What Are the Different Types of Economic Development Grants?

economic structure

The English term Economic Structure refers to the composition and structure of the national economy, which has multiple meanings. Economic structure is a multi-layered, multi-factorial system composed of many systems

Modern times

On the morning of March 6, the press center of the First Session of the Twelfth National People's Congress held a press conference. Zhang Ping, director of the National Development and Reform Commission, will answer questions on "economic and social development and macro-control".

About the reporter mentioned

Before 1978, the Chinese economy had a weak agricultural foundation and an imbalance in the proportion of light and heavy industries. After reform and opening up in 1978,

Since the mid-to-late 1980s, the U.S. economy has undergone the third major structural adjustment since the postwar period.

The meaning of economic restructuring

The adjustment of economic structure is based on the needs of the development of the national economy.

China's economic restructuring has gone through three main stages:

1. The first economic structural adjustment: 1979-1984

As from 1958 to 1978, in addition to the adjustment period of 1961-1965, many years have made the mistake of blindly pursuing "high production speed and large-scale construction." At the same time, in the construction process, one-sided emphasis was placed on the development of heavy industry, neglecting agriculture and light industry; in the construction of heavy industry, one-sided emphasis was placed on steel as the key link, and energy and transportation were ignored. Construction of supporting and service systems. Such a long-term development has formed an abnormally developed economic structure. Some heavy industry sectors have become too prominent, while agriculture, light industry, energy industry, transportation, construction, commerce, service and other industries are quite backward. Severe imbalances in the national economy, low efficiency, severe waste, large investment costs and low benefits have become the characteristics of this deformed economic structure. In addition, the problem of a large number of unemployed people in urban areas has become increasingly prominent. It is difficult for urban and rural residents to increase their income and their living standards have not been improved for a long time.

In response to this problem, the Chinese government proposed a policy of adjusting the national economy in 1979. By adjusting the scale, structure and price of fixed asset investment, and fiscal policies, the ratio of accumulation and consumption was adjusted, and the development of agriculture and light industry was accelerated. As a result, the basic status of agriculture has become clear, the ratio between light industry and heavy industry has been adjusted, and energy supply has been better improved. However, during this period, new problems occurred in the rapid development of the processing industry. Since the infrastructure and raw material industries cannot keep up with the development speed of the processing industry, the contradiction between supply and demand has begun to stand out. In addition, the supply of agricultural and sideline products cannot keep up with the increase in the purchasing power of urban and rural residents. Since the beginning of this year, the Chinese government has begun its second structural adjustment.

2. The Second Economic Structure Adjustment: From 1988 to 1991, in September of 1988, the Chinese government put forward a policy of rectification, comprehensive and in-depth reform, and focused on managing inflation, focusing

Industrial economic restructuring

Adjust economic structure. This adjustment is mainly through adjusting the investment structure and loan structure, while eliminating the overheating of the economy, implementing a "tilt" policy to some industries and enterprises, and condensing funds, raw materials, energy and transportation capacity compressed in other areas to support key industries and Key enterprises have increased effective supply in industries such as agriculture, energy industry, raw materials industry, and transportation. Although this adjustment effectively increased the supply of scarce commodities and suppressed inflation, it only eased the prominent contradictions in some economic structures and failed to fundamentally solve the problem of structural imbalances, such as energy, transportation, and important raw materials. Industry and infrastructure are still the "bottlenecks" that restrict the development of the national economy. In particular, a new round of economic overheating in 1992 made structural contradictions more prominent. The regional structure and the organizational structure of enterprises have not only been optimized but have tended to deteriorate, and eventually became one of the main causes of hyperinflation in 1994.

Judging from the previous two structural adjustments, due to the lack of a mechanism for adjusting the sector and regional structure in the economic system, the means of adjustment basically rely on administrative control over the scale of investment, investment projects, and the scale of credit of state-owned banks. Very limited. In addition, these two adjustments are only an incremental adjustment, and the issue of huge economic stock is basically untouched. Therefore, the adjustment goals of the central government are often difficult to achieve, resulting in recurring structural contradictions. After 1991, although structural adjustment work is still being carried out one after another, for the same reason, the economic structure has not improved significantly.

3. The Third Economic Structure Adjustment: After 1997 and after the second half of 1993, in order to deal with the overheating of the economy and inflation, the Chinese government strengthened macroeconomic regulation and control, using tight fiscal and monetary policies to curb demand inflation, while continuing to advance prices. System, circulation system, fiscal system, and financial system reform. By 1996, Hong

Effects of the Third Economic Structure Adjustment

Observation control has achieved significant results. However, with the marked improvement in the balance of economic aggregates, structural contradictions have become prominent again. The situation that the existing basic industries and infrastructure are backward is not only unchanged, but the "bottleneck" in some aspects is more acute. In addition, the problems of "big and complete, small and complete" and blind repetitive construction are still serious, restricting the improvement of the overall quality and efficiency of the national economy. For this reason, after 1997, the Chinese government again increased its efforts to adjust the economic structure. The main contents of this adjustment are:

(1) Strengthening the implementation of industrial policies

In March 1994, the Chinese government promulgated the Outline of National Industrial Policies in the 1990s. Judging from the actual situation after the introduction of the "Outline", industrial policies have not significantly affected the economic structure. The main reason for this is that the scope of the industries that are mainly supported is larger (accounting for more than 50% of GDP), but the government's ability to provide support is obviously insufficient. At the same time, the government lacks effective means to promote industrial policies, and coordination between various departments and links is quite difficult.

In response to this problem, in 1998, the Chinese government selected six industrial industries with prominent structural contradictions, such as textiles, coal, building materials, steel, automobiles, and petrochemicals, as the focus of industrial restructuring. The structural adjustment work first achieved a breakthrough from the textile industry. In view of the overcapacity that is the main cause of the long-term losses in the industry, the central government has formulated a spindle plan for the textile industry, requiring 10 million spindles to be compressed within 3 years, accounting for 1/4 of the original production capacity. In 2000, the textile industry was required to eliminate 30 Million backward woolen spindles. Because the central government's strong monitoring and encouragement policies are in place, and because of the long-term slump in the textile market, enterprises cannot continue to maintain it. This policy has been implemented well, the compression task has been completed, and the entire textile industry has taken the lead in completing the task of getting out of trouble. The coal industry merged and bankrupted a group of insolvent and hopeless companies, closed down a number of depleted mines, reduced output by more than 200 million tons, and reduced the source of losses. By the end of 2000, the task of cleaning and rectifying small refineries in the petrochemical industry had been basically completed. A total of 6,000 earth refineries were banned nationwide, and 188 small refineries on the list have been closed.

(2) Speed up the reform of state-owned enterprises

After 1997, the central government clarified the policy of accelerating the reform of state-owned enterprises and implementing strategic reorganization of state-owned enterprises. In accordance with the requirements of clear property rights, clear powers and responsibilities, separation of government and enterprises, and scientific management, the state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises are subject to standardized corporate system reform. The specific measures for the reform are: first, to concentrate on the efforts of large state-owned enterprises and enterprise groups to promote and regulate the shareholding system reform of enterprises. The second is to further revitalize small state-owned enterprises, and to reform the system of more than 240,000 small state-owned enterprises nationwide through a variety of methods, including mergers, mergers, leases, contracted operations, and sales. The third is to regulate bankruptcy, encourage mergers, promote reemployment, and optimize the capital structure of enterprises. After 1998, the Chinese government put forward the specific goal of "three years out of poverty" for state-owned enterprises, and further strengthened the reform of state-owned enterprises.

(3) Vigorously promote technological innovation and technological industrialization

In August 1998, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council convened the National Science and Technology Conference and issued the "Decision on Strengthening Technological Innovation, Developing High Technology, and Realizing Industrialization." In August 1999, the Central Government issued the "Decision on Strengthening Technological Innovation, Developing High-Tech, and Realizing Industrialization." Two important decisions put forward the need to strengthen the macro-instruction of the direction and focus of technological innovation and the commercialization and industrialization of high-tech achievements, deepen the reform of the scientific and technological system, and promote the commercialization and industrialization of technological innovation and high-tech achievements. To achieve this goal, the Chinese government has established a basic policy for advancing scientific and technological progress: one is to do something, not to do something, choose key areas and main directions of attack, and determine the priority of development goals; the second is to track the world as a whole The pace of scientific and technological development strives for breakthroughs in key areas; the third is to improve the ability to continue innovation, including the level of scientific and technological infrastructure, basic research and the construction of overall scientific and technological capabilities; the fourth is to achieve technological leapfrog development and grasp the current trend of the world economy and Focusing on future market demands, we will concentrate our efforts to overcome difficulties.

In accordance with the above basic guidelines, the central government has promulgated and implemented major plans for the reform of the science and technology system. To 242 departments belonging to 10 national bureaus

Economic structure strengthens infrastructure construction

The research institutes carried out reforms, and implemented the enterprise operation mechanism through conversion to enterprises, entry into enterprises, and intermediary institutions. At the same time, a series of policies were issued to support scientific and technological innovation and the transformation of achievements, encouraging scientific researchers to actively establish high-tech enterprises, supporting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements with financial funds, and using investment, loan discount, establishment of venture capital funds, and subsidy funds to provide innovative activities stand by.

(4) Strengthening infrastructure construction During the three years of 1997, 1998, and 1999, the central government issued an additional 260 billion yuan of national debt to accelerate infrastructure construction. In 2000, an additional 50 billion yuan of long-term construction treasury bonds were issued based on a budget of 100 billion yuan of national debt, which was mainly used for key investment areas identified by the state, especially for infrastructure construction. It is estimated that fiscal investment directly drives local, departmental and enterprise investment in matching funds and bank arrangements for loans totaling about 750 billion yuan. A large amount of investment in the infrastructure sector has effectively alleviated the long-standing "bottleneck" of the economic structure and has had a positive impact on the corresponding investment product production industry.

(5) Formulate a strategy for the western development

In June 1999, the central government began to regard the development of the western region as a major strategic task of the country and placed it in an important position. In order to accelerate the development of the western region, the central government formulated relevant development strategies and established the Western Development Office in January 2000.

Unlike the previous two adjustments, this time China's economic restructuring has some new features. First of all, the economic restructuring is the first adjustment under the conditions of the market mechanism. The adjustment method is changing from a purely government-oriented to the role of the market. The means of regulation and control are being relied on mainly by administrative means and combined with economic and legal means. Changes in the direction of administrative means. Secondly, China is about to join the WTO, and the influence of the international market environment and game rules on China's economic structural adjustment has become more and more significant, which is obviously different from the structural adjustment made in the past under closed and semi-closed conditions. Third, unlike the era of shortage, the goal of this structural adjustment has shifted from increasing the output and variety of shortage commodities in the past to product upgrades and industrial structure upgrades; from the development of domestic enterprises and industries, to participating in international competition . Fourth, the economic restructuring is an adjustment that has been promoted from two perspectives: incremental and stock. This is significantly different from past adjustments made only from an incremental perspective.