What Is a Visual Artist?

Visual art refers to the use of certain materials, materials, and technical methods to create works of art that can be viewed and appreciated by people. In a broad sense, sculpture, painting, photography and other art categories belong to its category. It not only has a variety of creative methods , Modeling methods are also very diverse. Art works include both 2D and 3D forms, as well as dynamic and static art forms. Among them, the three-dimensional space art, such as sculpture and architectural art, is often also called plastic art. In addition, visual art is different from auditory art. Visual art mainly emphasizes people's visual experience. Therefore, art forms such as film and television arts that include both visual arts and auditory arts are usually classified into the category of comprehensive art forms. In a narrow sense, visual art usually refers to graphic art works that use viewing as a way of appreciation for painting, printmaking, oil painting, and photography. ^[1]

The applied arts of visual art are applied art,

[European Renaissance] The European Renaissance first originated in Italy in the 14th century, as Engels said: the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the current era of capitalism were characterized by the Italian poet Dante (1265-1321), who He was the last poet of the Middle Ages and the first poet of the new era.

Italy is located in the center of the Mediterranean region and at the heart of the largest trading area in the Middle Ages. Florence, Milan, and Venice were hubs of water and land transportation and trade at that time, where the earliest emergence of industry and commerce, and budding capitalism, were also the birthplaces of the Renaissance.

The so-called Renaissance is a revolution in the ideological field set off by the emerging bourgeoisie against the revival of the ancient Greek and Roman people-oriented science and culture that was strangled by religion in the Middle Ages. Manuscripts rescued from the Byzantine demise, ancient statues excavated from Roman ruins, reproduce the glorious image of that era. People are under the banner "Go back to Greece". Actually new

Visual art-Renaissance works

The revival of the bourgeois souls of ancient Greece was not to rebuild slavery culture, but to borrow science, philosophy, and humanist art that was in favor of the bourgeoisie; it was to borrow their names, battle slogans, and coats to wear such Well-respected costumes use this borrowed language to perform new scenes in modern world history. As a descendant of ancient Rome, Italy is a direct successor to ancient Greek and Roman culture.

Visual art-Renaissance works

The Italian Renaissance first developed in Florence, and later expanded to other regions, forming some schools that have both Florence's artistic achievements and local characteristics. In addition to the powerful Florence school, Da Vinci went to Milan to serve the Grand Duke of Milan and formed the Milan School; Bramante, Michelangelo and Raphael went to Rome to serve the Pope, forming a monumental and symbolic grandiose A powerful Roman school for its characteristics. By the 16th century, after the glorious imprisonment of Venice in Florence, the last master who reached the pinnacle of Renaissance art was recognized as Tintoretto.

The Italian Renaissance can be divided into early, peak and late periods. In the early days, Florence was the center, from Giotto to Botticelli; during the heyday, it was mainly marked by the artistic achievements of Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael; in the later period, Venetian paintings represented by Titian Pie is famous.

The reason why Florence became the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance is first and foremost its geographical and natural conditions. It is located on the Arno River and is the main channel for land and water transportation. It has developed handicrafts and commercial trade. The needs of art, especially the rulers represented by the Medici family, promote and protect artistic creation, these factors promote the prosperity and development of art. Florence, as a representative of the early Renaissance, formed its own distinctive personality in artistic concepts, artistic themes, and artistic expressions: the content of the art is still based on the traditional Christian Bible story, but since Giotto, the painters worked hard Explore how to inject worldly real life into the creation of God s image, pull God from the altar to the earth into a mortal, and make the religious figures you shape into human beings with flesh and blood and thoughts. Therefore, they introduced scientific achievements, applied the principles of anatomy, perspective, and optics to artistic creation, and shaped real characters and real spatial relationships. The artistic language emphasized light and dark sketch shapes, and the composition pursued symmetry, balance and harmony.

Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael dominate the art scene, marking the arrival of the Renaissance. Their artistic creations not only directly depict real people in real life, but also rely on religious myths to pin their own social ideals and aesthetics. Ideals and feelings. They showed giant artistic achievements in Florence, Milan, and Rome, and used their wisdom and strength to set up painting and carving monuments.

Located on the Adriatic coast, backed by the Italian peninsula and facing the east of Venice, it is an Italian maritime city completely different from Florence and Rome. It is the center of commerce and trade, a place where capitalists gather, and it is a world built for the world. A paradise for pleasure, the Venetian claims that his hometown is "the treasure chest of the world". In the 16th century, Venice had everything but God's control. In this luxuriant, splendid and splendid city, it is not science and knowledge that dominates the beauty, especially the art of painting, because it can not only create beauty, but also make it realistic and ideal. To last forever. Although painters have no social status, they can often become patrons of the pope, king and noble bourgeoisie. In this city, the great painters Giorgione, Titian, and their disciples, Veronese, Tintoretto, and others, which were on par with Florence, were produced.

As Venice is a maritime trade and commercial center and a beautiful water town, the art produced here is very different from Florence in terms of content or form.

Fine art in Florence tends to be religious Biblical, while Venice is more about depicting ancient Greek myths. Indulge in joy and enjoyment. The themes are mostly love, banquet, and naked goddesses. The image on the screen is full of passion and imagination. There is a lively, bright and joyful atmosphere, and there is little sadness and sadness. The goddesses have plump skin, golden hair, and gorgeous costumes. They are all the gorgeous women in the high society of Venice, emitting the light of humanity. In order to cater to the pleasure needs of the princes and nobles, the painters not only depict beautiful naked women, but also complement them with beautiful natural scenery. In order to fully display this beauty, painters attach great importance to the creation of colors. They are very good at discovering and expressing infinitely rich and colorful color changes from nature. If the painters in Florence emphasized the symmetry, balance and harmony of composition, then the painters in Venice pursued color and passion, which laid the foundation for the development of modern European oil painting. ^[8]

Visual art style

[Style Doctrine] Style Doctrine is also known as Mannerism or Style Doctrine, which refers to the Italian Renaissance art

Visual arts-style

A special artistic phenomenon in the transition period from Baroque art to Baroque art. It is not only different from the sublime harmony of the Renaissance, but also different from the later Baroque art. Historians call the artistic style of this period "manipulationism" or "style." Doctrine. " The artist consciously pursues a more extreme form, and is keen to use complex images and movements to express his inner disturbance and depression.

The main characteristics of style art are: a considerable part of the subject matter is naked characters, with weird and distorted bodies and developed and exaggerated muscles. The ideological content of the work is vague and difficult to recognize; the plot in the painting is often not visual. The center appears, looming in a secondary position.

Visual art baroque art

[Baroque Art] The so-called "Baroque" has Italian semantics of odd-shaped contortions; Portuguese means irregular pearls. It is a derogatory term, and people borrow the word Baroque to mock art with this style. It originated in Italy in the 17th century, and later influenced European Catholic countries. Because its social pillar is religion, it can follow religion.

Visual Arts-Rococo

The spread spread to all areas of religion. The main characteristics of Baroque art are as follows: Because it serves the upper classes and nobles of the church, in order to promote religion and satisfy the desire for pleasure, it has spared no expense in constructing luxurious palaces, dwellings, and a large number of decorative paintings and sculptures, making it look magnificent and gorgeous. Renaissance art emphasized the tranquility and harmony of reason; Baroque art emphasized the irrational infinite fantasy and hallucinations, striving to break harmony and tranquility, and it was full of intense drama atmosphere in sculpture and painting. The architecture reflects the rich and changeable structure. Passion and strong movement are the main characteristics of Baroque art. The works reflect the complex thoughts and emotions of the writer. Not only the external form is exciting, but the content is also disturbing. The movement of the image is the soul of Baroque art. Its content is full of passion, and the form is full of intense movement. . The baroque artwork feels like it is constantly moving, with a strong and complex rhythm, and the strong contrast between light and dark creates a sense of dynamics and instability. Curves and ellipses are used extensively in architecture. Baroque art attaches great importance to the processing of spatial relationships, showing the spatial three-dimensionality of artistic images. Painting relies on light modeling to pursue a sense of spatial depth. Architecture and sculpture emphasize layers and depths, and try to break the plane as much as possible. Baroque art also emphasizes integrated artistic processing. This type of integration includes the integration of architecture, sculpture, and painting, as well as the integration of painting and sculpture, the integration of modeling and the environment, and the integration of its own parts. Because Baroque art is sheltered by religious support, it is inevitably full of strong religious color. ^[9]

Baroque art has different artistic styles in different countries and different social backgrounds: in Italy and Flanders, where Catholic forces dominate, the Roman Baroque style dominated by religious forces; the monarchy, the supremacy of monarchy In France, the classicism style is the mainstream; in the Netherlands and Britain where capitalism is more developed, realist civic art is popular.

Visual arts rococo

[Rococo]: An art and interior decoration style in the 18th century, especially during the reign of Louis 15 in France. Rococo style is the result of the refined curve of the Baroque period in Italy.

visual art

The form is more slender and small, with bright colors. The Rococo style was a rebellion against the solemn, luxurious classicist artistic style of the Louis 14th era. Committed to the brisk, intimate scenes of a rather trivial court life, and sometimes idyllic. Characterized by flattery and manicure. The main representatives are Huatuo, Boucher and Frago.

Visual Arts-Rococo

School of Visual Arts

[Academicism]: Consistent with academic standards and principles. The term is also used to indicate an anti-traditional composition in anti-traditional works.

School of Visual Arts

[Academic painting]: Generally speaking, it refers to painting that has a conservative nature through rigorous training in the academy, the transmission of teachers and students, and the successive layers. As an academic school in the history of art, it originated in Italy in the 16th century and then became popular in Europe. It spread to various art colleges in the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest founding of the Academy of Fine Arts was the Karachi brothers in Italy, which was founded in 1590 by the Pollenia Academy. His merit was to end the ancient guild master-apprenticeship artisanal education and make the entire art education A big step forward. Subsequent Academy of Fine Arts emphasized the need to inherit the classical art of the Renaissance, and pursue excellence in form and elegance of content. Important representative painters include Karachi, Leni, Le Brown, Bouguereau, David, Angel and so on.

Visual art romanticism

[Romanticism]: An artistic style that emphasizes individuality, emotion, and drama, and is usually expressed in exotic, literary, or historically long-standing subjects. The rise of the Romantic movement in the 19th century as a rebellion against serious neoclassicism is also a manifestation of the revolutionary spirit of this era. Representative figures in painting include Delacroix and Gerico in France, and Turner in England. In the field of sculpture, there are Lüde and Baya. Art historians generally use the terms classicism and romanticism to denote two basic, opposing attitudes in art and architecture. ^[10]

Visual art realism

[Realism] French painting has experienced the development from classicalism to romanticism, and romanticism gradually separated from the social reality of the time. In this context, some artists with progressive thinking believe that art should be based on actual life, and put forward the slogan "art for life and for the people", which has created a realistic artistic trend of thought. Realist artists praise nature, praise labor, and profoundly and comprehensively display a broad picture of real life, especially depicting the lives and struggles of ordinary laborers. At this moment, laborers really enter the art hall and become the main image in painting. Nature is also loved by realist painters as an independent subject.

The realism we are talking about here is a unique artistic phenomenon in the development of French art, which refers to the artistic trend of thought produced in the 19th century. At that time, people called it "realism". This genre is undoubtedly using realist artistic creation methods. . Its philosophical outlook is to seek truth and truth, which leads to its aesthetic view is that truth is beautiful, and reality is beautiful. It is the main characteristic of realism. The class confrontation and struggle in French society are reflected in the painting world and become a dispute between classicism and romanticism. Some painters dismiss this and quietly enter the village of Barbizon near the Fontainebleau forest on the outskirts of Paris. They are infinite. Love nature, and advocate to paint colorful landscapes directly in nature. They regard the richness, wonder, beauty and inner life of nature as their lifelong pursuit. They never impose their artistic beliefs on others, because they all live in Barbizon village and together depict nature, so this group of painters is called "Barbizon School", whose main representatives are Corot, Rousseau, and Trojon et al. ^[11]

Visual art impressionism

[Impressionism] A painting school that emerged in France in the second half of the 19th century. This name was ridiculed by critics who painted Monet's "Impression of the Sunrise" when the author of the school held an exhibition in 1874. The school opposed the conservative ideas and expression methods of the academic school at that time, and adopted the creative method of directly depicting scenes in the outdoor sunlight, pursuing the overall sense and atmosphere of the performance objects in light and color changes, and advocated the red orange yellow green green based on the solar spectrum. The seven shades of blue and purple reflect the instantaneous impression of nature, in contrast to the themes of past religious myths and the taupe tone of Chen Chenxiang, making European painting a new way to use the principle of light and color to enhance expressiveness, and a revolution in painting techniques have a great impact. Representative painters include Monet, Pissarro, Sisley and Renoir.

Visual arts post-impressionism

[Post-Impressionism] Broadly refers to the different schools that inherit the Impressionist School and change it. The narrow sense refers to the creative methods of Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin and others. They accept Impressionist methods of color innovation, and are not satisfied with the objective depiction of the nature of the impression party, but emphasize the re-creation of subjective feelings. They generally do not express light, but focus on the contrast relationship, volume, and decoration of color. It had a great influence on the subsequent Fauvism and Expressionism.

Visual art symbolism

[Symbolism] Since 1885, in the name of symbolism, the rebellion against the idealist tendency has developed in the field of literature and plastic arts at the same time. Painters and writers are no longer committed to faithfully expressing the external world, but to symbolize , Metaphorical and decorative pictures to show illusory dreams to inspire people. The representative painters of symbolism are mainly Morrow, Shavana and Redon. Symbolist painters have not created a new form of genre. All they care about is poetic expression and mysterious revelation. Symbolist painting is an exploration of new content based on feelings, not based on rational or objective observation, but on the inner strength and imagination of transcendence of outward intuition.

Visual Arts Nabi

[Nabi School] The world recognizes that Cézanne, Van Gogh, and Gauguin were the ancestors of the 20th century modern art, and their influence was limited after they were alive or dead. Inheriting their ideas to the great and spreading them to the avant-garde painters of the 20th century was a small group of artists, the Nabi School.

In the summer of 1888, 24-year-old Serussier met Gauguin, who was painting there, at the Avon Bridge in Brittany, northwestern France. Gauguin had just finished painting "Jacob and the Angels Fighting", The subjective, mysterious and symbolic color conquered the young artist. He later followed Gauguin to sketch a forest called "The Forest of Love". Gauguin pointed out the mystery of color: "What color should the trees be? Do you see more or less red? Well, the one in the picture Place real red in the place.-What about the shadow? If there is a little blue there, then you put the most beautiful blue color on the palette there! "Celucier listened and listened. On a cigarette case, he drew a small landscape painting according to Gauguin's instructions. He took the painting and returned to the Julian Academy in Paris. The classmates who watched were Bonnard, Viare, Lanson, and Wa. Luo Tong et al. All of a sudden they became Gauguinists and called this small picture of Celusie a "talisman," and the group who were lucky enough to get this "gospel" was called "Nabi", which means "in Hebrew" prophet". This is the origin of the Nabi.

Nabiists accepted Gauguin's artistic influence and engaged in new exploration and development: Gauguin's comprehensive theory led to the solemn, simplified and deformed decorative style of symbolism, that is, to transplant nature into the realm of wisdom and imagination In. There are two types of so-called deformation: objective deformation based on a purely aesthetic and decorative design and some principles of coloring and composition techniques; subjective deformation that allows the artist's own feelings to enter the painting performance.

The Nabi faction began with the "talisman" of Seluccie and ended with Edeni's "Salute to Cezanne". This shows that the value of Nabi themselves is only to clarify the visual way of Cezanne and Gauguin. This is an observation method that emphasizes self-consciousness.

After that, the Nabi factions split into separatists, comprehensive factions, and neo-traditional factions. ^[12]

Visual art brutalism

[Beastism] Western modern art began to take shape in the early 20th century, and the first avant-garde art movement was "beastism." The word "beast" is used here to describe the astonishing colors and distorted forms in their paintings, which clearly contradict the shapes of nature.

Nine youth paintings led by Matisse on display at the French Salon Exhibition in 1905

Visual Arts-Brutalism

The works of the family, because of the astonishing style of painting, caused public outcry. Reviewer Louis Walker saw a piece of wildly colorful paintings that imitated the style of the Italian Renaissance sculptor Donatello in the middle of a wild painting, saying casually: "Donatello Surrounded by a group of beasts. "Since then, this group of painters has been called a" beastist. "

Visual Arts-Brutalism

These young artists led by Matisse are not satisfied with the mysterious colors of symbolism, and advocate the thorough purification of colors in order to express the painter's feelings more clearly. Expressing feelings is the purpose of brutalist painters.

The brutalist painter Fritz defined brutalistism as: "The same effect of daylight is achieved through the symphony of color. The frantic transfer (the starting point is moved by nature) establishes the theory of truth in the fiery pursuit . "

The main principle of brutalism is to achieve the effect of space management through the role of light as light. All use flat coatings that have neither modeling nor illusions. The means are to purify and simplify. Use composition. Between expression and decoration, that is, There is absolute agreement between moving cues and internal order. Matisse said: "Composition is the art of using decorative methods to arrange the different materials that artists use to express their feelings."

Brutalist painters widely used rough themes and strong coloring to celebrate the fierce expressions of temperament, relying on structural principles, regardless of volume, objects and light and shade, using pure monochrome instead of perspective. Matisse's teacher Morrow once said to him: "You have to make the painting simplistic." So Matisse, as a constant representative of brutalism, stubbornly restored color to its original strength, simplicity and expressive meaning.

Fauvism has been depressing since its inception in 1905 to 1908, and has since been replaced by cubism. ^[13]

Visual art cubism

[Cubism] (cubism): Refers specifically to the painting style created by Picasso and Braque between 1907 and 1912. It looks at objects from multiple perspectives, creating three-dimensional effects of the objects, while maintaining the plane characteristics of the picture. It is a semi-abstract style that marks the beginning of abstract art and continues the trend of separation from the art of reproduction that was mainly pioneered by Cézanne in the late 1880s. Became a source of inspiration for many painters and a sign of separation from tradition for decades to come.

Visual art expressionism

[Expressionism] A painting principle that emphasizes strong emotional expression instead of following traditional realism and proportional norms, which leads to distortion of lines, shapes, and colors. Painters such as Impressionist Van Gogh and Fauvism became pioneers of expressionism.

Visual art futurism

[Futurism] On February 20, 1909, Italian poet Marinetti published the "Foundation and Declaration of Futurism" in Le Figaro, Paris. On the one hand, the manifesto eulogizes modern industrial civilization, and science and technology make the traditional view of time and space.

Visual Arts-Futurism

The idea has completely changed, "the magnificent world has acquired a new beauty-the beauty of speed", and therefore advocates that future literature and art should reflect modern machine civilization, speed, strength, and competition; on the other hand, it curses all old traditional culture and sweeps away from All cultural heritage since ancient Rome advocated the destruction of all museums, libraries and colleges. They shouted, "Let's do it! Ignite the bookshelf of the library! Drown the river and flood all the museum galleries, ah! Watching those pretentious ancient paintings torn, faded, and floating on the water What a joy! Raise your axe and hammer to destroy the castles that are worshipped by gods! "

On March 8, 1910, the painters Boccuni, Cara, and Barra also published the "Futuristic Painter Declaration" in response, and in early April they published the "Futuristic Painting Skills Declaration." The declaration shows that their painting skills are essential. The above is still derived from Cubism. They added elements of speed and time to the cubist multi-viewpoint. ^[14]

Visual arts visual arts

Futurism in sculpture was implemented by Boccuniy, who issued the "Futuristic Sculpture Declaration" on April 11, 1912, announcing "absolutely and completely abandoning contour lines and closed sculptures, let us tear open the human body And include its surroundings. "

On July 11, 1914, the "Futuristic Architectural Declaration" was issued by Saint Tria, advocating the replacement of traditional construction materials with mechanical structures and new materials, while the urban planning was complemented by population concentration and rapid transportation to establish a Included in the "Future City" plan of the underground railway, sliding sidewalks and three-dimensionally intersecting road network. Instead of brick, stone, and wood, steel, glass, and cloth are used to obtain the optimal light and space.

There is also the "Futuristic Clothing Declaration" calling on people to abolish the clothing with faint colors and rigid lines, and replace it with new clothing with bright colors and rich lines.

This genre ended in the war of 1918, and actually ended.

Visual art abstract art

[Abstract Art] (abstractart) The depiction of real objects has been regarded as secondary, or any art that depicts real objects has been completely abandoned, and its aesthetic connotation is expressed through the formal structure of form, line, and color. Sometimes the theme is real, but in order not to be recognized, it becomes very stylized, vague, repetitive or breaks its basic type. The abstract elements or tendencies appearing in works of art and ornaments throughout the history of art began with neolithic stone carvings. But abstraction as an aesthetic principle began in the early 20th century with the development of Picasso and Braque Cubism.

Visual art abstract expressionism

[Abstract Expressionism] (abstract expressionism) After World War II, Europeans poured into the United States, which promoted the development of American modern art. The young artists in the Art Students League of New York formed a group, dubbed "Abstract Expressionism", and held public exhibitions, setting off New York's Abstract Expressionism movement, which had a great impact. Like Paris at the end of the 19th century, New York has become a center of modern art, and they are directly influenced by European avant-garde artists. Two German painters who contributed to American modern art, Hans Huffman and Joseph Abers.

Visual arts pop art

[Pop art] (popart): an artistic style mainly derived from commercial art forms (also known as neo-realism and new Dada), which is characterized by the popular cultural items such as comic strips, popular food and The packaging of the trademark is extra large. It developed in New York in the late 1950s. In the mid-1960s, pop art replaced abstract expressionism and became the dominant avant-garde art in the United States. The main sponsors are Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Larry Rivers, Clay Ortenberg, Lisittenstein, George Siegel And Robert Indiana and others. ^[15]

Visual art surrealism

[Surrealism]: A style of artistic expression influenced by Freud's psychoanalysis, emphasizing absurdity. It was originally a literary movement and a by-product of Dadaism. Surrealism was established by a literary manifesto published in 1924.

visual art

Visual arts Dada

[Dada]: An art movement that began in Zurich during the First World War. Its name was hand-drawn from the dictionary in 1916, and it was widely spread in Europe and the United States. The founders of the movement were artist Hans Alp and composer Tristan Zara, Hugo Ball, and Richard Hessenpecker. Their credo, "all art is spurned by artists," and their extraordinary creative methods of writing such as graffiti and automatism have caused a lot of controversy and indignation in society. Dada practitioners also believe that the fine works of art arise from ready-made objects, ready-made artworks, collages and other historically unacceptable materials and techniques. Its important artists are: Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Hans Alp, Francis Picabbia, Man Ray and Kurt Schwister. Outstanding Dadaist works include Duchamp's "Spring", which uses a ceramic urinal to clarify Dadaist views, the purpose of which is to elevate ordinary things from their ordinary scenes; Nalitha's photos typically reflect the tradition of Dadaists treating anti-idol worship.

Visual arts super-realism

[Super-realism] Super-realism is a new art genre that emerged in the United States in the late 1960s. The artists of this genre oppose the subconscious emotions of abstract art and the practice of not expressing concrete images in their modeling. They believe that they should be ruled out. The subjective idea of the painter is purely objective, real, and even reproduces objects like photography, so it is also called "photorealism".

Surrealist painters often draw from urban and rural scenery, and some specialize in portraiture. Clos has painted some super-realistic portraits. The objects he paints emphasize not the inner spirit of the characters, but the exact appearance. This type of work is very large, not only directly relying on the copy of the photo, but often the photo negative is projected on the canvas with a slide projector, carefully outline the outline and each part, and then color, the work is extremely realistic and delicate, even a hair Someone said: "Standing in front of his painting, you can feel the skin of the characters breathing and sweating, and you can even see them experiencing the physiological conditions of pain, tiredness and horror. The picture shows cold, Most don't have the high temperament of romanticism. What he paints is neither human nor impersonal, but a creature reduced to neutral and only biologically functional. "

The art of hyperrealism "is nothing more than a material in this material world," said American critic Kanard. "Whatever the flaws in pop art and hyperrealism are, they are an anti-abstractist movement. They show realism that is very different from those dying arts. They have a potential trend of the 20th century, which is to continue to be the richest expressive force since ancient times and the form that artists can use most. " ^[16]