How Effective Is Glucagon for Hypoglycemia?

Glucagon is also called glucagon or anti-insulin or insulin B. It is a hormone that is secreted by insulin from the islet alpha cells of the vertebrate pancreas. It is relatively resistant to insulin and plays a role in increasing blood sugar.

In 1953, it was separated and precipitated to obtain crystals. It starts with N-terminal histidine and ends with C-terminal threonine.

Human pancreatic height

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Affects pancreatic height

Pancreas height

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Glucagon is a 29-amino acid linear polypeptide secreted by islet cells. It promotes glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis. It is an important factor that determines blood glucose concentration together with insulin. Keep your blood sugar steady. Glucagon binds to a specific receptor on the target cell membrane, activates adenylate cyclase by Gs protein, and catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thereby Increased intracellular cAMP levels. cAMP is the main second messenger of glucagon's glycemic effect, and excitatory effects on glucagon secretion by pancreatic cells through two pathways (cAMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway and cAMP-independent protein kinase pathway). Alpha cells secrete glucagon through different ion channels, of which the ATP-sensitive K channel is considered to be the main channel, which mainly regulates glucagon secretion. Recently, Quoix et al. Used yellow fluorescent protein expression taxonomy to study purified alpha cells and found that the potassium channel ATP is closed during hypoglycemia. However, the regulation of calcium influx by blood glucose concentration is independent of the regulation of calcium influx by potassium ATP channels. Hyperglycemia inhibits -cell secretion by inhibiting calcium channels. The secretion of insulin and glucagon requires calcium channel protein. Synaptic binding protein-7 is the main calcium ion receptor secreted by the cell. It can promote and adjust the secretion of insulin and glucagon by improving the intracellular calcium ion level and increase calcium ion Levels, changes in cell membranes, increase ATP production, and thereby promote glucagon secretion. Some studies have found that zinc ions are involved in glucagon secretion, reducing zinc ions causes increased glucagon secretion, and other scholars have found that zinc ions have no effect on glucagon secretion from human and mouse pancreatic alpha cells. The inhibitory effect of zinc ion on glucagon secretion is still controversial ^[2] .