How do Solar Panels Work?

Solar panel is a device that absorbs sunlight and directly or indirectly converts solar radiation energy into electricity through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. The main material of most solar panels is "silicon", but due to the relatively low production cost It is so big that it has some limitations in its universal use.

solar panel

1) Tempered glass is used to protect the main body of power generation (such as battery cells), and the selection of light transmission is required. 1. The light transmission must be high (generally above 91%); 2. Ultra-white tempered

2) EVA is used to bond and fix the toughened glass and the power generation body (such as battery cells). The quality of the transparent EVA material directly affects the life of the module. EVA exposed to the air is easy to age and yellow, which affects the transmittance of the module In addition to the quality of EVA itself, in addition to the quality of EVA itself, the lamination process of component manufacturers also has a very large impact. For example, the EVA adhesiveness is not up to standard, and the bonding strength between EVA and tempered glass and the back plate is not enough, which will cause EVA to be early Aging affects component life.

3)

Currently, crystalline silicon materials (including

1. User solar power supply: (1) small power supply ranging from 10-100W, used for military and civilian life power in remote areas without electricity, such as plateaus, islands, pastoral areas, border posts, etc., such as lighting, television, radio, etc .; (2) 3 -5KW family roof grid-connected power generation system; (3) Photovoltaic water pumps: solve drinking and irrigation of deep water wells in areas without electricity.

2. Transportation: such as beacon lights, traffic / railway signal lights, traffic warning / signage lights, Yuxiang street lights, high-altitude obstacle lights, highway / railway telephone booths, unattended road shift power supply, etc.

3. Communication / communication field: solar unattended microwave relay station, fiber optic cable maintenance station, broadcasting / communication / paging power system; rural carrier telephone photovoltaic system, small communication machine, soldier GPS power supply, etc.

4. Petroleum, marine, and meteorological fields: cathodic protection solar power systems for oil pipelines and reservoir gates, domestic and emergency power sources for oil rigs, marine detection equipment, and meteorological / hydrological observation equipment.

5. Lamp power: such as garden lights, street lights, portable lights, camping lights, climbing lights, fishing lights, black lights, tap lights, energy-saving lights, etc.

6. Photovoltaic power station: 10KW-50MW independent photovoltaic power station, wind (solar) complementary power station, various large parking plant charging stations, etc.

7. Solar building: Combining solar power with building materials to enable self-sufficiency of large buildings in the future is a major development direction in the future.

8. Other fields include: (1) Matching with automobiles: solar cars / electric cars, battery charging equipment, car air conditioners, ventilation fans, cold drink boxes, etc .; (2) solar hydrogen fueling fuel cell regenerative power generation systems; (3) seawater Desalination equipment power; (4) satellites, spacecraft, space solar power stations, etc.

The service life of solar panels is determined by the battery

Slicing, cleaning, preparing suede, peripheral etching, removing the PN + junction on the back, making upper and lower electrodes, making anti-reflection film, sintering, testing and other steps.

Specific manufacturing process description of solar cell

(1) Slicing: Multi-wire cutting is used to cut silicon rods into square silicon wafers.

(2) Cleaning: Use conventional silicon wafer cleaning methods to clean, and then use an acid (or alkali) solution to remove the cutting damage layer on the surface of the silicon wafer by 30-50um.

(3) Preparation of suede: use an alkaline solution to anisotropically etch the silicon wafer to prepare suede on the surface of the wafer.

(4) Phosphorous diffusion: Use a coating source (or a liquid source, or a solid phosphorus nitride flake source) for diffusion to make a PN + junction. The junction depth is generally 0.3-0.5um.

(5) Peripheral etching: The diffusion layer formed on the peripheral surface of the silicon wafer during diffusion can short-circuit the upper and lower electrodes of the battery, and remove the peripheral diffusion layer by masking wet etching or plasma dry etching.

(6) Remove the back PN + junction. Commonly used wet etching or polishing method to remove the PN + junction on the back.

(7) Production of upper and lower electrodes: vacuum evaporation, chemical nickel plating or aluminum paste printing and sintering. First make the lower electrode, then make the upper electrode. Aluminum paste printing is a widely used process method.

(8) Making anti-reflection film: In order to reduce the reflection loss, a layer of anti-reflection film should be covered on the surface of the silicon wafer. Materials for the antireflection film include MgF2, SiO2, Al2O3, SiO, Si3N4, TiO2, Ta2O5 and the like. The process method can be a vacuum coating method, an ion plating method, a sputtering method, a printing method, a PECVD method, or a spray coating method.

(9) Sintering: Sinter the battery chip on the nickel or copper base plate.

(10) Test binning: test classification according to specified parameters.

(1) Because the output power of solar modules depends on the solar irradiance and

1. Inspect the battery board for damage, and make sure to find it in time and replace it in time.

2. Check whether the battery board connecting wire and ground wire are in good contact and whether they have come off.

3. Check if there is any heat at the junction box junction.

4. Check whether the battery board bracket is loose or broken.

5. Check and clean the weeds covering the panel around the panel.

6. Check if there is any covering on the surface of the battery board.

7. Check bird droppings on the surface of the battery board and clean them if necessary.

8. Identify the cleanliness of the battery panel.

9. In windy weather, key inspections of battery panels and brackets should be carried out.

10. In snowy days, the battery panels should be cleaned in time to avoid snow and ice on the surface area of the battery panels.

11. In heavy rain, check whether all the waterproof seals are good and whether there is water leakage.

12. Check whether any animals enter the power station to damage the battery panel.

13. In hail weather, the surface of the panel should be inspected.

14. Detect the temperature of the battery panel and compare it with the ambient temperature for analysis.

15. The problems that are checked out must be handled, analyzed and summarized in a timely manner.

16. Make detailed records of each inspection to facilitate future analysis.

17. Make analysis summary records and file.

New coatings for solar panels

Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the United States developed a new coating in 2008. Covering it on a solar panel can increase the latter's solar absorption rate to 96.2%, compared to the solar absorption rate of ordinary solar panels About 70%.

The new coating mainly solves two technical problems. One is to help the solar panel absorb almost all of the solar spectrum, and the other is to make the solar panel absorb the sunlight from a larger angle, thereby improving the efficiency of the solar panel to absorb sunlight. .

Ordinary solar panels can usually only absorb part of the solar spectrum, and usually work efficiently only when absorbing direct sunlight. Therefore, many solar devices are equipped with an automatic adjustment system to ensure that the solar panel is always in the best position to absorb the sun The angle of energy.

Solar panel plant material

On February 18, 2013, a research group in Japan developed a new type of solar panel using wood pulp as a raw material. This "paper-paste" solar cell is environmentally friendly, cheap, and ultra-thin and flexible. It may be useful in the future. Ground.

In order to ensure the light transmittance, solar cells usually use transparent glass or plastic. A research team led by Associate Professor Nomura Nakamura of the Institute of Industrial Science of Osaka University, using plant fibers in wood pulp as raw materials, successfully developed a transparent material with a thickness of only 15 nanometers through compression processing, and used this as a substrate to convert photoelectricity into organic materials. Materials and wiring are embedded with pressure to make paper solar cells.

It is said that the "paper-paste" solar cell has a photoelectric conversion efficiency of only 3%, which is far less than the 10% to 20% conversion rate of general solar cells for power generation. Very low, developers hope to be practical in a few years.