What Are the Different Parts of the Midbrain?

The brain (English: brain, pull: encephalon) is the main part of the central nervous system, located in the cranial cavity. The brain of lower vertebrates is simpler. The brains of humans and mammals are particularly developed. The brain includes the telencephalon (brain), mesencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem (brain stem includes: midbrain, pontine, and medulla). Among them, there are many nerve nuclei or nerve centers formed by the concentration of nerve cells. The descending nerve fiber bundle passes through and connects the brain, cerebellum and spinal cord, morphologically and functionally connecting the various parts of the central nervous system as a whole. The cavity in each part of the brain is called the ventricle, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. ^[1]

The human brain can be divided into 6 parts-(i.e.

The question of the relationship between the human brain and consciousness has always been the subject of controversy. For a long time,

Learning and memory are two related

Cortical function

There are many between the cerebral cortex on both sides

One-sided advantage refers to the phenomenon in which the advanced functions of the human brain are concentrated in one hemisphere; the left hemisphere

The brain has three basic functional systems:

1.Adjusting tension or arousal

People's understanding of the thalamus and the brain, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and basal nucleus is almost all wrong. The simple definition of the thalamus as a sensory relay station is not only unfounded but completely wrong. The functional understanding of the thalamus, basal nucleus, and other brains is also incomplete or even incorrect.

All brains, including thalamus, brain, cerebellum,

Life is movement, and movement is the foundation for sustaining life, completing tasks, and transforming the objective world. Various

Feelings are innately inherited personal tendencies, such as emotions, hobbies, aesthetics, desires, motivations, and so on. There are many structures involved in sensory activities, including the cingulate gyrus, hippocampal structure, piriform lobes, and compartments of the limbic lobes of the brain. In addition to the function of sample analysis and production, the thalamus also has the function of secreting hormones. Samples from the limbic lobes of the brain activate the hypothalamus or amygdala, and the hypothalamus analyzes to produce sensory samples, which are distributed to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus to generate sensations. It can also affect consciousness and target organs by secreting hormones.

Not all samples can activate the hypothalamus to produce feelings. The samples that can activate the hypothalamus are samples with a certain tendency. When the brain analyzes and produces a sample with a certain tendency, it is distributed to the hypothalamus through the outgoing fibers of the limbic lobes of the brain. The hypothalamus analyzes and produces the sensory sample, which is sent to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus through the papillary thalamus to activate the anterior thalamus to synthesize the mound. Awareness is then distributed to the medial dorsal nucleus through fiber connections between the thalamus to produce feelings, preferences, hobbies, preferences, desires, aesthetics, motivations, pleasure and fear, excitement and depression, etc. for people and things.

The hypothalamus analyzes samples differently from the brain, striatum, and cerebellum. The reference analysis model of the brain, striatum, and cerebellum is established through learning or practice. The reference model of the hypothalamus is inherited, that is, once people are born, Feelings are analyzed and produced in an inherent way. Therefore, people's feelings are mainly natural. Of course, they will also be affected by the environment, but they will not be reversed. ^[5]

Feeling is the source of motivation. Feelings are the source of human strength, and all human behaviors are driven by external pressures or driven by personal feelings. Feelings are mainly determined by heredity, which determines that everyone's preferences and preferences are different.

Feelings and rationality (such as awareness and cognition) are produced by different brains independently, interacting and fighting each other. Feelings and rationality are often contradictory, and the two struggle with each other and do not give up, forming the ambivalence that people often say. Feelings are acceptably restricted to a certain extent, but in the case of too strong feelings or weakened frontal function, reason can not dominate, feelings control people's thinking and behavior, and mental and behavioral abnormalities occur.

The feeling hypothalamus, although it has obtained the analysis model through genetics, does not need to establish the analysis model through storage, but may participate in the storage function of other information, especially the limbic lobe of the brain undertakes the task of recording and storing other information. memory function. ^[4]

Brain pathophysiology

The human brain has 14-20 billion nerve cells. It is a differentiated cell at birth. It is impossible to divide and reproduce. Its number may decrease with age or various harmful factors, and it is impossible to increase. The nerve cells of the brain are very strong and can start and end at the same time as human life. Because nerve cells have a relatively long life span, they are susceptible to damage caused by the accumulation of various harmful factors in the internal and external environment. Although nerve cells in the brain cannot divide and reproduce, a large number of glial cells in the brain can divide and reproduce. The number of glial cells is 10 times that of nerve cells, about 200 billion, and it plays a major role in maintaining a good external environment for nerve cells. The decrease in nerve cells (neurons) is mainly caused by neuronal apoptosis (programmed cell death) or necrotic death. Apoptosis means like the leaves of autumn are withering. Under certain physiological or pathological conditions, cells follow their own procedures and end their lives by themselves. Finally, the cells fall off or lyse into a number of apoptotic bodies, and are engulfed by other cells. The entire morphological change of apoptosis can be divided into three stages. The first is the induction period, with changes in the nucleus. The nucleolus disintegrated to form several darkly stained plaques; on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane, some crescent-shaped, denser plaques formed at the edge of the chromatin, followed by nuclear condensation. At the same time, the cell volume shrinks, the density increases, the microvilli on the cell surface disappears, and the nuclear membrane invades. In the second-stage effect period, the invaginated nuclear membrane coats lumps of chromatin, forming small membranes. The cell membrane is further indented and wrinkled, forming a bubble-like structure on the surface of the cell membrane that appears when water boils, and the membrane particles formed by cleavage of the coating nucleus form apoptotic bodies. In the third stage of degradation, most or all of the dead cells form apoptotic bodies, which are recognized, cleared, and phagocytosed by macrophages or neighboring cells in the site.

Cell necrotic death is usually caused by sudden and severe damage, such as severe ischemia, inflammation, infection, physical, chemical damage, or other trauma, resulting in rapid cell death and ending life. The morphological characteristics of the damage are firstly increased permeability of the cell membrane, irregular changes in the appearance of the cell, expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum, irregular transfer of nuclear chromatin, and further swollen mitochondria and nuclei, lysosomal rupture, and cytoplasmic overflow. The process of death often causes an inflammatory response. Necrotic cells are often lost in groups and eventually engulfed by macrophages. Apoptosis is caused by a regular mechanism inside the cell, which can be induced by some factors but not changed by necrosis. As mentioned above, the process of apoptosis does not cause lysosomal and cell membrane rupture, and there is no overflow of cell membrane contents, so it does not cause an inflammatory response. As a result, apoptotic lines die of clean cells. ^[1]

Brain for brain science

Ten bad habits that harm the brain:

Long-term satiety: cause cerebral arteriosclerosis, premature brain failure and mental retardation.

Despise breakfast: not eating breakfast makes people's blood sugar lower than normal supply, insufficient nutritional supply to the brain, harmful to the brain for a long time.

Overdose: Children with overdose often have lower IQs. This is because reducing the intake of high protein and multivitamins leads to malnutrition and affects brain development.

Long-term smoking: Perennial smoking causes brain tissue to shrink to varying degrees and is prone to senile dementia.

Lack of sleep: The main way the brain eliminates fatigue is sleep. Lack of long-term sleep or poor quality will only accelerate the decline of brain cells, and smart people will be confused.

Quiet words: Frequently speaking logical words can also promote brain development and exercise brain function.

Air pollution: The brain is the organ that consumes the most oxygen in the body. Only a sufficient supply of oxygen can improve the efficiency of the brain's work.

Sleeping with a covered head: As the carbon dioxide concentration in the quilt rises, the oxygen concentration continues to drop, and inhaling humid air for a long time is extremely harmful to the brain.

Unwilling to use your brain: Thinking is a great way to exercise your brain. Unwillingness to use the brain can only accelerate the degradation of the brain, and smart people will become stupid.

Brain for sickness: Barely insisting on studying or working when you are unwell or sick, it is not only inefficient, but also easily causes brain damage.

Brain Intelligence Impact

Human intelligence is different, but in the final analysis is the difference in brain function. Most of the brain's chemicals are innate, but there are also later formed. It can be said that the brain and ingenuity of the human brain is the "alloy" of the two. Scientific research results show that human wisdom is the result of the interaction of genetic factors and environmental factors. Therefore, to make people's next generation smarter, it is necessary to improve the quality of the population and adhere to eugenics. From a chemical point of view, cultivating a smart brain requires good chemical conditions. Studies have shown that the marriage of close relatives, the spouse's or one's mental retardation, and insemination after intoxication are a harsh chemical environment for fetal development. The speed of fetal brain development is quite amazing. In the first three months, its brain nerve cells grew at a rate of hundreds of thousands per minute. From 7 to 9 months, it mainly supports the development of nerve fibers in the cell body and improves the communication system between nerve cells. During this time, the mother should have a sufficient amount of protein, fat and carbohydrates, as well as various vitamins, while maintaining a stable and happy mood, and avoid anxiety, fright, anger and sadness.

Pregnant women who are anxious all day will have a large increase in adrenaline in the brain, which will cause the blood vessels to constrict, which will cause the fetus to be frightened, the heart rate will increase, and the brain's blood supply will be urgent and slow. The average brain weight of a newborn fetus is 390 grams. After birth, the brain develops rapidly. By the age of 3, the average is 1100 grams. The adult brain weighs about 1,400 grams, which means that 80% of a person's brain is formed before the age of three. So some experts point out that during this period of time, proteins are essential for brain development in infants and young children.

When the protein intake is sufficient, the concentration of catecholamines in the brain increases, and norepinephrine transmission is active, while norepinephrine is closely related to the learning and memory of the brain. After the war, Japan advocated more consumption of animal protein, especially aquatic protein, which greatly improved the quality and lifespan of the human body. Today, it has surpassed Europe and the United States and is a world leader. Experts also point out that the lack of protein in the food of the fetus and children can have a catastrophic effect on the brain's intelligence and pass this effect on to the next generation, which will not return to normal until the third generation. The source of protein alone is not enough. Because none of the 20 amino acids that make up the protein can provide all of them. Therefore, many countries, especially developed countries, have fortified foods for pregnant women and children to ensure the overall quality of the population. ^[2]