What Are the Different Interventional Radiology Jobs?

The term Interventional Radiology was first coined by Margulis in 1967. It is a marginal subject that developed rapidly in the late 1970s. It is a series of technologies under the guidance of medical imaging equipment, based on imaging diagnostics and clinical diagnostics, combined with clinical therapeutic principles, using catheters, guide wires and other equipment to diagnose and treat various diseases. That is: under the guidance of imaging medicine (X-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI), through the percutaneous puncture approach or through the original orifice of the human body, a special catheter or instrument is inserted into the lesion for diagnostic imaging and treatment. Or tissue collection for cytological bacteriological and biochemical examination.

The term Interventional Radiology was first coined by Margulis in 1967. It is a marginal subject that developed rapidly in the late 1970s. It is a series of technologies under the guidance of medical imaging equipment, based on imaging diagnostics and clinical diagnostics, combined with clinical therapeutic principles, using catheters, guide wires and other equipment to diagnose and treat various diseases. That is: under the guidance of imaging medicine (X-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI), through the percutaneous puncture approach or through the original orifice of the human body, a special catheter or instrument is inserted into the lesion for diagnostic imaging and treatment. Or tissue collection for cytological bacteriological and biochemical examination.

Chinese name

Interventional radiology

Foreign name

Interventional Radiology

Nature

Marginal subject

put forward

1967

Review of Interventional Radiology

Introduction to Interventional Radiology

Interventional radiology was developed on the basis of new technologies such as diagnostic imaging, selective or superselective angiography, fine needle aspiration, and cytopathology. It includes two basic contents: Based on radiographic diagnosis, using catheters and other technologies, non-surgical treatment of some diseases under image surveillance. Under image surveillance, histological, bacteriological, physiological, and biochemical data were obtained using percutaneous puncture and catheter technology to clarify the nature of the lesion.

It can be understood as follows: Interventional radiology, under the guidance of imaging medicine, provides new drug delivery routes and surgical methods for modern medical diagnosis and treatment. Compared with traditional methods of administration and surgical methods, it is more direct, effective, and simpler and less invasive.

Development of Interventional Radiology in China

Interventional radiology is a new marginal subject that has been introduced into China in the early 1980s and developed rapidly. It integrates medical imaging and clinical treatment. Diagnosis and treatment of systemic diseases. Especially for the diseases that were previously considered incurable or refractory (various cancers and cardiovascular diseases), intervention has opened up new therapeutic approaches, and is simple, safe, less invasive, less comorbid, and effective. Under the guidance of imaging methods, percutaneous puncture and intubation are used to diagnose and treat various diseases by "non-surgical" methods such as drug perfusion, vascular embolization or dilatation. Because it has traditional internal and external sciences in disease diagnosis and treatment (with minimal invasiveness; strong reproducibility; accurate positioning; high curative effect, quick response; low incidence of complications; easy application of multiple technology connections Line) and other unique characteristics, has quickly established its important position in the field of modern medical diagnosis and treatment. In November 1996, the three major ministries and commissions of the State Science and Technology Commission, the Ministry of Health, and the State Administration of Medicine jointly held the "China Intervention Medicine Strategy Symposium", which officially listed interventional therapy as the third place in parallel with internal medicine and surgical therapy. The major therapeutic discipline is called Interventional Medicine. It is foreseeable that with the continuous development of interventional medicine, this discipline will be subdivided into neurological intervention department, cardiac intervention department, and digestive intervention department like clinical departments such as internal medicine and surgery.

With the development and popularization of interventional radiology, patients have more opportunities for rehabilitation, and they have increasingly become the preferred method of selective treatment, which has attracted much attention and welcome from patients.

History of Interventional Radiology

Interventional Radiology abroad

It started in the 1960s abroad, mostly based on the Seldinger puncture and intubation technology. Currently it

Theory and Practice of Interventional Radiology

Not only for the treatment of vascular diseases and bleeding, but also for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases in other systems.

(1) The earliest case of AVM was applied by Lussenhop and Spence under X-ray guidance.

(2) In 1964, Dotter and Judkin introduced a percutaneous coaxial dilatation catheter system, which expanded the surrounding blood vessels until the blood vessels reopened. However, due to the possibility of concurrent bleeding and embolism, they were not popularized.

(3) In 1973, Gruntzing invented a double-lumen cuffed dilatation catheter to achieve the purpose of dilating stenosed blood vessels, so that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was developed.

(4) In terms of cardiac interventional therapy, Rashkind created the cardiac ventricular opening operation in 1966, Postmann applied PDA closure in 1967, and developed to treat ASD, VSD closure, pulmonary stenosis and expansion, pulmonary AV fistula embolism, etc. in the past 20 years.

(5) In terms of treating tumors, Rosch embolized malignant tumors of the liver and kidney in 1972, and in the 1970s Maddison and Spigos performed partial embolization of the spleen to treat hypersplenism.

(6) Kaude percutaneous transhepatic drainage was used for extrabiliary drainage in 1969, and Hoevels was used for intrabiliary drainage and intrastent drainage in 1978 to treat biliary stenosis.

(7) In 1970 Christoffersen and Oscarson in 1972 under X-ray or CT, ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of parenchymal organs, abscess drainage, etc.

Interventional Radiology Domestic

(1) In 1973, Zhongshan Hospital of Shanghai First Medical College first reported the test of selective coronary angiography by percutaneous puncture and intubation in China.

(2) In 1978, Zhao Weipeng and Chen Xingrong of Shanghai Huashan Hospital reported the use of domestic puncture needles and catheters for renal arteriography.

(3) In 1982, Shanghai Huashan Hospital first reported a case of femoral artery stenosis treated with PVA.

(4) In 1983, Beijing Xuanwu Hospital reported that 10 patients were treated with PTA for renal artery stenosis.

(5) In 1986, the Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical College, Fuwai Hospital and Wuhan Third Hospital of China Medical University reported the use of dual-chamber airbags to treat renal artery stenosis.

(6) From 1980 to 1985, Shanghai Huashan Hospital reported renal artery embolization for renal cancer, and Zhonggui Hospital Lin Gui applied different embolization agents to embolize the liver and renal arteries, and Wuhan Medical College Feng Gansheng and other Chinese medicine Baiji as an embolization agent. Their research has opened up a new way of combining traditional medicine in the motherland with interventional radiology. Lin Gui, Sun Da, Peng Bo, etc. reported hepatic artery embolization for liver cancer, arterial embolization for hypersplenism, and superselective external carotid artery embolization.

(7) In 1981, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital and the Third People's Hospital reported percutaneous puncture biliary angiography and extrabiliary drainage (PTCD). Percutaneous intubation drainage was reported in 1985 for the treatment of abdominal abscess, liver abscess, renal pelvis drainage, and stone removal via T-tube basket Wait.

(8) 1984-1986 reported that percutaneous biopsy under the guidance of X-ray, B ultrasound, and CT provided pathological evidence for lesions that were difficult to diagnose solely by imaging alone.

(9) Bethune International Peace Hospital began selective angiography in 1978. In the same year, bronchial arterial embolization for massive hemoptysis was carried out. It is one of the earlier units in China.

Interventional Radiology

Interventional radiology has become very popular abroad since the 1970s, forming a new field of radiology. In recent years, it is also rising in China, and has played an active role in tumor treatment, becoming an indispensable new treatment method. The commonly used methods are as follows:

(1) Intra-arterial injection of anti-cancer drugs Intra-arterial injection of anti-cancer drugs makes the concentration of the drug in the tumor much higher than that of peripheral intravenous administration, which significantly improves the efficacy and significantly reduces systemic adverse reactions. It is suitable for the treatment of liver cancer, lung cancer, but also for head and neck tumors, gastric cancer, bile duct tumors, pancreatic cancer, pelvic tumors and malignant tumors of the limbs.

(2) Arterial embolization The catheter is inserted into the blood supply artery of the tumor, and an appropriate embolic agent is selected to fill the blood supply artery, cut off the blood supply of the tumor, and infarct the tumor. It is suitable for the treatment of liver, kidney and pelvic tumors, and also for emergency treatment of bleeding caused by tumors.

(3) Transcatheter decompression, which is mainly used to relieve the obstruction symptoms caused by tumor compression on the bile duct or urethra. Because this method is less invasive than surgery, it is especially suitable for elderly and infirm patients, so it is widely used.

Interventional Radiology Classification

Brief Introduction to Interventional Radiology

Interventional radiology can be divided into interventional diagnostics and interventional therapy according to purpose; according to technology, it can be divided into: vascular interventional radiology (drug perfusion; embolization technology; shaped stent; filter technology, etc.) and non-vascular radiological interventional technology (puncture biopsy) Drainage technology foreign body removal cavity

Interventional Radiology Case Study Discussion

Stent, etc.); according to the scope of clinical application can be divided into tumor interventional radiology, non-tumor interventional radiology, neuro interventional radiology and so on. Although CT, MR, and B ultrasound have diagnostic value for some vascular diseases, angiography is still the gold standard for diagnosis. In particular, vascular arteries, small vascular lesions, and dynamic observation of blood flow are still irreplaceable. Interventional therapy has become the first choice in the treatment of certain vascular diseases and tumors, such as renal artery stenosis and liver cancer. Especially for the opening of some extravascular stenoses such as esophagus, bile duct, trachea, urinary stenosis and even nasolacrimal duct stenosis have obvious effects.

Technical classification of interventional radiology

I. Vascular interventional radiology

Also known as interventional angiography (Interventional angiography), refers to the injection of drugs or certain substances from the catheter into the lumen of the blood vessel or the implementation of certain measures at the same time as diagnostic angiography to achieve therapeutic purposes. There are three commonly used vascular interventional techniques.

1.Intravascular drug treatment

(1) Vasoconstriction therapy Intravenous infusion of vasopressin into relevant arteries to control gastrointestinal bleeding, such as bleeding from esophagus and gastric varices, diffuse bleeding from gastric mucosa, and bleeding from colonic diverticulum.

(2) The tumor chemotherapy catheter is left in the artery supplying the tumor, and the chemotherapy drug is dripped, so that the concentration of the local drug is increased, and the systemic reaction caused by chemotherapy is avoided or reduced.

2. Transcatheter embolization

The original angiography catheter or special catheter is used to deliver the embolus into the target blood vessel. The first is to treat internal bleeding such as traumatic hemorrhage, ulcer, tumor or unexplained organ bleeding. The other is to treat tumors with embolism, because the tumor circulation is partially or completely blocked by emboli to control tumor growth, or as a treatment for surgical resection; it can also be used for non-surgical organ resection, such as injection embolization The substance is in the branch of the splenic artery, that is, partial splenic embolism, to treat hypersplenism without affecting the immune function of the spleen.

Commonly used embolic substances such as autologous blood clots, gelatin sponges, anhydrous alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol, liquid silicone, stainless steel rings, metal or plastic pellets, and traditional Chinese medicine peony.

3. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA)

It began to be used in arteries in the 1960s to dilate narrow blood vessels. After the successful development of double-lumen balloon catheters in the 1970s, it was widely used, mostly for the iliac, femoral, iliac, and renal arteries. Renal arterial PTA (or PTPA) is mostly used for nephrogenic hypertension, which dilates the narrow renal arteries and reduces blood pressure. PTA can also be used in coronary arteries, called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), to expand the hardened coronary arteries to achieve the purpose of treating coronary heart disease. The catheter used in PTA is a double-lumen catheter with a capsule. The capsule segment is placed in a narrow blood vessel. The capsule is filled with a liquid containing contrast agent and pressurized to 3 to 6 atmospheres, each lasting 10-15o. Pressurization can be repeated 3 to 4 times, and most of them can make the narrowed blood vessels expand.

PTA is mostly used for atherosclerotic narrow blood vessels. The mechanism is that atherosclerotic plaque is compressed, the intima and middle layer tear and stretch, and the lumen is widened. Vascular stenosis for other reasons, such as polyarteritis, congenital vascular stenosis, can sometimes be treated with PTA.

Second, non-vascular interventional radiology

1. Percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB)

Fine needles (22-23, outer diameter 0.6-0.7mm) are used to percutaneously puncture the diseased areas of various parts of the body. Because the needle has a special device, it is easy to remove the biopsy specimen of the lesion. Fine needles can also be used to directly aspirate the diseased tissue fragments for biopsy.

Chest PNB is used to diagnose lung, mediastinal, and chest wall lesions, which is of great significance for the qualitative diagnosis of spherical disease in the lung and mediastinal mass, with an accuracy rate of 85%. The more common complications are pneumothorax and hemorrhage, but there are fewer complications with fine needles, more abdominal PNB applications, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidney, and posterior abdominal masses, and diagnostic readiness is also high; Bone puncture requires a thicker needle to diagnose bone tumors. It is also used to puncture goiter masses, orbital masses, etc.

In order to ensure that the acupuncture can reach the lesion to be checked safely, TV screen, CT, B ultrasound, and related angiography must be used to guide the puncture direction.

2.Percutaneous drainage

(1) Percutaneous transhepatic choledochus drainage (PTCD or PTD) causes extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction due to malignant (such as bile duct cancer, pancreatic head cancer) or benign (such as common bile duct stones), which causes clinical jaundice. PTCD allows bile drainage within or outside the biliary tract, thus alleviating obstruction, reducing jaundice, and providing favorable conditions for radical surgery. Percutaneous transhepatic percutaneous transhepatic is required before PTCD to determine the location, extent, extent, and nature of bile duct obstruction. PTCD is divided into internal and external drainage. The guide wire is introduced through the puncture needle of the PTC, and then the puncture field is pulled out, followed by the guide wire to the catheter with multiple lateral holes at the end. The catheter is in the bile duct above the obstructed section, and the inner mouth is also Here, bile is continuously drained through the outer orifice of the catheter, which is external drainage; if the catheter passes through the obstruction area, it stays in the bile duct at the distal end of the obstruction or enters the duodenum, and the bile flows into the bile duct below the obstruction along the side of the duct The duodenum is for internal drainage.

(2) Percutaneous transrenal pyelotomy (Percutaneous transrenal pyelotomy) is mainly used for drainage of urinary tract obstruction. The tube of the ostomy can also be used to push the stones in the renal pelvis or ureter down to the bladder. The method of ostomy is the same as above. Use a fine needle to percutaneously pass through the kidney and enter the pelvis. Percutaneous antigrade pyelography is performed to observe the urinary tract shape, stenosis or obstruction site and its degree, and then guided through the puncture needle. Wire, then insert the catheter and leave it in the renal pelvis.

Interventional Radiology Classified by Clinical Application

1. Vascular diseases:

(1) PTA + Stent for vascular stenosis.

(2) Thrombolysis + PTA and / or Stent for vascular stenosis.

(3) Use of embolization materials, steel rings, and internal stents to treat aneurysms, AVMs, arteriovenous fistulas, and vascular bleeding.

(4) Apply puncture + PTA + Stent to treat portal hypertension and Bugatti syndrome.

(5) Application of embolism or vasopressin to treat gastrointestinal vascular bleeding.

(6) Inferior vena cava filters prevent lower extremity and abdominal pelvic thrombus from falling off.

2. Heart disease:

(1) Apply closed umbrella to treat ASD and VSD.

(2) Application of steel rings or blocking agents to treat PDA.

(3) Pulmonary valve mitral stenosis is treated with balloon dilatation.

(4) PTA + Stent is used to treat coronary artery stenosis.

(5) Radiofrequency ablation for tachycardia.

(6) Pacemaker for all kinds of bradycardia.

3. Tumor:

(1) Selective tumor supply arterial infusion chemotherapy + embolization for malignant tumors.

(2) Percutaneous puncture injection of anhydrous alcohol and boiling water to treat malignant tumors.

(3) Embolization is used to treat cavernous hemangioma, reticular hemangioma, uterine fibroids, osteosarcoma, and nasopharyngeal fibrous hemangiomas.

(4) Thermal ablation for liver cancer and lung cancer.

4. Non-vascular diseases:

(1) PTA + Stent or PTA alone is used to treat stenosis of urinary tract, biliary tract, airway, and nasolacrimal duct.

(2) Ectopic pregnancy is treated with embolization or infusion of sclerosing agent through the fallopian tube.

(3) Dilatation is used to treat ureteral stenosis.

5. Puncture biopsy:

A special puncture needle is used to aspirate or take tissue for pathological examination.

Interventional Radiology by Equipment

1. Under the guidance of X-ray perspective.

2. Under CT guidance.

3. Under the guidance of B-ultrasound.

4. Under MRI guidance.

Interventional radiology diagnosis and treatment scope

The scope of interventional radiology diagnosis and treatment: 1. angiography of various parts of the body; 2. treatment of various types of tumors: such as liver cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, various metastatic tumors and gynecological tumors, bone tumors, etc .; 3. 1. Hepatic hemangioma embolization and aspiration sclerosis of liver and kidney cysts and abscesses; 4. Embolization treatment of various aneurysms and vascular malformations and vascular occlusive disease PTA or stent placement; 5. Non-vascular stenosis: Benign and malignant esophageal stricture, narrow gastrointestinal anastomosis, biliary obstruction stent placement; 6. Infertility caused by uterine fibroids, ectopic pregnancy, tubal obstruction; 7. Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of each systemic disease; 8. Other: femur Bone necrosis, hypersplenism, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute major hemorrhage in gynecology and obstetrics, massive hemoptysis with bronchiectasis, vena cava filter implantation (prevention or treatment of pulmonary infarction).

Equipment and materials for interventional radiology

Interventional radiology equipment

Various special catheters, guide wires, puncture needles, vascular sheaths, balloons, biopsy needles.

Interventional radiology material

Inner stent, embolic material (water agent, viscose, gelatin sponge, silk segment, various special micro particles such as PVA, removable balloon, steel ring, etc.), filter, drainage catheter.

Problems with interventional radiology

1. Standardization of interventional therapy technology.

2, domestic intervention-related equipment, appliances can not meet the needs of clinical work and development, mainly rely on imports.

3. The academic and professional level of interventional treatment is unevenly developed in various places.

4. Facing the challenge of minimally invasive surgery.

Interventional Radiology Outlook

Throughout the development of interventional radiology in China, it can be said that it started late, but has developed rapidly. It is estimated that almost all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China have carried out interventional treatment to varying degrees. In terms of the number of interventional treatments and professional teams, abdominal and chest interventional treatments are the most common (about 2/3), followed by cardiovascular and nervous systems, and the work of other systems and parts is less.

At the same time, vascular interventional therapy is far more than non-vascular work. The current interventional treatment technology has covered a wide range of diseases and lesions in various systems of the whole body, so it can be summarized as interventional medicine. It will become the three major diagnostic and treatment technologies that are parallel to internal medicine and surgery, and has broad development prospects.

Interventional Radiology Book Information

Title: Involved

radiology

Author: GUO Qi-yong

Publisher: People's Medical Publishing House

Publication time: August 1, 2010

Folio: 16

Price: 32.00 yuan

Introduction to Interventional Radiology

"Interventional Radiology (3rd Edition)" Introduction: With the development of medicine, medical education and the cultivation of medical personnel have become more and more important, which is also the cornerstone of sustainable medical development. The compilation of medical teaching materials is an important means to improve the level of medical education and strengthen the training of medical personnel. As the medical branch becomes more detailed and specialized, the medical branches in various fields need corresponding teaching materials to ensure and promote their own progress. It is based on this spirit that the first edition of the book "Interventional Radiology" in 2000 was written In the past more than 10 years, it has received strong support from readers, achieved the goal of enabling students to master basic theory, basic knowledge and basic skills, and promoted the rapid development of interventional radiology education itself and medical personnel in this field.

Interventional radiology is one of the fastest-growing disciplines in the field of imaging diagnostics, and it is also one of the fastest-growing disciplines in the medical field. In the past 10 years, interventional radiology has made great progress, and related technologies and concepts have followed. Continuous improvement and development. This book summarizes the successful experience of the first edition of the textbook. Based on a detailed introduction to interventional radiology related equipment and drugs, especially new equipment and drugs that have been widely used in recent years, it continues to introduce puncture and drainage, vascular embolization and perfusion. Surgery and lumenplasty are explained as the three basic interventional radiotherapy techniques, focusing on the concepts of various interventional methods, specific operating methods, indications, complications, and clinical applications. Even if students master the operation methods, they can be flexibly used. These methods address specific clinical issues. It also introduces some new methods worth trying to further expand the reader's horizons. It embodies the dialectical and unified guiding ideology of "ideological, scientific, advanced, inspiring and applicable" medical textbooks.

Interventional Radiology Book Catalog

Chapter One General

Section 1 A Brief History of Interventional Radiology

I. A Brief History of World Interventional Radiology

A brief history of the development of interventional radiology in China

Section 2 Equipment required for interventional radiology

I. Video surveillance equipment

Use of equipment

Section 3 Drugs for Interventional Radiology

First, vasoconstriction and dilation drugs

Second, hemostatic and anticoagulant, thrombolytic drugs

Third, anti-tumor drugs

Section IV Embolism

I. Bioembolic substances

Second, sponges

Three, spring coils

Fourth, the detachable balloon

Five, tissue necrosis agent

Six, particles, microspheres, microcapsules

Seven, lipiodol

Eight, Chinese medicine

Nine, physical factors

Ten, viscose

Section 5 Classification and Category of Interventional Radiology

I. Classification by Interventional Radiology

Classification by treatment area

The scope of interventional radiology

Section 6 Interventional Radiology Status and Future

I. Status in Radiology

2. Position in the medical profession

Chapter 2 Percutaneous Drainage

Section 1 Equipment and Operation Technology

I. Equipment

Operation method

Section II Indications and Contraindications

I. Indication

Contraindications

Section III Adverse Reactions and Complications

Section IV Clinical Application

I. Biliary obstruction

2. Urinary tract obstruction

Third, renal cystic disease

Fourth, liver abscess

Five, abdominal and pelvic abscesses

Chapter III Transcatheter Embolization and Perfusion

Transcatheter arterial embolization

First, the treatment mechanism of embolization

2. Embolization equipment and substances

Third, operating technology

Fourth, indications and contraindications

V. Embolism and complications

Clinical application

Transcatheter drug infusion

First, the basic principle

Equipment and methods

Three, commonly used chemotherapy drugs in IAI

Fourth, clinical application

Chapter 4 Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty

The first section of the treatment mechanism

First, the mechanism of balloon angioplasty

Second, the mechanism of stent angioplasty

Section 2 Equipment and Operation Technology

First, balloon angioplasty equipment and operation technology

2. Stent angioplasty equipment and operation technology

Section III Indications and Contraindications

First, the indications and contraindications of balloon angioplasty

Indications and contraindications for stent angioplasty

Section 4 Adverse Reactions and Complications

I. Adverse reactions and complications of balloon angioplasty

Adverse reactions and complications of stent angioplasty

Section 5 Restenosis and Prevention

First, restenosis of balloon angioplasty

Restenosis of stent angioplasty

Prevention and treatment of restenosis after angioplasty

Section 6 Clinical Application

Section 7 Introduction to Other Angioplasty

First, percutaneous laser angioplasty

Percutaneous mechanical endarterectomy

Chapter 5 Non-vascular Lumenplasty

The first section of the treatment mechanism

First, airway angioplasty

Second, gastrointestinal angioplasty

Third, bile duct angioplasty

Fourth, urethroplasty

Five, tubal angioplasty

Section 2 Equipment and Operation Technology

First, the equipment required for non-vascular lumen angioplasty

Operation technology

Section III Indications and Contraindications

1. Indications and contraindications for airway angioplasty

Indications and contraindications for gastrointestinal angioplasty

Indications and contraindications for biliary angioplasty

Indications and contraindications for urethroplasty

V. Indications and contraindications for tubal recanalization

Section 4 Adverse Reactions and Complications

First, the complications of airway angioplasty

Complications of gastrointestinal angioplasty

Complications of Cholangioplasty

Four, urethral stent complications

Five, complications of tubal recanalization

Section 5 Clinical Application

First, esophageal stricture

Tracheobronchial stenosis

Stomach and duodenum scaffolding

Colonic and rectal stents

Five, bile duct stricture

Six, fallopian tube obstruction

Seven, prostate urethral stent

Chapter 6 Other Interventional Therapy Techniques

The first section of percutaneous foreign body removal

I. Percutaneous Cardiovascular Foreign Body Removal

Second, foreign body removal in percutaneous soft tissue

Placement of the second inferior vena cava filter

I. Overview

Common filters

Selection of vena cava filters

Operation method and precautions

Five, clinical application

Section 3 Interventional treatment of benign and malignant spinal diseases

Interventional treatment of lumbar disc herniation

Percutaneous vertebroplasty

Percutaneous kyphoplasty

Chapter VII Tumor Intervention and Comprehensive Treatment

Section I Primary liver cancer

I. Overview

Etiology and pathology

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis

Fourth, interventional treatment of liver cancer

Fifth, interventional treatment of liver cancer complications

Six, other comprehensive treatment

Bile duct cancer

I. Overview

Etiology and pathology

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis

Fourth, the interventional treatment of bile duct cancer

Section III Hepatic Hemangioma

I. Overview

Etiology and pathology

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis

Fourth, the interventional treatment of hepatic hemangioma

Uterine fibroids

I. Overview

Etiology and pathology

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis

Fourth, the interventional treatment of uterine fibroids

Section 5 Radioactive Particle Implantation

I. Overview

Equipment

Application

Fourth, common clinical applications

Chapter VIII Comprehensive Interventional Therapy for Peripheral Vascular Diseases

The first section of interventional treatment of aortic disease

1. Aortic stenosis and expansion

Endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms

Interventional treatment of renal artery disease

I. Clinical Introduction

Indications and contraindications

Third, interventional treatment technology

Fourth, the effect

V. Complications and their prevention

Interventional treatment of arterial occlusive disease of lower extremity

...

Chapter IX Comprehensive Interventional Therapy for Nervous System Diseases

Chapter 10 Comprehensive Interventional Therapy for Cirrhosis

Chapter 11 Interventional Diagnostics

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