What Is Manual Maintenance?

An artificial system refers to a natural system that is processed and transformed by humans or a new system created by humans with the help of systems. It merges and penetrates the functions of the labor creator and the functions of the natural system to form a new, well-functioning system. According to the degree of human transformation, it can be divided into pure artificial systems and natural artificial systems. According to the characteristics of the system itself, it can be divided into: (1) engineering technology systems and product systems based on natural systems and modified to serve human beings. (2) A management system and other social function systems, such as a social welfare system and a social security system, composed of certain organizational systems, procedures, and procedures. (3) Disciplinary and technical systems based on people's research on natural and social phenomena. ^[1]

An artificial system refers to a natural system that is processed and transformed by humans or a new system that humans have created with the help of systems. It merges and penetrates the functions of the labor creator and the functions of the natural system to form a new, well-functioning system. According to the degree of human transformation, it can be divided into pure artificial systems and natural artificial systems.

Artificial system includes

According to the characteristics of the system itself, it can be divided into:

(1) Engineering technology systems and product systems based on natural systems and transforming them to serve humanity. For example, flood storage power generation systems, bridge systems, ditch systems, etc.

(2) A management system and other social function systems, such as a social welfare system and a social security system, composed of certain organizational systems, procedures, and procedures.

(3) Disciplinary and technical systems based on people's research on natural and social phenomena. For example, processing systems, transportation systems, power systems, weapon systems, etc. Artificial system is a symbol of human understanding and transformation of nature, and it is the sublimation of human wisdom. The degree and level of artificial systematization are the direct signs of the level of human civilization in each era. Therefore, when mankind knows and transforms nature, it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between man and nature, avoid "human chauvinism," and enable man and nature to coordinate with each other and develop together. ^[2]

1. Natural systems have greater elasticity and plasticity than artificial systems, and they are always able to dissipate the effects of human damage to a large extent and ultimately perform their functions. For example, although the river will be subject to human disturbance during its operation, it can still complete water transportation and ecological service functions. In contrast, the artificially constructed water supply system consisting of pipes, valves and pumping stations is a very fragile system. Once any one of the links fails, the entire system will be instantly paralyzed.

2. Man-made systems often serve only a single function and serve a purpose. For example, the rainwater pipe network is used to collect and remove rainwater. The hardened channels are only used to transport water. Similarly, coal-fired power plants burn coal only to generate electricity, regardless of the resulting air and water pollution and damage to the ecological environment. On the contrary, the natural system is much more complex and complete, and the mechanism is more comprehensive. Not only can it reasonably use and use resources, it can also perform multiple functions. For example, the wetland system in the natural environment can not only purify water and supplement groundwater sources, and reduce the impact of rain and flood, and play a regulating and purifying function. At the same time, it is an ideal habitat for many birds and aquatic plants and plants, which play a good role in maintaining biodiversity Functions.

3. Most artificial systems are irrelevant to each other. For example, the city's rainwater pipeline network and transportation system, energy production and transportation have their own systems, which are independent of each other; and the components of the natural system are strongly related and affect each other. For example, excessive logging of forests will cause soil erosion and flooding. At the same time, the reduction of forests will reduce the absorption of heat and pollutants by vegetation, which will lead to an increase in temperature and pollution levels.

4. Man-made systems are often linear, non-circulating systems that operate through a single system: for example, water supply-kitchen faucet-drainage pipe-sewer-river-lake or ocean, or food-supermarket-kitchen-restaurant-garbage dump, And so on; and in the natural system, the flow of matter and energy is a closed loop system that connects head to tail. Nature has no waste. Every healthy natural system has a complete food, nutrition and raw material chain.

5. The impact of man-made systems on the environment is usually sudden and severe, while the generation of natural systems and the impact on their components is a gradual process. For example, it may take only a few months to build a dam, but as a result, the structure and function of the entire ecosystem of a river can often be destroyed, which often takes hundreds of years to form and improve.

Artificial intelligence is a new technical science that researches, develops, and develops theories, methods, technologies, and application systems for simulating, extending, and expanding human intelligence. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that attempts to understand the essence of intelligence and produce a new type of intelligent machine that can respond in a similar way to human intelligence. Research in this area includes robotics, language recognition, image recognition, Natural language processing and expert systems. Since the birth of artificial intelligence, the theory and technology have become more and more mature, and the application field has also expanded. It can be imagined that the technology products brought by artificial intelligence in the future will be the "containers" of human intelligence.

When it comes to "artificial intelligence", many people will definitely think of "robots". They often think of robots playing football, dancing, doing housework and other scenes often played on TV stands. (Or AI) "function. Yes, robots are indeed a typical application of artificial intelligence technology, but artificial intelligence has more extensive research and application fields.

The further development of artificial intelligence is based on inductive logic. In recent years, the research on artificial intelligence and fifth-generation machines has necessarily used inductive logic in the areas of expert systems, machine learning, and knowledge processing. Some researchers have tried to bring inductive logic systems into the field of artificial intelligence research, so as to find certain correct methods to develop artificial intelligence research theoretical systems.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science. Since the 1970s, it has been called one of the world's three major cutting-edge technologies (space technology, energy technology, artificial intelligence), and it is also considered to be the top three in the 21st century. One of the cutting-edge technologies (genetic engineering, nanoscience, artificial intelligence). In the past three decades, artificial intelligence has developed rapidly, has been widely used in many subject areas, and has achieved fruitful results, both in theory and in practice.

Professor Nelson of the Artificial Intelligence Research Center at Stanford University in the United States has defined such an artificial intelligence: "Artificial intelligence is a discipline about knowledge-the science of how to represent knowledge and how to obtain and use knowledge." Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor Winston of the Academy believes that: "Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do intelligent tasks that only humans could do in the past." Putnam pointed out: "The two giants KurtGodel and Jacgues Herbrand made an important contribution to artificial intelligence research. "In 1936, the Turing machine proposed by Turing was originally a logical concept, not for the development of computers, but Turing machines The theory and von Neumann's program memory ideas have laid an important theoretical foundation for computer science and technology. Professor Chen Bo, a famous logician in China, believes that computer science and artificial intelligence research will be the main source of power for the development of logic in the early 21st century, and will determine another aspect of logic in the 21st century. The unique subject nature of artificial intelligence has raised higher standards and challenges for the research and development of logic. The objects, methods and meanings of logic research will surely make new developments and breakthroughs. Artificial intelligence is a discipline that uses computers to simulate human thinking processes and intelligence (such as learning, reasoning, thinking, planning, etc.). It mainly includes the principles of computer-implemented intelligence, making computers similar to human brain intelligence, enabling computers to achieve more High-level applications. Artificial intelligence involves almost all disciplines of natural sciences and social sciences, and its research scope is very broad, including problem solving, theorem proof, expert system, machine learning, intelligent control, intelligent retrieval, etc. In the development of artificial intelligence, although inductive simulation and intelligence have long begun, the real attention and significant progress have been made since the advent of expert systems and knowledge engineering. The core of machine learning is the problem of inductive learning. When artificial intelligence deals with uncertain reasoning, whether it is numerical or non-numerical, especially the non-monotonic reasoning, it is closely related to inductive learning. It is worth emphasizing that non-monotonic reasoning deals with uncertainty reasoning differently from inductive logic, and it has great inspiration for inductive logic.