What are the plastids?
Plastids are specialized structures in plant cells that produce and store food and pigments for the cell. It was assumed that they had evolved from independent unicellular organisms that lived symbiotically with plants billion years ago, contain a large number of genes and produce a number of proteins. There is a lot of interest in the use of plastides as a factory for the production of proteins that are a pharmaceutical interest.
The best known plastic is chloroplasts that are a place of photosynthesis. Others include chromoplastics that store pigments such as carotenoids that are responsible for coloring fruit and flowers. Leukoplasts store starch, lipids or proteins - all potential food sources. Storage roots such as potatoes and carrots may contain leukoplasts full of starch. Plastic types can be carried out, become other types of plastic, depending on the condition of the cell. The green color of the leaves. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight and uses it to divide watersOxygen in water. This produces oxygen that people and animals breathe. The hydrogen is integrated into carbon dioxide from the air. This process of photosynthesis creates glucose and other compounds that the plant uses for metabolism.
plant tissues may have a large amount of plastic in the cytoplasm; One cell can have more than 50 of them. These forms from the distribution of existing plastides and are inherited only from one parent.
Plastids have an inner double membrane that separates them from the rest of the cell. In this membrane there are many specialized features such as a number of other membranes and plasticome or the total DNA of the plastic. This plastic genome encodes about 100 genes needed with plastic, but the rest is coded by the cell core. Therefore, the plastic is not entirely independent of the rest of the cell, even if it is divided separately.
There is an aggressive research that uses chloroplasts as a source of production for a biologistical compounds such as enzymes and antibodies. Plastic transformation has a great advantage over the traditional methods of genetically engineering plants, because plastides are in most cases in most cases. Thus, they should not spread to neighboring plants and genetically modified plants would be isolated. This should help relieve fear of spreading changed genes to the environment.
The introduction of genes into plastic is much more complicated than traditional methods of introducing genes into the cell nucleus, since each cell can have more than 1,000 plasticoms. Each must be modified in the same way to make this technique successful. However, if successful, an introduced gene may include up to 25% of all cellular proteins. In addition, plants are able to perform proteins that bacteria cannot, which give them the advantage over production in bacterial excessive expression.
Several different types of plants have been successfully transformed by their plastic. Plastic transformation of plant embryos orYoung cells are often achieved by a particle weapon. This technique covers gold or tungsten particles with DNA and then shoots them into the tissue. The DNA used is a plasmide, a circular DNA unit containing the desired gene. It will also contain a DNA sequence that will allow it to replicate in the cell, and a gene for antibiotic resistance to identifying which cells have been transformed.