What Are the Different Types of Camera Gadgets?

The camera lens is the most important part of the camera, because its quality directly affects the quality of shooting and imaging. At the same time, the lens is also one of the most important criteria for dividing the type and grade of the camera. Generally speaking, according to the lens, cameras can be divided into three categories: professional cameras, quasi-professional cameras and ordinary cameras. Whether traditional film cameras or digital cameras can be applied to this division. Lenses can be divided into two categories: zoom and fixed focus.

camera lens

Chinese name: camera lens
Foreign name: lens of the camera

Classification: Zoom, fixed focus, teleconverter
Brand: Nikon, Canon, Sony

The lenses are mainly divided into zoom and fixed focus, as well as a teleconverter.

In general, it is recommended to blow off the skin with a blower balloon. You can also use the special soft brush to flick the lens surface. Generally speaking, some dust on the lens surface does not actually affect the sharpness of the image much. Therefore, if it does not affect the shooting effect, try not to wipe the lens.

If there is fog on the lens surface, it is best to turn the camera over so that the camera lens is facing up to let the fog dissipate naturally. If it is necessary to wipe, it is also best to use a special lens paper to "suck" the lens surface.

If sand or other hard particles are attached to the lens surface, it is easy to cause scratches on the lens surface. At this time, we must clean the lens.

When wiping the lens, you must never use ordinary soft cloth or paper materials, which will easily scratch the lens surface. Also use some special lens paper with caution, because some lens paper has been chemically treated, such as some cleaning paper for glasses, which is likely to cause damage to the special protective film on the lens surface. Therefore, when cleaning the lens, the best option is to use a cleaning tool designed specifically for this digital camera. You can go to the camera specialty store to purchase, according to the actual situation, with the lens cleaning solution, so as to obtain a relatively satisfactory cleaning effect.

The best maintenance of the lens is to take care of it twice during normal use, and develop the habit of covering the lens cover in time during shooting. Because this is the most effective way to maintain the lens.

Camera lens nikon

Aspheric Lenses-ASP

Due to the use of aspherical lenses, lenses with special optical characteristics can be made. Using an aspheric lens means that the lens can be made smaller, lighter, and often better than similar lenses using only spherical lenses. Nikon introduced the first camera lens with aspheric lenses in 1968: a 10mm F5.6 OP fisheye. The world's fastest 28mm lens (AF Nikkor 28mm f / 1.4D) uses aspherical lenses to ensure its compact size, and by eliminating radial black light or arrow-like comets, it can achieve superior performance even with its maximum aperture . Aspheric lenses are ideally curved to correct these aberrations. Aspheric lenses-even when using the maximum aperture-can virtually eliminate coma issues and other types of lens aberrations. They are very useful for correcting image distortion caused by wide-angle lenses. Nikon uses three types of aspherical lenses:

Precision ground grade aspheric lens lenses are the highest performance of the lens manufacturing process and require extremely strict manufacturing standards.

Hybrid lenses are manufactured by molding special plastic into optical lenses.

Aspheric lenses are manufactured using special metal die technology to mold specific types of optical lenses.

For more information on aspheric lenses, click here.

AF DC-Nikkor lens

One of Nikon's unique contributions to portrait photography is Nikon's proprietary Defocused Image Control DC (Defocused Image Control) technology.

This Nikon innovative technology allows users of AF DC-Nikkor lenses to control the degree of spherical aberration in the foreground or background by rotating the lens DC ring to precisely control the blurring of the background and foreground, resulting in beautiful portraits. This will create a circular blur suitable for portraits. These lenses are unique to Nikon.

AF-S Nikkor lens

Nikon's AF-S technology involves super-telephoto lenses such as 300mm, 400mm, 500mm, and 600mm with integrated quiet wave motor or SWM, and zoom lenses with fast maximum apertures, such as 17-35mm, 28-70mm, and 80-200mm. This allows these lenses to perform autofocus operations quickly and silently, making them suitable for shooting sports and quickly manipulating scenes. Nikon integrates this technology into various Nikon lenses, such as 24-85 AFS-G lenses.

The SWM technology used in Nikon AF-S lenses focuses light by converting traveling waves into rotational energy. The supersonic traveling wave can form a spiral pattern inside the lens barrel. The motor is at the top of the traveling wave, which drives the motor from below. In principle, it is similar to surfing, with traveling waves driving or pushing the surfers to balance on them. This makes high-speed autofocus very accurate and quiet. The lens receives power and focus instructions from the camera body that drive its internal focus motor, so it can only be used with a suitable camera.

AF-S motor

Proximity correction (CRC)

Close focus is a feature that is highly desirable for all lenses. The closer the focal length of a telephoto lens is, the more realistic the photos it takes. Even with a wide-angle lens that can focus at close range, you can create interesting perspective images.

AF 24mm F2.8D

Nikon was a pioneer in developing a proximity correction (CRC) system. Sometimes called a "floating lens" design, where each lens group moves independently for accurate focus. This ensures the best lens performance even when shooting at close range. The CRC system is used in fisheye, wide-angle, macro, and some medium-telephoto NIKKOR lenses to provide good performance at both close and long-range focusing. Nikon designers have always strived to provide Nikon NIKKOR lenses with advanced and efficient functions. CRC is another example.

D-distance information

Type D and G NIKKOR can pass the distance between the object and the camera to the AF Nikon camera body through the encoder in the lens. This makes it possible to improve performance such as 3D matrix metering and 3D multi-sensor equalization fill flash.

Nikon has introduced a new series of DX NIKKOR lenses. These DX NIKKOR lenses are designed for the 24 x 16 mm (approximate) sensor format used in Nikon's "D-series" SLR camera series (D1, D1X, D1H D100, D70, and D2H), and utilize a wider viewing angle to meet the requirements Designed for the market needs of high-efficiency optical cameras for taking digital SLR photos. For more information on DX lenses, click here.

Ultra-low dispersion-ED lens

Developed by Nikon optical designers and Nikon lens experts, ED (Extra Low Dispersion) lenses are used in some telephoto and telephoto zoom lenses, by effectively reducing the degree of aberrations that are more pronounced in telephoto lenses in order to provide clarity and Full-color images. In short, aberration is an image and dispersion formed when various wavelengths of light pass through optical lenses. The best explanation is because white light is composed of three colors (red, blue, and green). When the light passes through the lens, the light is separated. As a result, it is not combined again in the correct position to produce a clear image, so this phenomenon is formed. .

The ED lens prevents this scattering / separation of light, so it can produce a clear image. In the past, correcting this problem required special optical lenses with irregular scattering characteristics-especially calcium fluoride crystals. However, fluorite is easily cracked and sensitive to temperature changes, which may change the refractive index of the lens and adversely affect the focus.

Nikon designers and engineers brainstormed and developed the ED lens, which has all the advantages of calcium fluoride lenses without its disadvantages. Using this innovative technology, Nikon has developed several ED lenses for various lenses.

They also provide perfect sharpness and contrast when using the maximum aperture. In this way, the NIKKOR ED series lens is an outstanding representative of Nikon's innovative and efficient lenses.

G-G series

Nikon introduced a new series of lenses called AF-G. For more information on G-series lenses, click here.

IF internal focus

Nikon's IF technology enables focusing without changing the lens size. Back in 1977, when Nikon introduced the IF lens, the telephoto lens required a long rotation of the focus ring to move the front lens back and forth to get the longer lens you need to focus. For some larger telephoto lenses, a special screw knob can be added to facilitate focusing. With the IF design, all internal optical lens movements are limited to the interior of the non-stretched lens barrel.

This allows the lens to be made smaller and closer to the focal length. In addition, a smaller and lighter focusing lens group is used to ensure fast focusing. Most NIKKOR telephoto and some NIKKOR zoom lenses use the IF system. Among them, AF-S NIKKOR has actually become the standard equipment for fast-growing sports photography worldwide.

Nanocrystalline coating technology

Nikon has developed a nanocrystalline coating, a new anti-reflection lens coating technology that reduces ghosting and flare, especially for images shot in strong sunlight or light.

Image taken with a lens without a nanocrystalline coating Image taken with a lens with a nanocrystalline coating

This technology was developed as a by-product of Nikon's NSR (Nikon Distribution and Repetition) semiconductor manufacturing system.

Nanocrystalline coating seen through a microscope

Phase Fresnel (PF)

By leveraging and leveraging more advanced optical technology, Nikon can manufacture Phase Fresnel (PF) lenses, which results in smaller and more cost-effective telephoto lenses. The first telephoto lens using this technology was the TC-E3PF for the COOLPIX 8400, which was 18% shorter in length and 33% lighter than the TC-E3ED.

The TC-E3PF's sectional view highlights the PF lens in yellow.

An advanced property of PF lenses is that they can correct aberrations in a similar way to ED lenses. Leveraging its manufacturing expertise and aspheric lens production capabilities, Nikon can also successfully apply this technology to other types of lenses.

Backward focus

In Nikon's Backward Focus (RF) system, all lenses can be divided into specific lens groups, and only the rear lens group moves when focusing.

AF-DC 135mm F2D

Because the rear lens group is smaller than the front lens group, especially in the high-speed telephoto lens group, RF technology can make the lens group move more smoothly and quickly. RF can also bring high optical performance.

Super ED lens

Super ED lens is another new development of Nikon's own ED lens technology. Nikon Optical Designers and Nikon Lens Experts have jointly developed Super ED lenses, which have optical properties similar to fluorite lenses. Super ED lenses have even lower reflectance and light dispersion than ED lenses, and they perform better in eliminating second-order spectra and correcting aberrations.

AF-S VR 200mm F2G IF ED lens

Super ED lens is not as easy to crack as fluorite lens, and its optical performance changes when the temperature changes sharply (called thermal shock) compared to fluorite lens. The lens with super ED lens provides excellent optical performance even under harsh shooting conditions, and can shoot clear and vivid images even at the fastest aperture. Nikon is committed to continuously innovating and improving the performance of optical lenses. Super ED lenses are another example.

Super Coating-SIC

To improve the performance of its optical lenses, Nikon has adopted a unique multi-layer lens coating technology to reduce ghosting and flare to negligible levels. Nikon's breakthrough NIC coating technology has been improved. Nikon Super Coating brings many advantages, including reduced reflection in a larger wavelength range, better color balance and reproduction. Nikon Super Coating is very effective for lenses with many lenses, such as zoom NIKKOR.

The upper part of this lens has not been coated with SIC, and the button part has been coated with SIC.

At the same time, Nikon's multilayer coating process has been perfectly combined with the design of each special lens. The number of coating layers for each lens has been carefully calculated to fit the lens. The type and lens used ensure a consistent color balance, which is characteristic of NIKKOR lenses. Therefore, this lens has a higher standard than lenses used in other industries.

VR-shock absorption system

This innovative system prevents blurry images caused by camera shake and provides the equivalent of shooting at three shutter speeds. It allows manual shooting in dusty, nighttime, and even low-light interior environments. VR systems can also automatically detect when photographers are shooting panoramas-no special modes are required.

The VR lens group is equipped with two angular velocity sensors. One is used to detect "pitch" (rotate up and down on a specific axis) and the other is used to detect "yaw" (rotate left and right on a specific axis).

The calculation is performed immediately based on the collected data, and the result is used to calculate the target position to which the VR lens group is to be moved. The voice-coil-motor (VCM) will then move the VR lens group to that position. This is not a simple drive, but a continuous monitoring action, which means that the processor will constantly check whether the lens is in the correct position. It may be incredible that all of these operations are done by the microprocessor in the instant of 1 millisecond (just a thousandth of a second).

Fortunately, VR NIKKOR lenses are very advanced. It can actually judge whether the movement was intentional (such as panoramic shooting) and only correct what it determined to be an unconscious movement. The principle lies in the algorithms built into VR NIKKOR lenses. These algorithms were developed based on a sample of vibration data from about 5,000 cameras. With this algorithm, you can determine the type of camera vibration that occurs. The VR mechanism is designed to allow photographers (with or without experience) to move the lens at will, and only correct accidental manual actions for all photographers.

VR lens device

VR NIKKOR lenses can bring convenience to photographers in many ways. The slow shutter speed can be selected through three-level speed adjustment, making the lens suitable for telephoto shooting in scenes such as football matches at night. It also makes it easier to use low-sensitivity color reversal film. By reducing shutter speed restrictions, you no longer need to carry a tripod at all times.

Camera lens canon

Canon high-end EF lens technical terms

Image stabilizer

Image stabilizer, English name: Image Stabilizer.

One of the major obstacles when shooting is jitter. Usually to avoid shake, a shutter speed faster than "1 / focal length" seconds is required. However, if you are shooting in a dark place or using a low-sensitivity handheld shot, you must slow down the shutter speed, which can easily make the picture blurred. Canon's original image stabilizer compensates for jitter by moving parts of the optical system in parallel, thereby reducing shooting failures due to jitter.

In real life, carrying a tripod is a cumbersome task. When hiking, traveling, or using a tripod, no matter how stable the handheld camera is, it is difficult to avoid blurring of the image when shooting under low light. Canon has a solution to this problem. A single-lens reflex lens with built-in image stabilizer has been developed. According to the angle and number of times the lens is shaken, the rotation unit of the optical compensation system and the moving optical system will compensate the movement to correct the vibration.

Ultrasonic Motor (USM)

The ultrasonic motor (USM) in the Canon EF lens is driven by the vibration force of ultrasonic waves, and the operation is fast and quiet, which makes the autofocus operation of the EF lens fast, accurate and close to silent. This direct drive structure is very simple, improving durability and working efficiency. There are two types of ultrasonic motors: ring and miniature. The former is mostly used for large aperture and super telephoto lenses; the latter is mostly used for economical lenses. Proper use will make autofocus better.

DO lenses

If the refractive index of the light passing through the lens changes, it will cause bleeding (chromatic aberration), which will reduce the image quality. In order to compensate for it, multiple convex and concave mirrors need to be combined to cancel it. For this reason, the original telephoto lens and zoom lens required multiple lenses, resulting in a large lens size. Canon pioneered the development of "DO (Diffractive Optics) lenses (multi-layer diffractive optical lenses)" for cameras, successfully solving these problems.

Super UD lens / UD lens

The UD (Ultra Low Dispersion =) lens developed by Canon is an optical lens with low refractive and low dispersion characteristics. Two UD lenses achieve almost the same high performance optical characteristics as a fluorite lens.

Camera lens sony

Carl Zeiss from Germany with advanced optical technology will be optical layman Sony. With strong technical support, Sony has transformed itself into a leader in consumer DC. Sony's SLR cameras are constantly being reinvented, and they continue to fix various problems. As a result, the situation in the SLR market has changed from two to two, and three to the world. In cooperation with Carl Zeiss, Sony has used a variety of high-end optical SLR lenses. Unfortunately, the inadequate lens product system has resulted in customers who can afford the machine and cannot afford the lens. But domestic players are turning to lens manufacturers such as Tamron!

1. ZA series

ZA series lens, according to the official website, is an autofocus SLR lens jointly produced by Sony and Zeiss. The lens optical lens is provided by Zeiss and the electronic system is designed by Sony. ZA series lenses are the only Zeiss brand lenses with autofocus. According to tests by websites such as photodo, the optical quality of ZA lenses is exceptionally good, which can meet the demanding requirements of high-resolution digital SLR cameras for resolution. include:

Sony Carl Zeiss Distagon T * 1: 2 24 mm ZA SSM [SAL-24F2Z]

Sony Carl Zeiss Planar T * 1: 1.4 85 mm ZA [SAL-85F14Z]

Sony Carl Zeiss Sonnar T * 1: 1.8 135 mm ZA [SAL-135F18Z]

Sony Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T * DT 1: 3.5-1: 4.5 16-80 mm ZA [SAL-1680Z]

Sony Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T * 1: 2.8 24-70 mm ZA SSM [SAL-2470Z]

Sony Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T * 1: 2.8 16-35 mm ZA SSM [SAL-1635Z]