What is Quantum Uncertainty?

The Uncertainty principle was proposed by Heisenberg in 1927. The theory is that you cannot know the position of a particle and its velocity at the same time. The uncertainty of the particle position must be greater than or equal to Prang The Planck constant is divided by 4 (xph / 4), which indicates that the behavior of particles in the microworld is very different from that of macroscopic matter. In addition, the principle of uncertainty involves many profound philosophical issues. In Heisenberg's own words, "In the statement of the law of causality, that is," if you know the present exactly, you can foresee the future ". Premise. We cannot know all the details now, it is a matter of principle. "

The principle shows that:

Uncertainty principle determinism

The success of scientific theory, especially Newton's theory of gravity, led French scientist Marquis Laplace to conclude in the early 19th century that the universe was completely determined. He believes that there is a set of scientific laws. As long as we know the state of the universe at a certain moment, we can predict any event that will happen in the universe. For example, assuming we know the position and velocity of the sun and planets at a certain moment, we can use Newton's law to calculate the state of the solar system at any other moment. Fatalism in this case is obvious, and Laplace further assumes that there are certain laws that similarly constrain everything else, including human behavior. <Continuation: The essence of the uncertainty principle is a more affirmative of causality. It is conceivable that any kind of observation can change the state of an object, thereby bringing the system of the original object into a new state. Quantity, and his state quantity will develop in a direction of its own action before it interferes with it (of course, its direction is uncertain for us, this uncertain substance is for our observation .), The interference (observation) caused him to start a "new era", and the interference result is certain for the object, it will cause the object to start a new state, of course, this new result will work To other systems, which affect the entire universe. In short, it can be said that: due to one of your sneezes, the airflow has a strong movement. Through the force of the airflow, a cloud in the United States has finally reached the condition of precipitation. A rain! Without your sneeze, the movement of that cloud is constant, and precipitation is impossible. The so-called butterfly effect is actually the same principle. The butterfly flaps its wings on the Pacific side, and the other side may cause a typhoon.
The delusion of trying to predict future events through the laws of physics is ridiculous. From the point of view of computer science, this kind of estimation is an infinite recursion. The condition for terminating recursion is to obtain the state at a future moment. The impact of the calculator on the environment (which must be considered) is therefore recursive, because the termination condition cannot be achieved, so the algorithm cannot be completed. From the perspective of feasibility, the world we live in is like a 400mips computer environment. It is impossible to simulate a 500mips virtual machine. So the future is unknown.

Determinism of Uncertainty Principle

Many people strongly resist this kind of scientific determinism. They feel that this violates the freedom of "God" or mysterious force to interfere in the world. Until the beginning of the 20th century, this concept was still regarded as the standard assumption of science. An initial sign that this belief must be abandoned. It was a calculation made by British scientists Lord Rayleigh and Sir James Kings, who pointed out that a hot object, such as a star, must radiate at an infinite rate. Out of energy. According to the law we believed at the time, a hot body must emit electromagnetic waves (such as radio waves, visible light or X-rays) equally in all frequency bands. For example, a hot body emits waves of the same energy between 1 and 2 trillion hertz frequencies and between 2 and 3 trillion hertz frequencies. And since the frequency spectrum of waves is infinite, this means that the total energy radiated must be infinite.

Uncertainty hypothesis quantum hypothesis

To avoid this apparently ridiculous result, German scientist Max Planck proposed in 1900 that light waves, X-rays, and other waves cannot be radiated at arbitrary rates, but must be emitted in a form called quantum. And each quantum has a certain energy, the higher the frequency of the wave, the greater its energy. In this way, at a sufficiently high frequency, it takes more energy to radiate a single quantum than it can get. As a result, radiation is reduced at high frequencies, and the rate at which objects lose energy is limited.

Meaning of uncertainty principle quantum hypothesis

The quantum hypothesis can explain the observed emissivity of the hot body very well, and it was not until 1926 that another German scientist, Weiner Heisenberg, put forward the famous principle of uncertainty that its meaning to fatalism was realized. In order to predict the future position and velocity of a particle, one must be able to accurately measure its current position and velocity. The obvious way is to illuminate the particle, and a part of the light wave is scattered by the particle, thereby indicating its location. However, it is impossible to determine the position of a particle to a distance smaller than the distance between two peaks of light, so it is necessary to use short-wavelength light to measure the position of the particle. According to Planck's quantum hypothesis, one cannot use an arbitrarily small amount of light, at least one light quantum. This quantum will perturb the particle and change its speed in an unforeseen way. Moreover, the more accurate the position measurement, the shorter the wavelength required, and the greater the energy of the individual quantum, so that the velocity of the particles is disturbed more. In other words, the more accurately you measure the position of the particle, the less accurate you will be with the speed, and vice versa. Heisenberg pointed out that the uncertainty of the particle position multiplied by the mass of the particle and then the velocity cannot be less than a certain amount-Planck's constant. Moreover, this limit does not depend on the method of measuring particle position and velocity, nor on the type of particle. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is a fundamentally unavoidable nature of the world.

Impact of uncertainty principle

The principle of uncertainty has a profound impact on our worldview. Even after more than 50 years, it has not been appreciated by many philosophers and remains the subject of much controversy. The principle of uncertainty makes Laplace's scientific theory, the dream of a fully deterministic model of the universe, dead: if one cannot even accurately measure the current state of the universe, then one cannot certainly accurately predict future events (denying observer Can determine the future)! But objectively speaking, the current state of the universe is certain (recognizing the certainty of the objective future). We can still imagine that for some supernatural creatures, there is a set of laws that completely determine the event, and these creatures can observe its state without disturbing the universe. However, for us all beings, such a cosmic model is not much interest, because the future is indeed unpredictable for us observers. It seems that it is best to use an economic principle called Otto Razor to cut off all features that cannot be observed in theory. 1920s. Based on the principle of uncertainty, Heisenberg, Irving Schrödinger, and Paul Dirac used this method to re-express mechanics into a new theory called quantum mechanics. In this theory, particles no longer have well-defined positions and velocities that can be observed simultaneously, but replaced by a quantum state of a combination of position and velocity.

Uncertainty mechanics quantum mechanics

In general, quantum mechanics does not predict a single definite result for an observation. Instead, it predicts a different set of possible outcomes
Uncertainty Principles in Quantum Mechanics
Results, and tell us the probability of each result. That is, if we make the same measurement on a large number of similar systems, and each system starts in the same way, we will find the result of the measurement is that A appears a certain number of times and B appears a different number of times Wait. One can predict the result as an approximation of the number of occurrences of A or B, but cannot predict the specific results of individual measurements. So quantum mechanics introduces unavoidable unforeseenness or contingency into science. Although Einstein played a big role in developing these ideas, he opposed them very strongly. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contribution to quantum theory. Even so, he never accepted the idea that the universe is controlled by opportunity; his feelings can be expressed as his famous assertion: "God does not play with the dice." However, most other scientists are willing to accept quantum mechanics because it fits the experiment very perfect. It has indeed become an extremely successful theory and the basis of almost all modern science and technology. It restricts the behavior of transistors and integrated circuits, which are the basic components of electronic devices such as televisions and computers. It is also the basis of modern chemistry and biology. The only realm of physical science that has not allowed quantum mechanics to enter is gravity and the large-scale structure of the universe.

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