How Effective Is Metronidazole for Giardiasis?

Metronidazole capsule, indications are 1. For various anaerobic infections, such as sepsis, endocarditis, empyema, lung abscess, abdominal infection, pelvic infection, gynecological infection, bone and joint infection, meningitis, brain abscess, skin and soft tissue infection, Clostridium difficile Caused by antibiotic-related enteritis, Helicobacter pylori-related gastritis or peptic ulcer, periodontal infection and Gardner vaginitis. It can also be used as a preventive medicine for certain contaminated or possibly contaminated surgery, such as elective colorectal surgery. 2. For the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. 3 For the treatment of intestinal and parenteral amoebiasis (such as amoebic liver abscess, chest amebiasis, etc.). 4 It can also be used to treat pouchosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, medina worm nematode disease, giardiasis, etc.

Metronidazole capsule, indications are 1. For various anaerobic infections, such as sepsis, endocarditis, empyema, lung abscess, abdominal infection, pelvic infection, gynecological infection, bone and joint infection, meningitis, brain abscess, skin and soft tissue infection, Clostridium difficile Caused by antibiotic-related enteritis, Helicobacter pylori-related gastritis or peptic ulcer, periodontal infection and Gardner vaginitis. It can also be used as a preventive medicine for certain contaminated or possibly contaminated surgery, such as elective colorectal surgery. 2. For the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. 3 For the treatment of intestinal and parenteral amoebiasis (such as amoebic liver abscess, chest amebiasis, etc.). 4 It can also be used to treat pouchosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, medina worm nematode disease, giardiasis, etc.

Drug Name

Metronidazole capsules

Drug type

Prescription medicines, essential medicines, medicines for medical workers' injuries

Use classification

Synthetic antibacterials

Metronidazole capsule properties

This product is a capsule.

Metronidazole capsule indications

1. For various anaerobic infections, such as sepsis, endocarditis, empyema, lung abscess, abdominal infection, pelvic infection, gynecological infection, bone and joint infection, meningitis, brain abscess, skin and soft tissue infection, Clostridium difficile Caused by antibiotic-related enteritis, Helicobacter pylori-related gastritis or peptic ulcer, periodontal infection and Gardner vaginitis. It can also be used as a preventive medicine for certain contaminated or possibly contaminated surgery, such as elective colorectal surgery.
2. For the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis.
3 For the treatment of intestinal and parenteral amoebiasis (such as amoebic liver abscess, chest amebiasis, etc.).
4 It can also be used to treat pouchosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, medina worm nematode disease, giardiasis, etc.

Metronidazole capsule specifications

0.2g

Metronidazole capsules dosage

oral.
1. Adults commonly used (1) Anaerobic infection: 0.5g at a time, 3 times a day, the course of treatment is 7 days or longer, the maximum daily dose should not be greater than 4g.
(2) Intestinal infection: 0.5g once, 3 times a day.
(3) Antibiotic-associated enteritis: 0.5g at a time, 3 to 4 times a day.
(4) Helicobacter pylori-related gastritis and peptic ulcer: 0.5g once, 3 times a day, combined with other antibiotics, the course of treatment is 7 to 14 days.
(5) Protozoal infection:
Amoebiasis of the intestinal tract, 0.4-0.6g at a time, 3 times a day, 7 days of treatment;
Parenteral amoebiasis, 0.6-0.8g once, 3 times a day, 20 days of treatment;
Giardiasis, 0.4g at a time, 3 times a day, the course of treatment is 5 to 10 days;
Medina worm disease, 0.2g once, 7 days of treatment;
Pouch disease, 0.2g once, 2 times a day, 5 days of treatment;
Leishmaniasis of the skin, 0.2g once, 4 times a day, the course of treatment is 10 days, and a course of treatment is repeated after an interval of 10 days;
Trichomoniasis, 0.2g once, 4 times a day, 7 days of treatment; suppositories can be used at the same time, 0.5g per night into the vagina, for 7 to 10 days.
2. Commonly used amount in children (1) Anaerobic infection: Take orally at a daily weight of 20-50mg / kg.
(2) Amoebiasis: 35 to 50 mg / kg per day, divided into three oral doses for 10 days.
(3) Trichomoniasis, pouch disease, guinea worm disease, giardiasis: 15 to 25 mg / kg of body weight per day, 3 times orally for 10 days.

Metronidazole capsule adverse reactions

1. The most serious adverse reaction of this product is that it can cause seizures and peripheral neuropathy at high doses. The latter is mainly manifested by numbness and paresthesia. In some cases, persistent peripheral neuropathy can occur with long-term medication.
2. Other common adverse reactions are:
(1) Gastrointestinal reactions, such as nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, altered taste, dry mouth, metallic taste of the mouth, etc .;
(2) Reversible granulocytopenia;
(3) Allergic reactions, rash, hives, itching, etc .;
(4) Central nervous system symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, syncope, paresthesia, limb numbness, ataxia, and insanity;
(5) Other fever, candida vaginal infection, cystitis, dysuria, dark urine, etc., are all reversible, and will recover on their own after stopping treatment.

Metronidazole capsule contraindications

Patients who are allergic to this product or pyrrole drugs and patients with active central nervous disease and hematological disease are prohibited.

Metronidazole capsules precautions

1. Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects: Animal tests or in vitro tests have found that this product has carcinogenic and mutagenic effects, but it has not been confirmed in humans.
2. Adverse reactions of the central nervous system during use should be promptly discontinued.
3 This product can interfere with the test results of alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, triacylglycerol, hexokinase, etc., making its measured value fall to zero.
4 Alcoholic beverages should not be consumed during medication, as they can cause acetaldehyde accumulation in the body and interfere with the oxidation process of alcohol, leading to disulfiram-like reactions. Patients may experience abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, facial flushing, etc.
5. Patients with liver dysfunction slow down the metabolism of this product, and drugs and their metabolites are easy to accumulate in the body. They should be used in a reduced amount and monitored for blood concentration.
6. This product can be continuously cleared from gastric juice. Some people who place gastric tubes to attract decompression can cause blood concentration to drop. During hemodialysis, this product and its metabolites are quickly cleared, so there is no need to reduce the amount of this product.
7. Candida infection patients who use this product will get worse symptoms and need to be given antifungal treatment at the same time.
8. In patients with anaerobic infection and renal failure, the interval between dosing should be extended from 8 hours to 12 hours.
9. When treating vaginal trichomoniasis, their sexual partners need to be treated at the same time.
10 Before repeating a course of treatment, a white blood cell count should be performed.

Metronidazole capsules for pregnant and lactating women

This product can enter the fetal circulation quickly through the placenta. Animal tests have shown that intraperitoneal administration is toxic to fetuses, while oral administration is not toxic. The effects of this product on the fetus have not been adequately and closely controlled, so pregnant women are contraindicated.
Metronidazole is similar in blood to blood. Animal tests have shown that metronidazole has a carcinogenic effect on young rats, so it should not be used by lactating women. If medication is necessary, breastfeeding should be suspended and breastfeeding should be resumed 24 to 48 hours after the end of treatment.

Metronidazole capsules for children

Children should use it sparingly and reduce it.

Metronidazole capsules for elderly

Due to liver failure in the elderly, the pharmacokinetics of this product have changed, and blood concentrations need to be monitored.

Metronidazole capsule drug interactions

1. This product can inhibit the metabolism of warfarin and other oral anticoagulants, strengthen their effects, and cause prolonged prothrombin time.
2. Combined with phenytoin sodium, phenobarbital and other drugs that induce liver microsomal enzymes, it can strengthen the metabolism of this product, reduce the blood concentration, and phenytoin sodium excretion is slowed down.
3 Combined with cimetidine and other drugs that inhibit liver microsomal enzyme activity, it can slow down the metabolism and excretion of this product in the liver and prolong the blood elimination half-life (t _{1 / 2} ) of this product. It should be determined based on blood concentration The results adjust the dose.
4 This product can interfere with the metabolism of disulfiram. When the two are used together, the patient can have mental symptoms after drinking. Therefore, those who use disulfiram within 2 weeks should not use this product again.
5. This product can interfere with the determination of serum aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, and can reduce cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels.
6. When combined with oxytetracycline, oxytetracycline can interfere with the effect of this product in eliminating trichomoniasis.

Metronidazole capsule pharmacology and toxicology

Metronidazole has a strong antibacterial effect on most anaerobic bacteria, but has no effect on aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. The antibacterial spectrum includes Bacteroides fragile and other Bacteroides, Clostridium, Clostridium aerogenes, Eubacteria, Werenococcus, Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus. Its bactericidal concentration is slightly higher than the bacteriostatic concentration. In addition, it has a strong killing effect on amoeba and trichomoniasis.
The bactericidal mechanism of metronidazole has not been fully elucidated. Nitroreductase of anaerobic bacteria plays an important role in energy metabolism of sensitive strains. The nitro group of this product is reduced to a kind of cytotoxicity, which affects the bacterial DNA metabolism process and promotes cell death. The mechanism of resistance to amoeba is to inhibit its redox reaction and break the nitrogen chain of the protozoa.

Metronidazole capsule pharmacokinetics

This product is well absorbed orally and has a bioavailability of over 80%. After oral administration of 0.25g, 0.5g, and 2g, the peak plasma concentrations (C _max ) were 6 mg / L, 12 mg / L, and 40 mg / L, respectively, and the peak time (T _max ) was 1 to 2 hours. It is widely distributed in various tissues and body fluids, and can pass the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. The concentration of drugs in saliva, bile, milk, amniotic fluid, semen, urine, pus and cerebrospinal fluid is similar to the blood concentration of the same period, and all can reach effective concentrations. The protein binding rate is less than 20%. Partially metabolized in the liver. Metabolites also have antibacterial effects. The blood elimination half-life (t _{1 / 2} ) is 7 to 8 hours, 60% to 80% are excreted by the kidney, 20% of which are the original form, and the rest are metabolites (25% are glucuronic acid conjugates, 14% are other metabolic binding). 10% are excreted with feces and 14% are excreted from the skin.

Metronidazole capsule storage

Shaded and sealed.

Metronidazole capsule lactation classification

Metronidazole: L2, half-life 8.5h ^[1]