What Are the Different Types of Drafting Jobs?

Under the auspices of Mao Zedong, the drafting group of the Constitution formulated a detailed work plan, which was drafted after it was approved by the Central Committee. In three months, the drafting group of the Constitution drafted and revised four drafts. In early March, after discussing and adopting the fourth draft at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, the first draft of the constitution was submitted to the Constitution Drafting Committee. The Constitution Drafting Committee accepted the preliminary draft of the Constitution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held 7 meetings to discuss amendments, and finally formed a draft constitution.

Constitution drafting work plan

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Under the auspices of Mao Zedong, the drafting group of the Constitution formulated a detailed work plan, which was drafted after it was approved by the Central Committee. In three months, the drafting group of the Constitution drafted and revised four drafts. In early March, after discussing and adopting the fourth draft at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, the first draft of the constitution was submitted to the Constitution Drafting Committee. The Constitution Drafting Committee accepted the first draft of the Constitution of the Communist Party of China. It held 7 meetings to discuss amendments, and finally formed

Constitution drafting work plan

(January 15, 1954)

Comrade Shao Qi and the central comrades:

The constitutional drafting work of the Constitutional Group began on January 9, with the following plans:

(1) Strive to complete the first draft of the constitution on January 31, and then send this first draft to the central comrades for review.

(2) The first draft is to be reconsidered in the first half of February. Comrades Deng Xiaoping and Li Weihan are invited to participate. It was then submitted to the Politburo (and the members of the Central Committee in Beijing) for discussion and preliminary approval.

(3) It will be submitted to the Constitution Drafting Committee for discussion in early March, and the discussion will be completed and approved in March.

(4) The constitutional group will review and amend the matter within April, and then discuss it with the Politburo before submitting it to the Constitution Drafting Committee for approval.

(5) On May 1st, the Constitution Drafting Committee will publish the draft constitution and discuss it with the people throughout the country for four months, so that it can be submitted to the National People's Congress for final approval after making necessary amendments based on the people's opinions in September.

In order to facilitate the discussion of the Politburo in February, members of the Politburo and members of the Central Committee in Beijing will take the time to read the following main reference documents:

(1) The Soviet Constitution and Stalin's report in 1936 (in a separate copy);

(2) The Soviet and Russian Constitution of 1918 (see Compilation of the Constitution of the Government Office and Election Law Materials I);

(3) The constitutions of Romania, Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic, etc. (see the People's Publishing House Constitution of the People's Democratic States). The constitutions of the countries in the book are very similar. Romania and Poland are more recent, and Germany and Czech are more detailed. There are special points, and the rest can be viewed more if you have time);

(4) Draft Temple of Heaven Constitution in 1913, Cao Yu's Constitution in 1923, and Chiang Kai-shek's Constitution in 1946 (see Constitutional Election Law Materials III), which can represent the cabinet system, the provincial autonomous system, and the presidential dictatorship Three types);

(5) The French Constitution of 1946 (see Constitutional Election Law Data Collection IV, which can represent a more advanced and complete bourgeois cabinet constitution).

Any opinions?

Mao Zedong

January 15, 1954

Printed from the originals kept by the Central Archives.

Deng Xiaoping, then Deputy Premier of the State Council. Li Weihan was then the Minister of the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee. They are all members of the Constitution Drafting Committee of the People's Republic of China.

Mao Zedong personally presided over the drafting of the constitution

3.1 How the New China's First Constitution Was Born

Acted on behalf of the Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and adopted by the First Plenary Session of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, it has the role of an interim constitution.

In response to the constitutional issue raised by some members of the party at that time, the Central Committee believed that during the transition period, it is possible to use the "Common Program" recognized and adhered to by all sectors of society as the country's fundamental law, because the class relations in the transition period did not undergo fundamental changes Even if the constitution is enacted, I am afraid that most of them will repeat the content of the Common Agenda and there will be no major changes. Therefore, the central government considers that it may temporarily suspend the constitution during the transitional period and continue to replace the constitution with the "Common Agenda," and amend and supplement the "Common Agenda" at the subsequent plenary sessions of the CPPCC or the National People's Congress. After China has basically entered socialism, eliminated the bourgeoisie, and class relations have fundamentally changed, it is necessary to formulate a socialist type of constitution.

3.2 Stalin's Three Proposals for Constitution

Entrusted to ask Stalin for opinions on China's transition to socialism. One of the issues is the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's vision of convening a National People's Congress and formulating a constitution. Stalin agreed with the Communist Party's idea of transition to socialism, and also proposed that in order to refute the attack by the hostile forces on the new China and facilitate China's better construction, China should advance the time of the National People's Congress and the constitution. "I suggest that you can have elections and adopt a constitution in 1954," he said. This is the third time Stalin has suggested this issue.

The first time was before the founding of New China. From June to August 1949, Liu Shaoqi paid a secret visit to the Soviet Union in order to exchange views with the CPSU and obtain Stalin and the Soviet Union's support for the work of the upcoming New China. During the talks, Stalin talked about constitutional issues and suggested that China could use the Common Program first, but should prepare a constitution.

The second proposal was in early 1950. When Mao Zedong first visited the Soviet Union, Stalin suggested that New China convene a National People's Congress and formulate a constitution.

3.3 Mao Zedong personally presided over the drafting of the constitution

Mao Zedong attached great importance to the drafting of the constitution. He not only served as the chairman of the constitution drafting committee, but also personally led the constitution drafting group of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to draft the first draft of the constitution. On the third night after the enlarged session of the Central Political Bureau, Mao Zedong led the three members of the Constitution Drafting Group, Chen Boda, Hu Qiaomu, and Tian Jiaying.

Under the auspices of Mao Zedong, the drafting group of the Constitution formulated a detailed work plan, which was drafted after it was approved by the Central Committee. In three months, the drafting group of the Constitution drafted and revised four drafts. In early March, after discussing and adopting the fourth draft at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, the first draft of the constitution was submitted to the Constitution Drafting Committee. The Constitution Drafting Committee accepted the preliminary draft of the Constitution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held 7 meetings to discuss amendments, and finally formed a draft constitution.

During the drafting of the constitution, Mao Zedong made many amendments to previous drafts of the constitution, wrote many criticisms, and made many speeches and interruptions at the meetings of the Constitution Drafting Committee and the Central People's Government Committee discussing the draft constitution. At the last meeting of the Constitution Drafting Committee on June 11, 1954, Mao Zedong concluded: "The drafting of the Constitution took almost seven months. The first draft was originally in November and December last year, and the second draft was in West Lake. It took two months. The third draft was in Beijing, the first draft of the constitution proposed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and has been revised a lot. Each draft itself has many amendments. In the West Lake draft, there were seven or eight. The second manuscript. After all, I'm afraid there are one or twenty manuscripts. "" In short, it is a repeated study, and we don't tire of detail. "

3.4 Learning from Chinese and Foreign Constitutional Experiences

For China in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, the Constitution is an imported product imported from the West. To this end, Mao Zedong thoroughly studied and compared various types of constitutions at home and abroad, and in a message dated January 15, 1954, listed five types of constitutional documents for members of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and members of the Central Committee in Beijing, asking them to take time to read them. Look, get ready to discuss the draft constitution. The five documents are: (1) the Soviet Constitution and Stalin Report of 1936; (2) the Soviet and Russian Constitution of 1918; (3) the constitutions of Romania, Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic; (4) the Draft Temple of Heaven Constitution of 1913, 1923 Constitution under the rule of Cao Pi in 1949, Chiang Kai-shek's rule in 1946; (5) French constitution in 1875. In order to cooperate with the formulation of the draft constitution, the Editorial Department of the Political Science and Law Research Institute of the Chinese Society of Political Law has translated and published the article "Discussions of the Soviet Constitution Draft" published in the magazine "Historical Issues" of the Soviet Union. Mao Zedong attached great importance to this article. On July 1, 1954, he wrote: "Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Deng Xiaoping, Li Weihan, and Peng Zhen: This is worth looking at."

3.5 A quarter of the nation participated in the discussion

The full text of the draft constitution was published and an editorial calling for extensive discussion of the draft constitution among the people of the country was published.

On the basis of large-scale publicity, the discussion lasted for more than two months, and the number of people participating in the discussion reached 150 million, accounting for a quarter of the country's population. The broad masses of the people enthusiastically support this draft constitution, and put forward many amendments and supplementary opinions. According to statistics, there are more than 1.18 million comments received from all sides. On September 9, the Central People's Government Committee discussed and adopted the revised draft constitution again, and decided to submit it to the first meeting of the First National People's Congress for deliberation.

On September 15, the first session of the First National People's Congress was grandly opened in Huairentang, Zhongnanhai, Beijing. The primary task of the General Assembly is to formulate and adopt the first constitution of the Republic. Liu Shaoqi presented the "Report on the Draft Constitution of the People's Republic of China" to the General Assembly on behalf of the Constitution Drafting Committee, pointing out that the draft Constitution is a summary of the history of the heroic struggle of the Chinese people for more than 100 years. Description. All representatives conducted a serious and full discussion on the draft constitution. On September 20, the General Assembly passed a secret ballot, the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, by secret ballot. New China's first constitution was officially born.