty, cheating was increasingly rampant in the courts. To prevent cheating from being carried around by the courts, the Qing government not only made very detailed regulations on candidates' clothing, but also issued decrees on how to strictly search for them. All the disciples who took the examination were thoroughly searched, and even the pigtails on the candidates' heads had to be untied and inspected, and even the anus had to be inspected. In order to kill a hundred people, the Qing government was still cracking down on the examination room. Once cheating was discovered, Dai Yan showed his public for three months in accordance with the "Statutes of the Qing Dynasty", with a staff of one hundred, and finally sent to the frontier to fill the army. However, once in high school, the temptation of Guangzong Yaozu was too great, and cheating has been banned repeatedly. In the 11th year of Qianlong (1743 AD), the township of Shuntianfu was tested. As a result of using the army to conduct a search, many candidates quickly abandoned the entrainment carried on their bodies. According to documentary records, thousands of entrainments were found outside the examination room, piled up like mountains. More than 2,800 candidates fled on the spot and failed to register. It can be seen how entrained cheating has become.

Entrainment production features

Copying an enclosed book requires some special tools, and ordinary writing brushes are incompetent. Scribe likes brushes made of bristles on mouse tails, because mouse hair is relatively stiff and has better elasticity than normal wool or rabbit hair. So you can write very small words. Of course, some people also use the hair on the weasel tail to copy (in fact, the so-called wolf pen in the brush is not the hair of the wolf, but the hair of the weasel). The weasel's elasticity and hardness are more suitable for writing small print, but the cost Much higher. In addition to pens, special inks must be used. Oily inks are often used because ordinary inks can bleed on silk, which makes it difficult to write very small. And this kind of entrainment often needs to be carried around. If it is water-soluble ink, it may be cut off by sweat. Therefore, the ink used in the printing industry must be used instead of ink brush writing.

In addition to manuscripts, the entrainment of printed manuscripts was later developed. Although movable type printing was invented very early in China, it has been using engraving as its main printing method due to material problems. The engraving materials used for ancient engraving printing are wooden boards, but the woodblock printing cannot print small prints, so most of the printed plates are slate or copper plates with higher hardness. Dozens of times more.

In addition to the book being small enough, the entrainment must be concealed enough. Candidates of that year dug into thinking about any objects that may be brought into the examination room and put the entrainment in. ^{[2] The} four treasures of the study are the must-have items for candidates, so the hollow cymbals, ink ingots, and wool are common entrained items. In addition, sewing belts into clothes, soles, and hiding in the hair are common methods of ancient candidates, and even hidden in the buns and brought into the test room.

Enchanted cultural relics

Enclosing such a "pocket book" involves a lot of risks, so the quantity is not large, and only a few are left. The collectors of the printing industry often find the entrainment of printed copies, which are usually 40 to 60 pages an inch square. Four books and five classics. A total of seven or eight copies were found. Following Kaifeng, miniature versions of the Five Classics of the Whole have been successively discovered at Jiangnan Gongyuan in Nanjing and Dongyang in Zhejiang. The miniature "Wu Jing Quan Zhu" in Nanjing Jiangnan Gongyuan History Exhibition Hall is extremely small. A grain of rice can cover eight characters, but each painting is very clear. This book uses a special lithographic technique called oil-water separation. This technology was introduced from Germany before and after the Opium War, and this microprinting technology has been lost worldwide.

The stone seal micro-engraved "Wu Jing Quan Zhu" solitary copy in Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province, is smaller than the "Pocket Book" of Nanjing Jiangnan Gongyuan, each word is less than 1 mm, but it looks very clear. The book was printed in Guangxu Jiugou (1889), and it also contains common knowledge of examinations such as the format of the text and taboos.