What Is a Common Application Essay?

The dissertation is a Chinese word, the pinyin is lùn wén, a common dissertation in classical literature, which means conversational discourse or exchange of ideas. In the contemporary era, dissertation is often used to refer to research in various academic fields and articles describing academic research results. It is not only a means to explore problems for academic research, but also a tool for describing academic research results and conducting academic exchanges. It includes academic year dissertations, graduation dissertations, dissertations, scientific dissertations, and dissertations.

[lùn wén]

Papers are generally composed of

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(1) References after the article are not numbered, but only at the end of the article in order of importance or reference.
(2) References are not paged.
(3) The descriptive items and order of references in the text are basically the same as the notes.
1) Bibliographic references can reflect the scientific attitude of the author of the paper, and the paper has a real and extensive scientific basis, as well as the starting point and depth of the paper.
2) Bibliographic references can easily distinguish the results of the thesis authors from previous ones.
3) Bibliographic references can serve as an index.
4) Bibliographic references help save paper length.
5) Bibliographic references help scientific and technical intelligence personnel to conduct intelligence research and abstracts metrology research.

a. report

[No.] The main responsible person. Document Title [Document Type Identification]. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

b. Journal articles

[No.] The main responsible person. Document title [J]. Journal name, year, volume (issue).
[5] He Lingxiu. Reading Gu Cheng's "History of Nanming" [J]. Studies of Chinese History, 1998 (3).

c. On the literature

[Serial Number] The main person responsible for the precipitation of literature. Precipitate the title of the document [A]. The main responsible person of the original document (optional). Title of original document [C]. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
[6] Qu Qiubai. Problems of modern civilization and socialism [A]. Luo Rongqu. From Westernization to Modernization [C]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 1990.

d. Newspaper article

[No.] The main responsible person. Document title [N]. Newspaper name, publication date (version).
[7] Xie Xied. Creating new ideas for learning [N]. People's Daily, 1998-12-25 (10).
e. International and national standards [serial number] standard number, standard name [S].
English (example):
[01] Brown, HD Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy [M]. Prentice Hall Regents, 1994.
[02] Brown, J Set al. Located Cognition and the Culture of Learning [J]. Educational Reasercher, 1, 1989.
[03] Chris, Dede. The Evolution of Constructivist Learning Envi-ronments: Immersion in Distributed Virtual Worlds [J]. Ed-ucational Technology, Sept-Oct, 1995.
[04] Hymes, D. On communicative competence [M]. JB Pride; J. Holmes (eds). Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972.
[05] LE Sarbaugh. Intercultural communication [M]. New Brunsw-ick, NJUSA: Transaction Books, 1988.
[06] Puhl, A .. Classroom A ssessment [J]. EnglishTeaching Forum, 1997.
[07] Thomas, Jenny. Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure [J]. Applied Linguistics, 1983, (4): 91-111.
[08] William B Gudykunst. Intercultural communication theory [M]. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Pub, 1983.

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According to: National Press and Publication Administration 1999-01-12 Issued "Chinese Academic Journals (CD Edition) Retrieval and Evaluation Data Specifications-CAJ-CD B / T 1-1998"
Document code (WM) Document code is placed after the classification number.
ATheoretical and applied research academic papers (including review reports)
BPractical Technical Achievement Report (Science and Technology), Theoretical Learning and Social Practice Summary (Social Sciences)
CBusiness guidance and technical management articles (including leadership speeches, special comments, etc.)
DGeneral dynamic information (communications, reports, conference activities, interviews, etc.)
Edocuments, materials (including historical data, statistical data, institutions, people, books, knowledge introduction, etc.)

The academic papers submitted by degree applicants in order to apply for a degree are called dissertations. This thesis is an important condition for assessing whether an applicant can be awarded a degree.
Applicants for degree degrees will be awarded a degree if they pass the prescribed course examination and pass the examination and defense of the dissertation. If the applicant for the degree passed the course exam, but was disqualified during the defense, he would not be awarded a degree.
The graduation thesis that is eligible for a degree and is written for a degree is called a dissertation, a bachelor's degree thesis. A bachelor's thesis is both a dissertation and a graduation thesis.

The National Standards of the People's Republic of China VDC 001.81 and GB 7713-87 define academic papers as:
An academic paper is the knowledge and scientific record of an academic topic that has new scientific research results or innovative insights experimentally, theoretically, or observationally; or a scientific summary of some known principles applied in practice to make new progress Used to provide readings, exchanges, or discussions at academic conferences; or to publish in academic journals; or written documents for other purposes.
In the field of social sciences, people usually call papers expressing scientific research results as academic papers.
Academic papers have four characteristics: academic scientific creative theoretical

I. Academicity

1. The process of publishing a manuscript submission-review-notice of use-handling related costs-publication-post sample. General authors first understand the journal, select the journal, find the submission method, some journals require submission in writing. Most are in the form of electronic manuscripts.
   2. Review time for published articles Generally, the review time for ordinary journals (provincial and national) is one week, and for high-quality journals, the review time is 14-20 days.
   The review period for core journals is generally 4 months, and it must go through three procedures: initial review, review, and final review.
   3. Issues in the level of journals Countries do not classify journals. However, various units generally classify journals into provincial and national journals according to the level of the competent unit of the journal. Provincial periodicals are in charge of provincial units. The national periodical competent unit is the national department or directly affiliated department.

2. Publishing role

   A dissertation is an article that describes the results of academic research after conducting research in various academic fields. It is not only a means to explore the academic issues of research, but also a tool to communicate the results of academic research. The role of different people in publishing papers is also different: 1. Evaluation titles (promotional titles): graduate graduation needs; teachers, medical staff, personnel of scientific research institutes, corporate employees, etc. are promoted to the next level of professional titles. An essential reference indicator. 2. Application for Funds and Projects: When the National Natural Science Foundation projects, other various fund projects, and various research topics are applied for each year by the education, science and technology, and health systems, publishing a dissertation is the conclusion of a research result completed as a fund or project. Show. 3. Research in basic fields around the world, such as basic research carried out in the fields of medicine, mathematics, physics, chemistry, life sciences, etc. Publicly published papers are a display and report of the latest scientific and technological research results and research methods. To promote the scientific and technological progress of the entire society.

3. The role of dissertation The so-called education research dissertation writing is to deepen the understanding process of analysis and demonstration on the basis of investigations or experiments, and to write the research results into a dissertation or report.
   Writing educational research papers is an important part of educational research activities in primary and secondary schools. Its role is to:
   Show the level and value of research Improve the research level of researchers;
   Writing scientific research papers is not only a reflection of scientific research results, but also a problem of deepening scientific research results and development of scientific research results. In the process of writing scientific research papers, a large number of materials obtained in the experimental research process are de-roughened and refined to realize the transition from perceptual knowledge to rationality. The leap and sublimation of cognition deepens research activities and deepens people's understanding.
   (3) Promoting experiences and exchanging education and scientific research processes is the process by which people gain direct experience. This direct experience gained through careful design and careful exploration is not only very valuable to the direct participants, but also to all educators, and to the improvement and development of the overall human understanding. As Engels pointed out: "Modern natural science has expanded the proposition that all thought content originates from experience, to the complete overthrow of its old metaphysical limits and formulas. As it acknowledges acquired heredity, it The subject of experience has expanded from the individual to the class, and each individual must experience it himself, which is no longer necessary; its individual experience can be replaced to some extent by the results of the experience of its ancestors. " ("Selected Works of Marx and Engels", Vol. 3, p. 564) It can be seen that in order to exchange and understand people in different spaces and at different times, and to accept the results of understanding, it is necessary to do a good job in writing theses.
   Promoting the continuous improvement of educational and scientific research activities Educational and scientific research activities are activities that explore unknown areas. There are no established models and approaches to follow. In a certain sense, educational and scientific research activities are all creative activities. In order to ensure that educational and scientific research activities become more and more effective and to provide a reliable basis for further educational and scientific research activities, it is necessary to write a report or a dissertation at the end of each scientific research activity.

The State of Science and Technology Information Research Institute's China Excellent Science and Technology Paper Output Status Report released on November 19, 2019 shows that China's outstanding scientific and technological papers totaled 315,900 in 2018, an increase of 12.4% over 2017, including 144,500 outstanding international scientific and technological papers. 171,500 outstanding domestic scientific and technological papers. ^[1]

From the perspective of the distribution of disciplines, the number of outstanding scientific papers in clinical medicine, chemistry, biology and electronics, communication and automatic control is the largest, and among them, the number 1 in clinical medicine is over 43,000.

From the perspective of the distribution of paper output institutions, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Peking University, Zhejiang University, and Tsinghua University are the most productive of all the universities, and the number of outstanding scientific papers is more than 4,000. Among them, Tsinghua University's outstanding scientific papers accounted for 54% of its total papers.

In addition, the top three research institutions with excellent scientific paper output are the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Eco-Environment Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; the top three medical institutions are the General Hospital of the PLA , West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Peking Union Medical College Hospital.