What Is Rhetorical Studies?

Figure of speech (rhetoric), that is, rhetoric or modified rhetoric. "Xiu" is a modified meaning. "Ci" originally meant words for debate, and it was later extended to all words. The original meaning of rhetoric is to modify speech, that is, a language activity that can use multiple language means to receive the best possible expression effect in the process of using language.

[xi cí]

Good expression, including its accuracy, intelligibility and appeal, is in line with its own purpose of expression, appropriate and appropriate expression for the object and the occasion. Rhetoric uses the characteristics of language (including its written form, that is, writing), and is also restricted by the characteristics of language.

"Rhetoric" in Chinese was first seen in the phrase "Rhetoric stands for its sincerity, so it is also homework" in Zhou Yigan's Classical Chinese. In this sentence, "rhetoric" means "repairing culture and education" (Tang

Rhetoric is closely related to the cultural tradition of a nation. Accept

Common rhetoric methods are: analogy, metaphor, parallelism, exaggeration, borrowing, duality, questioning, rhetorical questioning, repetition, foiling, allusions, transformation, intertextuality, etc.

The purpose of learning rhetoric is to serve language practice. First, you can identify the rhetorical methods in the language, and then understand the applicable effects; at the same time, you will use these rhetorical methods to improve your ability to use language. The method of rhetoric is also called rhetoric. According to expert studies, there are as many as 70 types of Chinese rhetoric, and more than 10 are common. ^[3]

Rhetorical contrast

It is a method of comparing two things or two aspects of the same thing. Such as:

1. Worry and worry before the world, joy and happiness after the world.

2. While the rich wine and meat smell, the road with frozen bone.

Rhetorical dual

A pair of phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure and the same number of words are arranged symmetrically to express relative or similar meanings. Such as:

1. Full loss, Qian benefited.

2. Thousand pointing fingers, head bowed as a willing ox.

3. For a thousand miles, go to the next level. (Flowing water)

4. Looking inside and outside the Great Wall, I was reckless, and the river went up and down, and I lost my gush. (Fan face)

Rhetorical ranking

A method of combining several (usually three or more) phrases or sentences that are related, have the same or similar structure, and have the same tone. Such as:

But this time there are quite a few surprises. One is that the authorities are so brutal, the other is that rumors are so inferior, and the other is that Chinese women can be calm when they are in trouble.

Rhetoric repeated

The method of making the same word or sentence appear repeatedly according to the needs of expression. Repetitions can be continuous or occur at intervals. Such as:

1. Brave the enemy's gunfire, go ahead! Go ahead! go ahead!

2. Where the enemy attacks, we want where it perishes, and where the enemy attacks, we want where it perishes.

Rhetorical irony

That is to say "fable"-the actual meaning and the literal meaning are opposite. For example: "Friends" can no longer be "surprised", just rest assured to divide up.

Rhetorical questions

The question is used to express certainty, so no answer is needed. For example: Are middle school teachers and young ladies riding bicycles into a body? ("People in the Suit")

Rhetorical questions

To highlight what is being said, present it in an interrogative form. For example: Who are these seven people carrying? It is not others. It turned out that they were Jiegai, Wu Yong, Gongsun Sheng, Liu Tang, and San Ruan. The question is self-explanatory.

In addition, more rhetorical methods appear in textbooks: quotations, puns, thimbles (or "Lianzhu"), pleadings, overlapping characters, police, synaesthesia, poems, and taboos.

Rhetorical metaphor

Instead of directly speaking the person or thing to be said, use a name that is closely related to the person or thing to replace it, such as substituting the whole for the whole; abstracting with the concrete; using the features for the ontology; using the proper name for the general name. Such as:

1. Do not take the masses one stitch at a time. ("One stitch and one thread" means "all the property of the masses")

2. Gray bearded man smoking dry tobacco in the corner. ("Huabai Beard" represents the ontology with features)

Rhetorical metaphor

A. Metaphor is the usual analogy. It is a rhetoric that describes or depicts something with another thing that is different in nature but has similar points. Metaphors generally consist of three parts: ontology, metaphor, and metaphor. A metaphor must meet the following two conditions:

(1) Ontology and figurative body are two types of things that are different in nature. Generally, similar things cannot be compared metaphorically.

(2) There must be similarities between the ontology and the figurative body, that is, the figurative body must be similar to the ontology at a certain point before it can be used to describe the depiction of the ontology. For example, "our motherland is like a garden." The similarities between the motherland and the garden are beautiful. The similarity is the soul of the metaphor.

B. Metaphors can be divided into three categories : simile, metaphor, and metaphor.

1) Simile: It is an obvious metaphor. Its ontology, figurative body, and metaphor all appear. Metaphors are often used as "as if, like, like, as if, like", and sometimes the same as "general, general, like", etc. The words echo.

2) Metaphor: On the surface, it is a judgment, narrative, or explanation that implicitly involves a metaphorical relationship. Both the body and the metaphor of metaphor appear. The difference from metaphor is that its metaphors are played by words such as "yes, become, become, become, become."

3) Metaphor: Use the metaphor instead of the ontology, that is, the ontology does not appear, the metaphor is explained in the context, and the reader or listener can understand the relationship between the two. For example, "the disadvantage is that you can't see the trees and the forest, but you pick the sesame mung beans but lose the watermelon."

C. Metaphor has the following functions in expression :

1) It can visualize language, and can describe people or things more importantly, specifically, and vividly;

2) It can make esoteric truth easy to understand;

3) It can reveal the nature of things well;

4) It can express the author's feelings and positions clearly.

Rhetoric personification

The analogy is a description method that regards thing A as something B. The comparison can be divided into two categories: personification and object.

1) Anthropomorphic: Write things as people, personify things, and give things words, actions, thoughts and feelings. This is the most common form of analogy. For example, the waves sang while rushing into the sky to meet the thunder.

2) Imitate things: write people as crops, that is, make people have things or actions, or write things A as B.

a write a person, such as "under the large and thick lotus leaf, there is a person's face, the lower half of the body grows in the water."

b. Write the object A as the object B, such as "two people did not speak, chewing with interest for one second, one second."

The main role of comparison is to make the language vivid and to cause the reader to associate.

Rhetoric

Metonymy is the rhetoric of people or things. Also known as "renaming." Such a name change can highlight the characteristics of things, arouse people's associations, strengthen the symbolism of language, make the language lively and full of change. There are the following types:

1) Feature generation ontology. Such as "the hump in the corner suddenly became happy."

2) Some generations as a whole, such as: Two Kong Ming ... You must discuss the yin and yang gossip when you lift your feet and look at the zodiac.

3) Concrete generation abstraction, replace the abstract and generalized things with objective concrete things, such as "you should remember those rotten and leather pants in the past"

4) Generic titles, such as: among the Chinese people, there are literally thousands of Zhuge Liang.

5) Author's works, such as: Li Jian plays Chopin, Liszt.

6) The brand name body, such as: How many "yellow lions" have been sucked out in one breath.

7) Materials and tools represent the body. For example, I will discuss this with a comrade who is good at Dan Qing.

Pay attention to the use of borrowing 1) Grasp the characteristics of things 2) Make it easy for readers to understand.

Rhetorical couplet

Qilian is a rhetorical case in which the words applicable to thing A are temporarily used in thing B when narrating the two related things. Such as "Don't look at my deaf, but my heart is not deaf" "Thinking about this thing, you can't hold it with a rope". It makes language vivid, profound and expressive. At the same time, it cleverly connects the context and completes the semantic jump, which has the effects of conciseness, liveliness, and coherent sentences. Most of Linian's uses are thought-provoking.

Rhetorical exaggeration

A description of things beyond facts is called exaggeration.

B exaggeration

1) It can be divided into three categories according to meaning:

a expands the exaggeration, and deliberately makes things bigger, more, faster, taller, longer, stronger ... Example: The oil workers roar, and the earth will shake.

b reduce the exaggeration, and deliberately make things smaller, less, slow, short, weak ... For example: three grains, what does it matter if they are not collected?

c. Exaggerate ahead of time, saying that what happened afterwards appears first or at the same time. For example: "When did you learn to smoke?" "I will smoke two in my mother's belly."

2) According to the form, it can be divided into two categories: direct exaggeration and indirect exaggeration:

a Direct exaggeration: Exaggeration that is performed directly without resorting to other rhetoric. For example: Xie Huimin's two eyebrows almost flew out of his mind.

b Indirect exaggeration: Exaggeration that is carried out directly through other rhetoric. For example, a piece of meat in the dish, like an iron cock donated by a pin on the chapel, was cut with a knife.

The main role of exaggeration is to make a deep impression. The exaggerated beauty is not true and writes true feelings.

Rhetorical pun

The rhetorical method that makes a word double meaning is called pun. Puns can be divided into homophonic puns and semantic puns. 1) Homophone puns: Homophones created by homophony or near sound are homonymous puns. For example, "I laugh at bronchitis."

2) Semantic puns: The puns created by the double meaning of words or sentences in the context are semantic puns. Such as: How long a difficult night!

The two meanings of the pun are literally secondary, and the implication is primary.

Rhetoric silhouette

Contrast is a rhetorical technique that puts two opposite or opposite things, or two aspects of the same thing together, so that they complement each other and complement each other.

The contrast is divided into front and back. Using the similar conditions of things to set off is a positive contrast; using the opposite conditions of things to set off is a contrast. The positive contrast is as follows: spring breeze willows thousands, 600 million Shenzhou make Shun Yao. The contrast is as follows: he can only find a black tower-like tiger girl on the white ground.

Rhetorical transfer

Transferring words that describe something A to something B is called transfer. Such as: the soldiers fired hate bullets at the enemy. If the transfer of sensation is described, that is, the sensation on one sense is moved to the other, this kind of movement is called synaesthesia. Such as: the breeze passing, sending a scent of fragrance, as if the distant singing on a tall building in the distance.

Rhetorical dual

The antithesis is also called the antithetical couplet. These two parts have the same number of words, the meanings are related, and the structures are the same or similar. There is a difference between strict pair and wide pair. In addition to the same number of words and related meanings, Yan Dui requires the same structure and harmony. Such as: spring breeze to comb willows, Yeyu hide people to run flowers. According to the different meaning relationships before and after the duality, there are generally three types:

1) Opposite: The upper and lower sentences explain the same matter from different aspects, they complement each other and form a whole.

2) Opposition: The upper and lower sentences describe from two opposite sides, the intention is to complement each other and clarify the truth from contradiction. 3) String Pairs: Also called "flowing pairs", the meanings of the sentences are the same, expressing the relationship of cause and effect and condition. Such as "the tragic sight has made me unbearable; rumors have made me unbearable."

The main role of duality is to express thoughts and feelings in concise language. It is aimed at encouraging readers to draw general impressions from typical examples; against revealing contradictions, expressing the author's judgment of right and wrong; right and wrong, pointing out the cause and effect of things, and expressing conciseness.

Rhetorical ranking

Use a set of similarly structured sentences to express related content. This is called ranking. Arranged sentences are not limited to two items. Most have several repeated words. In the parallel sentences, the same words appearing repeatedly are generally referred to as "Taiyu". For example: to catch up, the key is time, time is life, time is speed, and time is power. (Guo Moruo's "Spring of Science")

The role of parallelism is to select typical examples to summarize a certain idea. Because the sentence is neat, it can make a deep impression. The content of the arranged words and sentences should be arranged in a certain order if the content of the words and sentences is large or small.

Rhetoric

Three or more words or sentences that are similar in structure and semantically ascending or descending are arranged in order to express progressive content. This kind of rhetoric is called hierarchical transmission. Layers can be divided into two types: ascending and descending.

1) Ascending: from small to large, from small to large, from low to high, from light to heavy, from shallow to deep ... to arrange similar sentences layer by layer. Such as: Defend your hometown! Defend the Yellow River! Defend North China! Defend China!

2) Descending: From big to small, from big to small, from high to low, from heavy to light, from deep to shallow ... For example, the teacher said that the queen of natural science is mathematics. The crown of mathematics is number theory. Goldbach conjectures, it is the pearl of the crown.

Rhetorical intricate

In order to avoid language dullness and monotony, the text is intentionally changed and the structure is uneven. This is called intricate. Intricate efforts to avoid the recurrence of the same word and sentence pattern, deliberately staggered sentences that could have been written neatly and symmetrically, the purpose is to make the language form vivid and full of change.

Intricacy can be divided into three types:

1) Replace the literal: If it can be expressed in the same words, replace the literal to avoid repetition. Such as: true warrior, dare to face the bleak life, dare to face the dripping blood.

2) Change the word order: When the sentence is repeated, the order is changed, and the original meaning does not change. Such as: wear flowers, wear merit.

3) Change the intricacies of the sentence: make the sentence whole and intricate, and the tone becomes easy, which can show that the article is undulating and full of emotion. For example, archery depends on the target, playing the piano depends on the audience, can you write an article and make a speech without looking at the reader or the audience?

There is a special kind of intricacies. The complete meaning is taken apart and described, and the dissected parts should be regarded as a whole when understood. This type of rhetoric can also be called intertext. Such as: the northern scenery, thousands of miles frozen, thousands of miles of snow drifting. In fact, it can be understood as: the scenery of the northern country, thousands of miles of frozen snow.

Rhetorical parody

Replace a morpheme in a ready-made word and create a new word temporarily to meet the needs of rhetoric. This is a parody. For example, a broad man said to read the Bible, and a group of narrow people also said to read the Bible. The imitation of words can reveal contradictions through contrast and make the language sharp and profound. Imitation words can give people a fresh feeling, and make the sentence interesting and lively. Word imitation is the product of inspiration, which can arouse the reader's association and thinking.

Rhetorical Synaesthesia

Synaesthesia rhetoric is also called "migration", which is to use image language to transfer sensations when describing objective things. It communicates, intersects, and shifts different feelings such as hearing, vision, smell, taste, and touch. A rhetoric that transfers the words that originally meant A to the sense of B, making the image more lively and novel.

For example: Song Qi s Yulouchun has a famous sentence: Red apricot branches are springy. Li Yu s The Weng Yuji Vol. 8 Looking at the Words and the seventh one, express your own ridicule and laugh at: It is very difficult to solve. The sound of a fight is called "noisy"; the peach and plum are called "to fight for spring", and the red apricot is "noisy for spring". The words '' and 'da' are both available! "Li Yu and Ren Fang Zhongtong's" Continuing Companion "Volume IV" Zhang Weisi "all the letters refuted Li Yu, although no surname was nominated, there is a quote "Red apricot's trouble in spring" has not yet been seen, and then said: "Try to say 'Siduo red leaves burned to the human eye, ground foot moss stained with horseshoes' sentence, said 'burn' character is vulgar, red leaves are not fire, can not Burning people, but also. However, there is an eye in the sentence, which is not a 'burn' word, which can not be described as red, and a 'noisy' word, which is not a word, cannot be described as apricot's red ears. There is reason in the poems, Do you mean the truth of the book and the reason of the book? " ^[4]

In addition to the brilliance, there is a faint aroma, the aroma seems to be light purple, and the dream generally covers me gently. ^[5]

Zong Ye "Wisteria Falls"

Explanation: This sentence uses synaesthesia rhetoric, that is, writes from the sense of smell (fragrance) to the vision (light purple), and transforms the invisible aroma into a tangible color.

A flickering sound floated from a distance

A multitude of white lilacs ^[6] Jianghe "Star Variations"

Explanation: The use of synaesthesia to give hearing (sound) a visual color (blinking), highlighting the faint and intermittent sound.

Rhetorical intertext

Intertextuality, also called mutual rhetoric, is a rhetorical method often used in ancient poetry. The archetypal interpretation of it is: "Write each other, and see what is written." Specifically, it is a form: the two parts of the upper and lower sentences or a sentence, seem to say one thing each, in fact It's a matter of echoing each other, explaining and complementing each other. ^[7]

Example: The scenery of the northern country, frozen for thousands of miles, and snow drifted for thousands of miles . Mao Zedong's Qinyuan Spring · Snow

Explanation: In this sentence, Thousands of Miles and Thousands of Miles use the intertextual method, which can be translated into: Tens of miles are frozen, Tens of thousands of snow drift. Complex

Refers to a few words that can be replaced between sentences. It is an artistic expression commonly used in poetry or prose creation; it can play a role in highlighting thoughts, emphasizing feelings, distinguishing levels, strengthening rhythm and reminding readers.

Comprehensive use of rhetoric

The use of rhetoric more than once in a snippet of language, or the use of rhetoric more than once, is called the comprehensive use of rhetoric. The comprehensive use of rhetorical cases is complex and diverse.

1) Dual use : Various rhetorical figures are not divided by the same standard, so there will be a crossover phenomenon, that is, the same set of sentences, from one standard, belongs to the A rhetorical figure; Such as: a tall chimney stretches into the sky, as if it had grown from the ground, and it has to rise to the depth of the white clouds. (Parable and exaggeration)

2) Consecutive use : refers to the use of the same rhetoric or different rhetoric in a discourse. aThe same phrase is used consecutively, such as: he has a pair of yin and yang eyes, the epithelium of the left eye is particularly long, and his eyes are always locked in half. The right eye has no characteristics and always goes to work as usual. (Anthropomorphic use) b. Use different expressions, such as: shaking wheels, spinning spindles, struggling to make a humming sound, like playing string music, like singing gently. (Use duality, analogy, and two metaphors together)

3) Application : The application of rhetoric means that one kind of rhetoric contains other rhetoric, forming a large and small inclusive relationship. Applying is a hierarchical combination. Such as: Look, the strong wind clung to a layer of huge waves, throwing them onto the cliff fiercely, and threw these large pieces of emerald into dust and shreds. (Parables are anthropomorphic)

Attention should be paid to the following points in the analysis of rhetoric:

1) Grasp the relationship between the various figures of speech from the overall grasp . Figures of speech have major and subordinate distinctions, and implicit distinctions, and should be analyzed in order and at different levels.

2) When analyzing, pay attention to changing the analysis angle . For example, you can start with meaning or form; you can focus on words and sentences. Never find one kind of speech and lose another.

3) Recognition of rhetoric must be repeated , and it can be compared with expressions that do not use rhetoric or other rhetoric. The found expressions should be noted in time to prevent forgetting and serve as the basis for further analysis.

4) Graphical analysis can be used for analysis. For example, the river in the sunrise is red and the river is green in spring. | Metaphor Metaphor | | Duality |