What Is the Anatomy of the Forearm?

Human anatomy is a science that studies the morphology, structure, location, adjacency, and the relationship between structure and function of each part of the normal human body. It is divided into two parts: general anatomy and microanatomy. Gross anatomy is a method of cutting the corpse with the aid of anatomical instruments, and the science of observing the shape and structure of human organs and systems with the naked eye. Microanatomy can be divided into cytology and histology. Microscopic anatomy must study the fine structure of the human body with the help of the magnification of an optical microscope or an electron microscope. ^[1]

Human anatomy

(Scientific study of normal human form and structure)

Human anatomy is a science that studies the morphology, structure, location, adjacency, and the relationship between structure and function of each part of the normal human body. It is divided into two parts: general anatomy and microanatomy. Gross anatomy is a method of cutting the corpse with the aid of anatomical instruments, and the science of observing the shape and structure of human organs and systems with the naked eye. Microanatomy can be divided into cytology and histology. Microscopic anatomy must study the fine structure of the human body with the help of the magnification of an optical microscope or an electron microscope. ^[1]

Anatomy is a long-established science, the first medical work in the Warring States Period (500 BC) in China

In order to correctly describe the shape and position of the human body structure and their interrelationships, it is necessary to formulate a universally recognized standard, that is, the terms of anatomical posture and orientation. Beginners must accurately grasp this basic knowledge in order to facilitate learning and communication and avoid misunderstanding.

1. Anatomical posture

In order to clarify the shape, position and interrelationship of the various parts and structures of the human body, a standard posture must first be established. When describing any posture, this standard posture shall prevail. This standard posture is called an anatomical posture. That is, the human body is upright, both eyes are looking forward, the upper limbs are drooping, the lower limbs are close together, and the palms and toes are forward. (When describing any structure of the human body, this posture should be the standard)

2. Commonly used orientation terms

Upper superior and lower inferior: According to the anatomical posture, the head is on the top and the feet are on the bottom. In comparative anatomy or

The basic structural and functional units that make up the human body are cells

The purpose of studying human anatomy is to understand and master the basic knowledge of the morphological structure of the human body's various system organs, and to lay the necessary morphological foundation for learning other basic medicine and clinical medicine. The study of medical science follows the principle of "progressive": first form, then functional metabolism; first normal, then pathology; and then gradually involve clinical problems. Only by correctly understanding the normal human morphology and structure can we fully understand its physiological, biochemical processes and pathological changes, and then understand and grasp the occurrence, development, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, and the principles of prevention. Human anatomy is an introductory course for studying and researching medicine. It is an important basic medicine course.

The motor system consists of three parts: bones, joints and muscles. The bones of the whole body are connected by joints to form bones. The movement system not only constitutes the human body's skeletal scaffold, completes various movements under the control of the nervous system, but also plays an important supporting and protecting role on the body. Such as skull support, protect the brain, thorax support to protect the heart, lungs, spleen, liver and other organs. The bones of the limbs are mainly sports.

Skeletal muscles attach to the bones and move them through the joints when contracted. In the movement, the bone acts as a lever, the hub of the movement is in the joints, and the skeletal muscle is the driving force of the movement. Therefore, bones and joints are passive parts of the motor system, and skeletal muscles under the control of the nervous system are active parts of the motor system.

Osteology

I. General

Bone bone is an organ with certain morphology and functions, hard and tough, rich in nerves and blood vessels, capable of constant metabolism and growth, and has the ability to rebuild, repair and regenerate. Regular physical exercise can promote good bone development and growth.

The human body is composed of many complex structures such as systems and organs. In order to correctly describe the shape of these structures, it is necessary to have some universally accepted uniform standards and descriptive terms, so as to have a unified understanding to avoid misunderstanding. To this end, a standard anatomical posture has been determined, and a number of axis, plane and orientation terms have been specified. These concepts and nouns must be mastered by those learning anatomy.

(A) anatomical position

In order to explain the positional relationship of various parts or structures of the human body, a standard posture, called anatomic posture, is specified. When describing any structure, this posture should be used as the standard, even if the research object or specimen model is in a horizontal position, an inverted position, or just the body Part of it should still be described in standard posture. The specific anatomical posture is as follows: the body is upright, facing forward, both eyes are looking straight ahead, the two feet are side by side, the toes are forward, the upper limbs hang down on the sides of the trunk, and the palms are forward.

(Two) terminology

According to the above anatomical posture, some relative azimuth nouns are also specified. According to these azimuth nouns, the mutual positional relationship of each structure can be correctly described. Therefore, these nouns are a pair of corresponding pairs, such as:

Upper superior and lower inferior are nouns that describe the relationship between the height of the part. According to the anatomical posture, the head is on the upper foot and the down, so the side near the head (cranium) is up, and the side far from the head (cranium) is down. For example, the eyes are above the nose and the mouth is below the nose. In order to unify with comparative anatomy, the cranial cranialis and caudal caudalis can also be used as corresponding nouns, and the descriptions of the human body and the tetrapod body can be compared.

Anterior or ventral ventralis and posterior or dorsalis. Those who are close to the ventral surface of the body are the front, and those who are close to the back are the rear. The term ventral and dorsal is commonly used in humans and tetrapods.

Medialis and lateralis are nouns that describe the relative distance between each part and the median plane. For example, the eyes are located outside the nose and inside the ear.

Inner internus and outer externus are nouns indicating the mutual positional relationship with the cavity, and attention should be paid to the differences from the inner and outer sides.

Shallow superficialis and deep profundus are nouns that refer to the relative distance from the skin surface, that is, those near to the skin are shallow, and those far away are deep.

In addition, such as left sinister and right dexter, the proximal proximalis of the limbs is close to the root of the limb, and the distal distalis of the limbs is far from the root of the limb; The lateral fibularis are equivalent to the inside and outside of the trunk, and the nouns are based on the corresponding bones of the forearm and calf-ulna, radius, tibia and fibula.

(Three) axis and plane

1. Axis: According to the anatomical orientation, the human body can have three types of axes that are perpendicular to each other. This is very important in describing the shape of certain structures, especially joint movements. The three axes are:

(1) Sagittal axis: a horizontal line perpendicular to the body's long axis and coronal axis from front to back.

(2) Coronal axis: a horizontal line perpendicular to the long axis and sagittal axis of the body from left to right, also known as the frontal axis.

(3) Vertical axis: the axis parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to the horizontal plane.

2. Face: According to the above three axes, the human body can have three types of faces perpendicular to each other, which is also important for the description of certain structures.

(1) Sagittal plane: That is, the sagittal axis is perpendicular to the horizontal plane and the coronal plane, and the body is divided into left and right longitudinal sections. The median is called the median sagittal plane, which divides the human body into left and right halves.

(2) Crown (frontal) plane: that is, according to the direction of the crown (frontal) axis perpendicular to the horizontal plane and the sagittal plane, the body is divided into two longitudinal sections in front and back.

(3) Horizontal plane or cross-section: that is, a cross-section that is perpendicular to the two planes and parallel to the horizontal plane, dividing the body into two parts.

The cross-section of an organ is generally not based on the long axis of the body, but on its own long axis. A section parallel to its long axis is called a longitudinal section, and a section perpendicular to its long axis is called a transverse section. For organs, the transverse section is not necessarily the horizontal plane, and the longitudinal section is not necessarily the sagittal or coronal plane, so the terms horizontal, sagittal and coronal are generally not used.