What Are the Different Types of Homeostatic Functions?

The homeostasis mechanism, that is, the organism controls its own internal environment to keep it relatively stable, is a more progressive mechanism formed during the evolutionary development process, which can more or less reduce the dependence of the organism on external conditions. Organisms with homeostasis mechanisms are relatively independent of external conditions by virtue of the stability of the internal environment, which greatly improves the tolerance range of organisms to ecological factors.

Homeostasis theory

The homeostasis mechanism, that is, the organism controls its own internal environment to keep it relatively stable, is a more progressive mechanism formed during the evolutionary development process, which can more or less reduce

The homeostasis of a living thing is based on its physiology and behavior. Many animals show some degree

Homeostasis is a very beautiful physiological concept.

The negative feedback state of the biological system against external interference is the homeostasis.

Jiangshan is easy to change, and its nature is difficult to change. It points out the internal stability of psychological quality.

Athletes train according to a certain plan, and when they reach the sports training platform, they form an internal steady state. As long as the corresponding training is maintained, the exercise level can be stably played.

The stability of the homeostasis is the quality of the homeostasis. The quality of homeostasis of excellent athletes is of course higher than that of ordinary athletes.

Routine training maintains the stability of the homeostasis, while extraordinary training improves the quality of the homeostasis (breaking the old quality of the low quality and establishing a new quality of the high quality). The research in training around these issues can be called the theory of homeostasis training (see our paper in the third issue of the Journal of Physical Education).

The higher the quality of the homeostasis, the stronger the ability to resist stress caused by external interference, and the smaller the impact of various stresses.

Diet is a way to maintain homeostasis, and inappropriate diet can cause stress. The higher the quality of the homeostasis, the less affected by the diet.

A hunger strike is an extreme way of eating. It can be said that the higher the homeostasis quality, the more days you can go on a hunger strike. From this perspective, we can understand the practice of Buddhism for some Buddhists. Therefore, those who participate in a hunger strike must have a high level of homeostasis. The average person's hunger strike will cause irreversible damage to the body.

The importance of dietary nutrition formula is inversely proportional to the quality of homeostasis. Fertilized eggs have the lowest homeostasis quality. It has been found that many chronic diseases in adults are related to nutritional disorders in which mothers conceive in October. The homeostasis quality of adults is the highest in life, especially men (women's menstrual cycle will affect the quality of homeostasis), and it is also the least affected by nutrition. Unfortunately, when adults also make a lot of money, they also spend the most on their diet budget, causing a certain amount of waste. Conversely, adults show the least concern for family members at other times. Other members are more likely to suffer from inadequate nutritional formulas, resulting in a vicious cycle of family spending.

Excellent athletes have higher homeostasis quality during routine training and are less affected by nutritional formulas. It is only sensitive to nutritional formulas during unconventional training. Unfortunately, people do not have this consciousness, regardless of whether they are in the unconventional training period, all kinds of nutritional supplements are used, resulting in the overuse of the relevant digestive organs, reducing the absorption capacity of the nutritional formula during the unconventional training period. This leads to a double waste of nutrition expenditures and digestive organs. It is for similar reasons that a nutrition coach of the Australian rowing team eats only one meal a day.

Extracellular fluid (including plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and all interstitial fluid) is the internal environment of higher animal bodies, that is, the environment in which cells live directly. The concept of internal environment was proposed by French physiologist C. Bernard in the 19th century. He believes that the cells of higher organisms live in an internal environment different from the external environment. The extracellular fluid of many animals is not only different in composition from water or air around the body, but also maintains the relative constancy of the internal environment when components of the external environment change or after food and other substances enter the body. The constancy of the internal environment is a necessary condition for the survival of the body. In 1929, the American physiologist WB Cannon used the term homeostasis to describe the internal environment constant phenomenon and its regulation process. Homeostasis is composed of the Greek word homoios (similar meaning) and stasis (stable meaning). The Chinese translation is generally "steady state". The maintenance of homeostasis involves the regulation of the activities of every organ, tissue and cell throughout the body, manifested at all levels of the biological system, from cells to the whole.

Cells are separated from their surroundings by cell membranes, and the internal conditions of the cells are very different from the fluid around the cells. The cells constantly exchange materials with the surrounding fluid and maintain their internal constancy. This is the cell homeostasis. To maintain the steady state of the entire body, in higher animals, the integration of hormones and the nervous system is required. Hormones maintain the homeostasis of the body. It has the ability to release hormones and stop secretion in a timely manner. The central nervous system plays an important role in maintaining the body's homeostasis, and it itself must maintain a homeostasis. The homeostasis of the central nervous system depends on the constancy of the internal environment to which it is exposed.

The traditional Chinese medicine rooted in the soil of Chinese traditional culture fully reflects the essence of traditional culture and forms a systematic theoretical system that uses the theory of yin and yang as its main reasoning tool. Physiological mechanism is the best embodiment of Confucianism's "to neutralize" thought. Yin Ping is the best state of yin full and peace, and Yang secret is the best state of yang full and closed. "Yin Ping Yang Secret" Wang Bing said: "Yin Qi is peaceful, Yang Qi is dense, then the use of spirit is increasingly ruled." First, the two have reached their best. "Yin people hide their spirits and rise from witches, while yang people defend themselves from the outside world and solidify themselves." Therefore, the Confucian idea of "to neutralize" directly affected the formation of the theory of yin ping yang and yang yang.

Homeostasis is not a traditional Chinese medicine term. Its concept was first proposed by French physiologist Bernard, who believes that the mechanism of life lies in maintaining the stability of the internal environment. In 1926 Cannon applied the concept of homeostasis, stating that the steady state was variable and kept constant, but did not clarify the concept of the steady state. It wasn't until the founder of general system theory, Bertrand Fei, and the founder of dissipative structure theory, Prigogine, that they profoundly revealed the concept of steady state, that is, an orderly stable state with a unified internal and external environment. This view of steady state puts life in a large cosmic system for investigation. At the same time, it considers that the organic system of the human body as a whole is composed of many subsystems, and each subsystem has a certain relationship with each other and is in a dynamic state. During the material exchange process, the body tends to an optimal stable state.

Chinese medicine is rich in steady-state content. Traditional Chinese medicine summarizes the physiological mechanism of the human body as "Yin Ping Yang Secret". Yin Ping Yang Secret is the best stable state of the body, that is, the "neutral" state of "The Doctrine of the Mean". Once this state is broken, the body becomes diseased. Treatment of disease is the application of various methods to reach a steady state. At the same time, there is still a self-stabilizing homeostasis mechanism in the body itself, as stated in "Treatise on Febrile Diseases": "A yin-yang self-contained person will heal itself."

The steady state of traditional Chinese medicine refers to a variety of factors that are comprehensively used in the body. The body's self-adjustment achieves an optimal dynamic that is suitable for the internal and external environment.

First of all: the hidden state of traditional Chinese medicine, the law is based on nature, test individual. Man and nature are an organic whole. Man is in the atmosphere of heaven and earth. The feeling is not a single weather and earth atmosphere, but an atmosphere of heaven and earth blending. The air of heaven and earth acting on the human body interacts with the human body, and there are differences among individuals, taking cold and heat as an example. Modern optics shows that under the condition of solar thermal radiation, a piece of sunlight produces a piece of heat, and a piece of darkness corresponds to a piece of cold. During the year, the summer solstice is the longest, and the sun is extreme, and it should be the hottest. The winter solstice is the shortest, the sun is the least, and the coldest. In fact, otherwise, what we feel is a kind of air that merges with heaven and earth. It is the weather that acts on the earth, the earth air acts on the sky, and a kind of temperature is formed, that is, Therefore, on the 45th winter solstice, the yang is slightly up and the yin is slightly down. "On the forty-fifth of the winter solstice, the spring day is the coldest. Similarly, the forty-fifth day after the summer solstice is the hottest. This point is also in line with the Tai Chi scheme. The same temperature acts on people, and because of different body constitutions, their sensibility varies.

Second: check the pathogenesis, the inside and outside are combined, and the method is in the middle. The causes of traditional Chinese medicine, six senses of exogenous feelings, seven feelings of internal injuries, and exhaustion of diet are nothing more than a factor that affects the body, not the true cause. For example, the cause of skewed mouth and eyes is not a natural wind. Only this kind of factor acts on the body, and through the individual's physiological and psychological reactions, the disorder of the homeostasis causes a series of symptoms. Based on this appearance, it is combed with the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. The abstract concept obtained is the real one. Etiology and pathogenesis in the sense. This etiology and pathogenesis is the appearance of the underlying mechanism caused by the integration of external factors with the body. The result of abstracting and summarizing this appearance using traditional Chinese medicine theory can be said to be a kind of "neutralization". A closer examination of its theoretical framework reveals that there are two external factors, natural and social, and two internal factors, physical and psychological. Natural factors include natural atmosphere, tiredness of eating, smoke and gas, and insect poisoning damage; social factors include internal injuries of seven emotions; physiological factors refer to young and old men and women, physical endowments; etc .; psychological factors refer to psychological qualities, temperament preferences, and so on. The external factors are the same, they act on different human bodies, the pathological products formed after neutralization are different, and the lesions are also different. Treatment is the same. Different individuals, taking the same drug, different active substances produced, the treatment effect is also different. In the 1980s, the "serum pharmacology" founded by Shinichi Tashiro also explained this problem. He believes that natural medicines are taken orally, and after being metabolized, they produce physiologically active substances, metabolites and inherent pharmaceutical ingredients. These composite ingredients are the real active ingredients, while the ingredients in the original medicine are not necessarily the active ingredients of treatment.

Again: steady-state mechanism, orderly, dynamic balance. A healthy body is in a dynamic balance on the axis of time and space. There is a self-regulation mechanism inside the body, which can control the body's trend towards the dynamic axis through the exchange of internal and external environments to achieve an optimal dynamic. If the external factors are not strong enough, the body can reach the orderly state of yin, ping and yang by itself, then no treatment is necessary. For example, in Treatise on Febrile Diseases, "If a person is sick, sweats, vomits, suffocates, perishes blood, perishes fluids, the yin and yang are at peace, they will heal themselves." Mutually-growth self-regulating mechanisms, but tend to stabilize themselves. If the external factors act too strongly or for too long, the body deviates from the steady-state axis and cannot recover on its own, then it must be treated to restore steady-state. For example, in "Treatment on Febrile Diseases", spontaneous sweating caused by the disagreement between camp guards, Guizhi Tang was given, and the sweat recurred, making "camp guards heal more."

(1) Modern scientific explanation of the best self-steady state of the human body and TCM Yin Yin Huo Wang

The human body is a very complex giant system. In the TCM confirmation study, it may be found that in the measurement of a certain syndrome variation index, there are specific cases where both the index is high and the index is low. This is not surprising. For the Yin syndrome, generally speaking, the lower indicator should play a leading role. Some higher indicators are caused by lower indicators. As long as we solve the lower indicators, the higher indicators will be adjusted automatically. . The reverse is also the same. As for the Yang certificate, the indicator that should be high generally plays a leading role. The low of some indicators is caused by the high indicator. As long as we solve the high indicator, the low indicator can also be Adjust automatically. Therefore, TCM syndrome differentiation is of paramount importance. If the "syndrome" is incorrectly identified, misuse of anti-drugs in the diagnosis will lead to further deterioration of the disease. In the micro-chemical analysis, it is necessary that the higher index is further higher, and the lower index is further lower, which causes the movement of living matter to deviate from the optimal and orderly state, and then aggravates the symptoms instead of reducing them. For example, the yin deficiency and fire prosperous card seems to be a yang certificate, but it is essentially a false yang certificate. In essence, it is caused by yin deficiencythe slowing of the movement of human life material or the decrease of the corresponding material components, some of the organs have reduced function, and some organs have hyperfunction, which accelerates the production of defective substances or attempts to adjust the slowing function. This is the body's own adjustment function, which is fighting for "equipment". At this time, the Yang card is false. Chinese medicine doctors must nourish the yin, supplement the deficiencies from the outside first, and let the slowing function return to normal before reducing the hyperactive function. If the cold medicine is misused at this time, forcing down the sun and weakening the hyperactive function, this will inevitably lead to a further reduction of the body's own regulating function and aggravate the condition. This is very dangerous. The importance of TCM syndrome differentiation is obvious. Combining knowledge of modern natural science with traditional Chinese medicine is a difficult and systematic project. For the same individual, the same disease can never have different causes. Chinese and Western medicine can be combined scientifically. Due to different methods of recognition or different perspectives, it is possible to derive their own expressions, but no matter how different the content of the expressions, in essence, they must be connected in scientific principles and in material terms. In the confluence of Chinese and Western medicine, we are looking for something that is essentially the same, not a superficial match.

Yin and Yang are the core of TCM, and the balance between Yin and Yang is the description of healthy individuals by TCM. The best homeostasis of the material movement of life is the description of healthy individuals by natural sciences (including Western medicine). The destruction of the balance of yin and yang, or yang, or yin, just corresponds to the fast rhythm (or increase of the composition) or slow rhythm (or decrease of the composition) of the movement of life material from the optimal self-steady state. This is the natural science basis of TCM syndrome differentiation. Traditional Chinese and Western medicine have found a joint point in the rhythm of the movement of living matter. From this point of connection, for disease, TCM takes a path guided by the concept of movement, uses a systematic approach and philosophical principles, and adopts a comprehensive, inductive, and dialectical approach to treatment. It fully reflects the TCM from the macroscopic whole and the evolution of the disease. Grasp the way of thinking about things. This is exactly the characteristic of Oriental thinking. Western medicine follows a path guided by a structural view, using scientific principles, using human anatomy as the basis, and treating through microscopic analysis, which fully reflects the micro-empirical thinking of Western medicine. This is also a characteristic of Western thinking. The confluence of Chinese and Western medicine is essentially the confluence of two thinking modes, macroscopic whole and microanalysis. The theory of the best self-stable state of the yin-yang balance of Chinese medicine and the movement of life matter should be the ideal combination of the same goal of Chinese and western medicine. Adjusting the objective of TCM research to confirm qualitative research will confirm that qualitative research will make a comprehensive and solid demonstration of the theory of yin and yang balance of TCM being equivalent to the best self-steady state theory of matter movement in life. The scientific basis of TCM dialectics will also become stronger.

(2) Clinical Application of the Scientific Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine

In the basic scientific theory of modern Chinese medicine, we use the analysis method of dissipative structure theory, combined with the qualitative research, and the traditional Chinese medicine's pulse-cutting syndrome, we can use the corresponding univariate order parameter equation to make a theoretical analysis.

If q heart is used to represent the state of the human body s ordered structure, the heart pulsation stateorder parameters, and dq heart / dt represents the evolution of the heart pulsation sequence parameters over time, then the cardiac pulsation sequence parameter equation can be written as

dq heart / dt = Q (Ac, A, q heart) (1)

In the formula, Ac is a certain threshold, A is a control parameter, and it can be regarded as a heartbeat trigger level, and q heart is a heartbeat state. Its evolution in space and time, its deviation from the best order, and the interaction between systems are the basis of TCM syndrome differentiation. Cardiac pulsation is a sign of life, and TCM pulse-cutting has grasped this key point. The judgment of TCM pulse patterns can be incorporated into the description formula of equation (1).

This is the modern scientific basis of traditional Chinese medicine. Seeking the specific form of equation (1) will be a major subject of modern scientific research on basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine. We look forward to the cooperation of medical scientists and biophysicists.

Here we can use the pulse of pregnant women as an example to analyze. TCM's accurate judgment of pregnant women's pulse is often regarded as one of the hallmarks of TCM's magical discrimination ability. In fact, looking at the pulse of a pregnant woman from the perspective of modern science, the composition of her slippery pulse is completely the superposition of fetal pulse and mother pulse. That is, the center of q in equation (1) should be

q heart = q fetal heart + q mother heart (2)

The fetal heart rate is generally higher, while the pregnant woman's heart rate is much lower. The superimposed waveform of q fetal heart and q mother heart must have a sliding process from high to low. This is the scientific principle of the pulse formation of pregnant women. If we synthesize two kinds of pulses on a computer, the changes in the pulses will certainly be consistent with the judgment of the pulses when the TCM is cutting the pulse. This provides an important modern scientific basis for clinical practice of TCM.

Traditional Chinese medicine is systemic medicine, and pulse is an order parameter-a measure of the order of living individuals. Through the change of pulse, it is obvious that Chinese medicine has scientific basis for judging the location and cause of human diseases.

(3) Application of the theory of optimal homeostasis of the human body in clinical differentiation of syndromes of liver-yang hyperactivity

We can also give a specific example, such as liver-yang hyperactivity syndrome, which is a typical syndrome of yang syndrome according to the traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis. The pathological mechanism of TCM is summarized as follows: liver qi is stagnation, and the fire is turned away for a long time. Liver fire is filled with heat, or heat is transferred to the gall bladder; or flame seedlings; or fire is burning the meridians, which damages the blood vessels; or the fire is filled with heat, and the fluid is damaged. The main symptoms are headache, dizziness, bitter mouth, irritability, red eyes, burning ribs, vomiting blood, and bleeding. Regardless of the description of pathological mechanism of TCM or the symptoms of external symptoms, the syndrome of hyperactivity of liver-yang is obviously fast-paced from a macro perspective.

Does the micro-pathological physicochemical index analysis still have the above conclusions? Mr. Chen Xiaoyin and others in the "Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine" in the fourth issue of 2001 "Seriology and cytology of liver-yang hyperactivity syndrome" gave us a clear answer.

Testing of three groups of physical and chemical indicators.

1. Comparison of the determination results of Na + and Ca + concentration in red blood cells (mmol / L, X ± S) of each group, compared with the healthy control group P <0.05; compared with the liver-kidney deficiency syndrome group, P <0.05.

2. Comparison of serum Ca determination results (mmol / L, X ± S) in each group, compared with healthy control group P> 0.05; compared with liver and kidney deficiency syndrome group, P> 0.05.

3. Comparison of the results of the determination of Na +, K +, ATPase, Ca2 +, and ATPase activity of each group of red blood cell membranes (mmol. Pi .. mg-1 / h, X ± S), compared with the healthy control group P <0.05; compared with liver Comparison of kidney deficiency group: P <0.05.

It can be seen from the test results that the Na + and Ca + concentrations in the liver-yang hyperactivity group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group, the ATPase activity in the red blood cells was significantly lower, and the serum Ca determination was not statistically significant. Mr. Chen Xiaoyin's explanation for this is: "Patients with hyperactivity of liver-yang syndrome are mainly sympathetic-hyperadrenal medulla, and peripheral plasma NE and E content are increased." This is a deviation of physiological functions from normal (ordered) A fast-paced performance. It is this fast-paced deviation that activates more free radicals. "Free radicals in the body can not only attack unsaturated fatty acids, but also attack membrane proteins, especially enzymes on the membrane, thereby reducing enzyme activity." That is, the activity of the enzymes in Table 3 is significantly lower due to sympathy- Caused by hyperadrenal medulla. When the ATPase activity decreases, the membrane does not function properly with Na + and Ca +, and the intracellular Na + and Ca + concentrations increase. Na +, Ca + deposition, cell membrane stiffness, which can easily lead to hypertension, thrombosis, stroke and other diseases. Therefore, the adrenal medulla function in the body is increased, the free radicals are increased, and the concentration of Na + and Ca + is increased. It is a micro-physical and physical indicator of the physiological function of positive diseases such as hypertension and stroke.

Because the hyperactivity of liver yang reflects the fast-paced deviation of physiological functions, and the fast-paced movement of living matter, according to the laws of thermodynamics, inevitably generates excess thermal energy. Therefore, Chinese medicine believes that hyperactivity of the liver yang is bound to cause internal hyperplasia of fire, and the symptoms of irritability, irritability, dizziness, headache, and red eyes caused by internal heat are also scientifically reasonable.

The syndrome of liver-yang hyperactivity is the syndrome of liver-kidney yin deficiencythe syndrome of liver-yang hyperactivity (the liver-fire internal syndrome) the liver-wind internal movement syndrome. Liver-kidney yin deficiency syndrome is its early syndrome, and it should have the characteristics of yang deficiency and fire and yang deficiency. Table 1 illustrates this point. Compared with the healthy control group, the concentration of Na + and Ca + in the liver-kidney-yin deficiency group in Table 1 did slightly increase. If hyperactivity of liver yang causes hypertension, liver and kidney yin deficiency (huowang) should be an early sign of diseases such as hypertension. The predictability of traditional Chinese medicine may be reflected here, and some small changes in the body can also be observed through physical signs. The scientific rationale for "not disease" in Chinese medicine is obvious. "Not diseased" is not "metaphysical disease", but the "sub-ordered" or "sub-healthy" state of life. The liver-wind internal motion syndrome is a further deterioration of liver-yang hyperactivity. It should be said that the physical and chemical indexes of Na + and Ca + in Table 1 will further increase, which further reflects the characteristics of yang syndrome. We look forward to the experimental conclusions of medical workers.

So far, in the above cases, modern medicine and Chinese medicine have a unified understanding of the mechanism of disease generation. It is just that the traditional Chinese medicine makes a diagnosis from the overall stability of the system, using the terminology of traditional Chinese medicine, and the western medicine uses the micro-empirical analysis to make a diagnosis from the "spot spot" medical treatment, using modern scientific terms. The yin and yang of traditional Chinese medicine are interlinked with modern science.

Finally, we look at an extreme example of imbalance between yin and yang. For example, when a person dies, according to Chinese medicine, the yang is cut off. The contradictory side of the unity consisting of yin and yang-yang is no longer there, leaving only corpses that have stopped all life activities like thermodynamic equilibrium. The slow-moving rhythm of the life material movement pattern is zero, that is, the order parameter is zero solution. The order of material movement was completely destroyed, the yin and yang were completely out of balance, life stopped, and the body that relied on yin and yin eventually disappeared. This is the simplest footnote to the theory of yin and yang of traditional Chinese medicine and the theory of "best self-stable state of life material movement".

In short, we can all find a reasonable explanation of the corresponding modern theory of material movement of life.

It can be seen that the theory of yin and yang balance, which has long puzzled people's TCM theory, is another expression of the theory of "best self-stable state of material movement of life." The yin and yang in traditional Chinese medicine does not mean that there is any yin or yang in the natural world. The concept of yin and yang cannot be attributed to the material structure view system. External performance is a state parameter derived from the concept of material movement. In New Chinese Medicine, it is a scientific concept, not a philosophical concept. Specifically, the general Yin syndrome is that the life material movement rhythm exceeds the threshold is slower than the optimal self-steady state, while the Yang syndrome is that the life material movement rhythm is faster than the optimal self-steady state. Regardless of whether the disease is treated by traditional Chinese medicine or western medicine, the movement of living matter to the best and orderly state of a healthy person is achieved by some means, either internally or externally. Chinese and western medicines treat diseases differently, but their physiological principles are unified. Although yin and yang in traditional Chinese medicine do not represent any specific material, it has a deep material movement basis. Understanding the basis of the material movement of yin and yang in traditional Chinese medicine is of great practical significance to guide the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. The confluence of yin, yang and the five elements has contributed to the formation of the traditional Chinese way of thinking, developed the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, but also increased the mysterious color of traditional Chinese medicine. Today's confluence of the theory of yin and yang balance with the theory of material movement of life is expected to lead to a fusion of Eastern and Western thinking styles, which not only lifts the veil of Eastern mysticism, but also gives Western positivism the ability to analyze macroscopically. At this level, its significance will be even greater. It will be the second milestone in the improvement and development of Chinese traditional thinking.

Homeostasis is a dynamic balance maintained by the regulation of various regulatory mechanisms in biological systems, and is the basic condition for the survival of the entire biological system that biological systems obtain from evolutionary adaptation. The biological system in the homeostasis state is healthy and can perform its proper function normally and stably. The biological system far from the homeostasis is in a pathological state, the biological system functions abnormally, and cannot achieve stable performance. There are two types of processes both inside and outside the biological system (Kryzhanovsky 2004). Pathogenic processes (PP) force the biological system away from homeostasis; sanogenetic processes (SP) promote the biological system to return to its original homeostasis (former homeostasis) , FH) or establish a new homeostasis (NH). SP and PP have different contrasts, which can cause biological systems to be healthy or diseased.

Different homeostasis have different qualities. Older mice are less intelligent than younger mice. Slutsky et al. (2004) found that supplementation with magnesium ions in older mice can improve intelligence. Neurons in young mice form homeostasis at higher magnesium ion concentrations. Older mice have reduced magnesium ion absorption, but neurons can form homeostasis at low magnesium ion concentrations. Older mice can be released from homeostasis with magnesium supplementation, and electrical stimulation can promote SP to establish a new homeostasis at higher magnesium ion concentration. Therefore, old mice can have the intelligence of young mice after magnesium supplementation. Wang et al. (2000) found that although the autonomic nerve activity of patients with chronic quadriplegic disease is very low, it is still at homeostasis. Studies have shown that the same homeostasis can have different qualities. Therefore, it can be considered that the quality of homeostasis can characterize the level of health and exercise.

Human life is a process of gradual replacement of homeostasis with different qualities (Kurachi et al 2002). In the growth stage, high-quality NH continues to replace low-quality FH. The aging phase is the opposite. The process of sports training is similar. The process of athletes' adaptation to a set of training methods is the process of establishing the homeostasis. Once the homeostasis is established, the original training method becomes a necessary condition for maintaining the homeostasis, forming a so-called training platform (Busso 2003, Sun Haiping 2005b). Sports training can be divided into two categories according to homeostasis. Training to maintain homeostasis is called regular training, and training to build NH with better athletic performance by breaking FH is called extraordinary training. Through the cycles of extraordinary training and regular training, the quality of the homeostasis established by the athletes will become higher and higher, not only as an improvement in the level of exercise, but also as an improvement in the level of health. Research shows that not only do elite athletes have a higher quality of life (Kujala et al 2003), they also have a longer life expectancy (Sarna et al 1993).

To break through the sports training platform, extraordinary training must start PP by using more intense or different training methods, and then find various ways to promote SP to establish NH. Ferris et al. (2007) studied the effects of exercise intensity on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cognitive function from the perspective of ventilation threshold (VTh). Low-intensity (VTh-20) pairs of healthy young people (25.4 ± 1.0 years old; 174.7 ± 1.9 cm tall; weight 71.0 ± 3.1 kg; body mass index 23.1 ± 0.6 kg? M-2) BDNF and Stroop color-word scores have no effect, but high intensity (VTh + 10) increases BDNF and Stroop color-word scores. Obviously, low-intensity exercise belongs to regular training, while high-intensity exercise belongs to extraordinary training.

The process of muscle adaptation to a set of training methods is the process of establishing the homeostasis. Once the homeostasis is established, the original training method becomes a necessary condition for maintaining the homeostasis, forming a so-called training platform. To improve exercise levels, FH must be broken. For example, using a new training mode or eccentric exercise method, through delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) (Cheung et al 2003, Liu et al 2006) tears the Z-band that has been adapted for exercise, and through the hydrolysis of damaged proteins And rebuild protein synthesis, build new muscle structures, and build NH through new motor adaptation. Studies have shown (Blazevich et al 2003) that the PP that breaks FH has strength and speed characteristics, and simple pattern changes cannot become PP. There are many ways from FH to NH. Whether NH's exercise level is higher than FH depends on breaking the PP of FH. Studies have also shown (Ingalls et al 2002) that different PPs cause different NHs. It is worth pointing out that different SPs also lead to the establishment of different quality NHs. Research by Yang Huayuan et al. (2006) showed that the method of electrical stimulation of acupoints can enhance the rapid strength of athletes.

Obviously, different special sports have different homeostasis. As pointed out by Sun Haiping (2005a), all training centered on specialization is the current trend of high-level athlete training. From this perspective, there are obvious shortcomings in sports training based on "dual training theory". The homeostasis established by physical training is different from the homeostasis required by special sports. From excessive physical training to special training, it must be completed through extraordinary training. Sun Haiping (2005a) believes that low-intensity heavy-load training is not conducive to the improvement of the special level. He pointed out that after a long period of low-intensity and heavy-load training, when converting to high-intensity training, injuries will occur slightly, because the muscles have adapted to this chronic contraction and elongated training intensity, and What the project requires is high-intensity rapid shrinkage and elongation.

It takes a certain time from the formulation of the special training program to the establishment of the training platform. The greater the difference in the quality of the homeostasis before and after training, the longer it takes to build a training platform. Obviously, the difference between the platforms of special sports (similar muscle structure) is smaller than the difference between the platforms established by the physical training of the binary training theory and the platforms required for special sports (different muscle structures). From this perspective, the physical training of the dual training theory not only prolongs the time required to establish the homeostasis of the special sport, it does not help to establish the homeostasis of the special sport, but also reduces the Quality hinders the improvement of athletic performance.

After a new internal stability state is established by supernormal training, it enters the training platform period, and the original supernormal training is transformed into regular training for maintaining the newly established internal steady state. If the training intensity or vacation time is reduced, the homeostasis quality will decrease (Godfrey et al 2005).

Sun Haiping (2005a) summed up his 20 years of training experience and emphasized that training must obtain a stable state of athletes. From the perspective of this article, training is to help athletes establish a homeostasis that allows them to perform at a stable level in a game. Therefore, the competition should be a continuation of regular training. Edwards et al. (2 005) research shows that training at the same time the day before the game helps to improve the level of the day. In fact, Sun Haiping (2005a) has used competition as a part of training, or an extension, into the entire training process. It should be noted that the training here must be regular training.

Since the competition is a continuation of regular training, the intensity of regular training should be maintained near the intensity of the competition. Sun Haiping (2005b) emphasized the importance of building a training platform. He pointed out that after the athletes reach a certain level, they must maintain a certain height during training, and they must not rise or fall. His training philosophy is clear. Every exercise and every means is high intensity. Every day is high intensity. Before the 2004 Olympic Games, Liu Xiang's training intensity had already achieved results within 13 seconds.

Homeostasis is holistic, but can be characterized from its individual parts. Oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis (OAH) (Victor et al 2003, Ji et al 2006) is one of them.

The same training scheme is routine training for healthy people and extraordinary training for patients (Jasperse et al 2006). Therefore, training programs have individual differences, and athletes of different types, different levels, and different training purposes should adopt corresponding training programs.

Sports nutrition has little effect on homeostasis. Finaud et al. (2006a) research on judo athletes shows that OAH is mainly determined by exercise, and diet adjustments and even weight loss diets do not affect OAH.

Carnitine supplementation is divided (Brass 2006), probably because there is no clear distinction between regular training and extraordinary training. Recent experiments have shown (Lee et al 2007) that carnitine supplementation has no effect on regular training.

The cytoprotective effect of fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) has many applications in clinical medicine (Ahn et al 2007, Ying Hanjie 2003). Exercise fatigue can cause skeletal muscle to be in a relatively hypoxic state, and FDP should have the effect of resisting exercise fatigue (Ying Hanjie 2003). Unfortunately, FDP has no effect on regular training (Myers et al 1990).

Sports nutrition affects extraordinary training. For example, HBM / KIC supplementation for 14 consecutive days before exercise helps the recovery of DOMS (van Somerenet al 2005), and amino acid supplementation promotes the recovery of DOMS by promoting reconstruction of protein synthesis (Nosaka et al 2006).

In the 1950s, the former Soviet Union produced a "dual training theory", which was widely accepted by the international sports theory community and became the mainstream training theory. According to this theory, athletic ability (athletic performance) is composed of two "meta-factors": "physical energy" and "special skills". The "excessive recovery" of training behavior is the fundamental reason for the improvement of athletic ability (achievement). More than half a century has passed, and more and more scholars have questioned this theory. China's Mao Peng (2007) not only deeply criticized the "dual training theory", but also proposed the "monistic training theory" specifically. With the emergence of Liu Xiang in the "110-meter hurdle" project, Mao Peng's training theory has also caused a strong response in the sports world. Mao Peng (2007) believes that the adjustment and change of the human body's orderly state ("entropy value") is the root cause of the change of the athletic ability (achievement). This process is non-linear, and the "overrecovery" cannot be used Linear description. From the perspective of "monistic training theory": exercise ability exists in the body itself, not the material "held" by the body ("holding" is stored in the body, so it is external to the body; exercise capacity is internal to the body , Not outside the body). The improvement of athletic ability reflects the "specialized athleteization progress" (entropy reduction progress) of the organism's orderly state of life. It can be said that "monistic training theory" fundamentally negates "dual training theory". First, it proposes that technology is the external form of physical energy, and physical energy is the internal driving force of technology, and each cannot exist independently of the other. There are only one, not two, "meta-factors" that determine athletic performance. From the perspective of "monistic training theory", the so-called "comprehensive physical fitness (physical fitness) training" are mostly "outside" the boundary. Misunderstanding the "outside" ("entropy" source) as the "inside" ("negative entropy" source) causes the "adjustability" of the orderly state of life to be used indiscriminately, tossing back and forth, making the "entropy value" high No less, disturbing and disrupting the progress of achievements, causing injuries and illnesses. What's more important is that it clearly states that describing the "progress of athletic performance" with a linear view of "overrecovery" is a misunderstanding and a partial overview; and it has directly led to the blind pursuit of "big progress" in training. The amount of exercise "(Mao Peng 2007). In this paper, the duality of physical fitness and technology is integrated into the overall homeostasis of the athlete, and the concepts of conventional training and extraordinary training are introduced to develop the "monistic training theory".

Homeostasis corresponds to a healthy normal state. The breakdown of FH by PP leads to a disease state. Training is the same as growth in improving the quality of homeostasis. The process of improvement is a health-illness-healthier spiral. The difference between training and growth is that the former has more severe disease than the latter, and the former improves the homeostasis quality more significantly than the latter. Muscle strength also increases during growth, but the increase is not as significant as DOMS. The research in this article shows that scientific training is not only a process of improving the level of exercise, but also a process of improving the level of health. It is worth pointing out that if the training method is not proper, the break of PP to FH cannot establish a higher quality NH, or the state of PP to FH is broken, and there is no suitable method to promote the establishment of NH, or the established NH is not Eliminating the effects of PP will lead to the deterioration of athletes' health, and these conditions lead to people's prejudice against competitive training that is harmful to health. For example, athletes' pathological adaptation to sports injuries (Cumian domain 2000), although sports injuries have not healed, but still form NH. Although NH already has a high level of exercise, it can be predicted that if sports injuries are cured, the formation of NH will have a higher level of exercise. Another example is overtraining syndrome. The oxidative stress generated by exercise training is a kind of PP. If the antioxidant-mediated SP is not strong enough (Finaud et al 2006b), NH cannot be formed; tissue damage caused by exercise is also a kind of PP If the injured rehabilitation SP is suppressed (Smith 2004), NH cannot be formed.

Homeostasis is a characteristic of the athlete's entire state that can stably exert the level of exercise. The establishment and maintenance of homeostasis includes all aspects of the athlete. Sun Haiping (2005b) pointed out that the key is not physical strength. As long as the feeling of special ability is grasped, there will be no problems. This feeling needs to be systematically acquired by load training (Sun Haiping 2005a), of course, it is also necessary to cultivate psychological qualities (Sun Haiping 2005b).

Henderson

Name: Henderson, Thomas

Country or Region: Scotland

Subject: Astronomer

invent:

resume

Henderson, Thomas Scottish astronomer. Born in Dundee, Angus County on December 28, 1798; died in Edinburgh on November 23, 1844. Henderson was a lawyer, but he used astronomy as an amateur hobby, and as usual, this hobby became professional. In 1831 he was appointed director of the Cape of Good Hope Observatory. This provided him with the opportunity to observe the unusual star Alpha Centauri; it was the third brightest star of the day, but it was too southerly that the Europeans had never Observed it. It has no name other than its official astronomical name. Henderson successfully measured its parallax, and measured its value to be about one-quarter of a second, which is slightly more than four light years away. Therefore, it is closer than the 61 star of Cygnus. Indeed, the Centaur Alpha (which consists of three stars) triplet system is the closest star known to date. The most recent of the three sub-stars was discovered in 1915. It is small and faint. Henderson actually completed the calculations before Bessel *, but his results were not published until 1839, with priority given to the first published. Henderson was named the first Royal Astronomer of Scotland and spent his life as a professor of astronomy in Edinburgh.

Name: Greg Henderson

Nationality: New Zealand

Sex: Male

Birthday: 1976.9.10

Height: 1.81 meters

Weight: 74 kg

Project: Bicycle

Cannon

Cannon (1871-1945)

Cannon, Walter Braford

American physiologist. Born in Wisconsin on October 19, 1871, and died in New Hampshire on October 1, 1945. He received his bachelor's and doctoral degrees in medicine from Harvard Medical School in 1896 and 1900, and has been a professor of physiology at the school since 1906. From 1912 to 1942, he was a physiological consultant at Boston Children's Hospital and Peter Bent and Brigham Hospital. He served as a medic during World War I. From 1929 to 1930 he went to France as a visiting scholar. He came to China to work in the Union Medical College for half a year in 1935. From 1936 to 1938, he was the chairman of the United States Department of Health and actively participated in the struggle of the Spanish Republican government against the German-Italian fascist army. At the end of the 1930s, he worked in the Anti-Japanese Medicine Agency and the Joint China Relief Committee. During World War II, he chaired the Board of the American Shock and Blood Transfusion Research Council. Retired at Harvard Medical School in 1942.

Cannon pioneered the angiography of bismuth or barium meals and X-rays on the digestive tract. This method quickly spread to all countries and became one of the most powerful methods for diagnosing tumors and ulcers in the digestive tract. In addition, he also studied the relationship between mechanical dynamics and gastric acid concentration and the opening and closing of the pyloric valve during digestion, and published a book "Mechanical Factors of Digestive Function" in 1911. Later, he conducted many years of research on digestive physiology, and in 1929 he wrote a book entitled "Physical Changes in Pain, Hunger, Terror, and Rage".

His research on endocrine glands, especially the adrenal glands, revealed the important role of hormones in coping with emergencies. In 1931 he discovered that some nerve endings could release an adrenaline-like substance, sympathin. It has been shown that the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system play an important role in maintaining the stability of the internal environment of the body. In 1932 he summarized this research as a book called "Body Wisdom." In 1935, he worked at Peking Union Medical College and made outstanding contributions to Sino-US academic exchanges and the development of Chinese physiology.

In 1926 Cannon officially named "internal environment stable" or "self-stable", and further affirmed it based on his own experimental results. Since Cannon, "internal environment stability" has become one of the most influential concepts in biology. He also actively participates in a wide range of social activities and has written the book "The Researcher's Path: A Scientist's Experience in Medical Research".