What Is the Posterior Cingulate?

The cingulate gyrus is the cerebral gyrus located between the cingulate sulcus and the corpus callosum sulcus on the inner side of the cerebral hemisphere. It belongs to the cortical part of the limbic system. The anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus (ie, zone 24) is associated with the body movement zone and the body sensory zone. Stimulating a patient's 24 areas can cause changes in pulse, breathing and blood pressure. Cerebral gyrus below the cingulate sulcus. Located above the corpus callosum groove on the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere. Extensive visceral reactions can occur under electrical stimulation, such as changes in breathing, gastrointestinal motility, glandular secretion, vertical hair, and dilation.

The cingulate gyrus is the cerebral gyrus located between the cingulate sulcus and the corpus callosum sulcus on the inner side of the cerebral hemisphere. It belongs to the cortical part of the limbic system. The anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus (ie, zone 24) is associated with the body movement zone and the body sensory zone. Stimulating a patient's 24 areas can cause changes in pulse, breathing and blood pressure. Cerebral gyrus below the cingulate sulcus. Located above the corpus callosum groove on the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere. Extensive visceral reactions can occur under electrical stimulation, such as changes in breathing, gastrointestinal motility, glandular secretion, vertical hair, and dilation.

Chinese name

Cingulate gyrus

Foreign name

cingulum gyrus

Overview of cingulate gyrus

Posterior cingulate gyrus: The posterior cingulate gyrus receives output from the amygdala, orbitofrontal gyrus, and medial frontal gyrus, and transmits nerve impulses into the anterior cingulate gyrus and striatum, which has always been an important part of the emotional circuit , And participate in emotional and self-evaluation processes, which are closely related to depressive symptoms. Brain structural studies have found that there is a decrease in the volume of gray matter in the posterior cingulate gyrus. Some scholars have found that there is abnormal cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the posterior cingulate gyrus of patients with depression, which suggests that depression may exist in the posterior cingulate gyrus. Low functionality ^[1] .

Cingulate anatomical structure

1. Some scholars put the cingulate back into the frontal lobe. The microstructural features of this gyrus are the same as those of the central anterior and posterior gyrus, with back-and-forth connections with the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, as well as with the striatum, hypothalamus, and midbrain cover. It is associated with the frontal and parietal cortex before and after the sensorimotor area. Stimulation or resection of the anterior cingulate region may induce changes in pulse, breathing, and blood pressure, which are commonly seen in pre-cingular white matter resections to reduce certain mental disorders. Simple cingulate resection or stereotactic destruction can alleviate the abnormal attack state and obsessive-compulsive disorder state, and make the personality gentle and quiet. Some people also treat refractory pain by removing the cingulate gyrus.

The cingulate groove is located on the inner side of the hemisphere, above and parallel to the corpus callosum. The ends of its marginal branches mostly reach the dorsal lateral surface of the hemisphere. The top and bottom ditch is a continuation of the cingulate ditch, but some do not connect the cingulate ditch, and some rows are upward, and some people call it the wedge ditch. The cingulate sulcus is a continuous sulcus accounting for 78%, and 33% to 57% of the sulcus has a parallel brain sulcus above the sulcus. There are many types of top and bottom sulcus, including vertical, horizontal, and irregular, and 15% to 23% are connected to the cingulate sulcus.

In 1973, some scholars proposed a "emotion theory", which believed that the anatomical basis of emotions was the papillary body, the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, the cingulate gyrus, the hippocampus, and the loop formed by them. It is generally believed that neural activities from the neocortex and expressing emotional processes, in turn, go to the hippocampus, fornix, papillary body, and anterior thalamic nucleus, and finally project onto the so-called "emotional cortex," the sensation zone of the cingulate cortex, and pass from there to In various areas of the neocortex, the cingulate gyrus is an important part of the loop. Stereotactic damage to the anterior cingulate gyrus can treat intractable mental disorders. The epilepsy that originates in the cingulate gyrus is mainly a complex partial seizure, with characteristic autonomy, autonomic dysfunction, emotional changes, and urinary incontinence. Removal of the cingulate to the epileptic focus and partial corpus callosum can effectively control epilepsy.

Diseases related to cingulate gyrus

1, cingulate syndrome: also known as post-surgical syndrome. Retinal detachment was performed by scleral cerclage, because the ligatures in the scleral equator caused a series of blood circulation disorders, showing various symptoms, called cingulate syndrome. Clinical symptoms usually appear on the 14th to the 19th day after surgery, manifested as eyelid edema, exophthalmos, conjunctival edema, uveitis, low intraocular pressure, or retinal detachment, accompanied by severe headache. Corticosteroids and symptomatic treatment can be used for treatment.

2, Nielsen type II syndrome: also known as the anterior cingulate syndrome, apraxia-apraxia-aphasia. Named cingulategyri syndrome. The gyrus syndrome is a neurological disorder that is mainly caused by the three symptoms of dysfunction: apraxia, apraxia, and aphasia. The clinical manifestations are usually staring with eyes open, with an indifferent expression, unable to recognize sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch, and no response to painful stimuli. Loss of ability to express language, words and things, so often silent. No paralysis but unable to do conscious, purposeful exercise. Incontinence. Bilateral Babinski sign was positive, but muscle tone was normal. The condition is more critical, without special treatment, and has a poor prognosis, and eventually enters a deep coma and dies.

[Cause]

It is a vascular lesion and is a bilateral cingulate gyrus lesion caused by inflammation, multiple sclerosis, and tumors.

[Clinical manifestations]

Indifferent expression, mutism, inability to move, incontinence, open eyes and normal muscle tone. Knowledge of hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch cannot. Pain is impaired but not paralyzed, and conscious movement cannot be completed. Both sides had a positive Babinski sign and often died of coma.

treatment

Etiology treatment, symptomatic treatment.

[Prognosis]

The prognosis is poor, and the patient eventually enters a deep coma and dies.