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Fischer is one of Germany's best known scholars. In the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, he was a leader in the field of organic chemistry. He discovered phenylhydrazine and made outstanding achievements in the research of sugars and purine organic compounds. prize. He is the second chemist to receive this honor, and he can be seen in the scientific community. His contributions to scientific development can be summarized in the following four aspects. First, the study of sugars; second, the study of purine compounds: third, the study of proteins; mainly the research of amino acids and peptides; Contributions to chemical production and chemistry education. It can be seen that he is the founder of biochemistry.

Fischer

Emile Fischer was born on October 9, 1852 in the town of Oilsking, near Cologne, Germany. Two brothers died prematurely, and the remaining five sisters, so he is a young child and an only child, loved by everyone at home, his father Lawrence. Fisher is a wealthy businessman. In addition to wine and beer, he is also a director of some breweries, woolen mills, steel pipe mills, glass mills and mining companies. In Amir's youth, his father was devoting himself to the development of his woolen mill, and set up a small dyeing workshop by himself, and repeatedly tested the dyes he bought. Because of the lack of chemical knowledge, experiments are not as easy as buying and selling. For this reason, he often said: "If there is a chemist at home, these difficulties will be solved." The steel and cement plants that were subsequently established also urgently needed chemistry. Knowledge led his father to worship the science of chemistry even more. Fischer was deeply impressed by this idea of his father. He secretly resolved that he would be a chemist in the future.

In 1869, Amir graduated from high school with first place. He did not forget his father's past instructions: "To dedicate your life to science, you should choose chemistry." Resolutely decided to apply to the university's chemistry department. When he put this decision into action, his father hesitated. Who would inherit such a large property and business? Only Emil. So his father changed his idea and mobilized Amir to do business: "You are not yet 17 years old. It doesn't make much sense to go to college at such a young age. Does it take you a year and a half to learn some business affairs?" Mill had to go to a lumber company run by his brother-in-law.

At this time, Emil had already devoted himself to the science of chemistry, so when he came to the lumber yard, he quickly built a simple chemical laboratory. He stayed in the laboratory during the day and experimented with books. He didn't even think about any commercial transactions. His brother-in-law had to report to his father: "The child, Amir, is not going to be successful in business." Faced with this situation, his father had no choice but to give in. "Since he is unwilling to do business, let him go to school Come on! In this way, Wenmere realized his wish and entered the Department of Chemistry at the University of Bonn.

At the University of Bonn, the main chemistry professor is the famous Kaikoura. Kaikoura's lectures were very high and impressed the students, but the school's chemistry laboratory was so rude that even the balances were inaccurate. Fischer has his own opinions on this. He believes that in order to learn chemistry, it is necessary to do chemical experiments. Only by mastering advanced experimental techniques can he become a promising chemist. This view of him runs through his academic activities throughout his life. He has no interest in creating a whole set of hypotheses or a theory. Instead, it is committed to discovering and clarifying new experimental facts, and relies on perseverance and outstanding experimental skills to open up new fields of organic chemistry research. For this reason, after a year of studying at the University of Bonn, he painfully left his respected teacher, Kaikoura, to transfer to the University of Shuttlesburg: from the experimental organic chemist Bayer. At that time, when the organic synthesis industry centered on dyes in Germany was booming, many chemists chose the research of synthetic dyes as their own subjects. Bayer's main research objects at the time were organic dyes such as eosin and indigo. Many of Fisher's experiments under Bayer's direction were mostly related to dyes, and his thesis was about the study of phenol dyes. Under Bayer's guidance, Fischer not only fully grasped the most basic knowledge of chemistry, but also obtained rigorous training in chemical experiment skills. 1874: He graduated with honors from college and later stayed on as a Bayer's assistant.

Bayer was hired in 1875

Fischer's original research field was dyes, the most important of which was his research on magenta. Huffman treated crude aniline with carbon tetrachloride in 1858 to obtain a red dye, which he called basic fuchsin. It can dye wool, silk and cotton directly, and it is also a better reagent for identifying ketones and aldehydes. But what exactly is alkaline fuchsin? Huffman didn't answer. Fischer carefully studied the properties of magenta and provided an experimental basis for the synthesis of this dye.

In the course of studying various dyes, he discovered the compound phenylhydrazine, which is a compound (C6H5-NH · NH2) produced by replacing hydrogen atoms in hydrazine (NH2NH2) with phenyl groups. Through further research, Fischer also found that it is a better reagent for identifying aldehydes and ketones, and provided an important means for his future research.

After accumulating some experience in dye research, Fischer repackaged his research subjects because he felt that carbohydrates are more closely related to human life. The most basic substances of carbohydrates are various sugars, followed by starch and cellulose. When Fischer started his research on sugar compounds, scientists only knew that there are four kinds of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, and sorbose), all of which have the molecular formula C6H12O6. Disaccharides are sucrose. Lactose, whose molecular formula is C12H22O11, is also known that the final products of starch and cellulose hydrolysis are also sugars. However, because a lot of sugars are not easily crystallized when impure, it prevents the identification of sugars and further research. Fischer found that phenylhydrazine reacts with sugar to produce rhenium, and rhenium further forms rhenium in excess phenylhydrazine. Different sugars can form rhenium with different crystal states and melting points. Using this simple mechanism, various sugars can be identified. Before Fischer, the German chemist Giriani had discovered the addition reaction of glucose with hydrocyanic acid (HCN), and the product was hydrolyzed and reduced to obtain n-heptanoic acid, and inferred that glucose was a direct Chain pentahydroxy aldehyde; fructose is a linear pentahydroxy ketone. Using this mechanism can also turn pentose into hexose and hexose into heptose. Mainly by using the above two mechanisms, Fischer has spent 10 years intermittently since 1884, systematically studying various sugars. He also discovered and always presented new methods for studying sugars, such as reducing sugars to polyols and oxidizing aldoses to carbonic acid. Based on this, he handily synthesized more than 50 sugar molecules. Through research, Fischer determined the configuration of many sugars. For example, of the 16 optical isomers of hexaldose, he identified 12 of them. As a result of Fischer's efforts, the nature of monosaccharides and their relationship with each other were finally discovered.

Fischer also proposed a famous hypothesis on the fermentation mechanism based on his rich knowledge about sugars. . He believes that sugars are decomposed due to the presence of enzymes, and different sugars need different enzymes to decompose. This may be because the molecular structure of sugars and enzymes have some things in common, like the relationship between a lock and a key.

Fischer has also made great achievements in the research of disaccharides, but he has not carried out the research on polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose. Phenylhydrazine was often used in the experiment, which caused him chronic poisoning and he had to stop contacting this agent.

From 1882 to 1906, purines were also the main research objects of Fisher. Such compounds include theobromine; theophylline, theophylline and other physiologically active substances. Because they are excitatory ingredients in cocoa, tea, and coffee, Fisher decided to study them.

Fischer's research started with uric acid, one of the first purine compounds to be recognized. Through in-depth research, he determined the composition and structure of the above substances one by one, and also synthesized the parent compound of the above substances, purine and many derivatives thereof. He made natural purine derivatives that were not yet known, including the sleeping pills he discovered: diethylbarbituric acid. He also explored the combination of purine compounds with sugars and phosphates, and pointed out that they can obtain the main component of cells-nucleic acids, thereby laying the foundation for the development of biochemistry.

Beginning in 1899, Fischer chose a more difficult subject, that is, the study of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Proteins are more closely related to human life and life. The structure of a protein is very complex, and a molecule often has thousands of atoms. Facing this difficult problem, Fischer said with confidence: "This research on organic synthesis, because of the precious experience and methods left by the predecessors, conquered urea, fat, and various acids in just 63 years. .Bases, dyes, etc., and conquered uric acid and sugars. It can be asserted that in the face of any living organism products, we do not have to be timid. . In order to recognize all amino acids, he developed and improved many analytical methods to isolate various amino acids for identification. Because of his hard work, people have recognized 19 kinds of amino acids, and there are hundreds of thousands of proteins in nature, and they are all made up of 20 kinds of amino acids in different quantity ratios and different arrangements. When he further explored the composition and structure of egg self-mass and the method of synthesis, he discovered that the first thing to synthesize amino acids was not protein, but a class of compounds he named as peptides. The first thing to break down proteins is peptides. Based on this experimental fact, he proposed the peptide structure theory of proteins in 1902. It is pointed out that the protein is a long-chain polymer compound composed of many amino acids by peptide bonds. Two amino acid molecules are combined into a dipeptide, three amino acid molecules are combined into a tripeptide, and multiple amino acid molecules are combined into a polypeptide. He then synthesized more than 100 peptide compounds, from simple to complex. He began to use only the same amino acid to gradually grow his chain, and developed to use multiple amino acids to make his amino double-chain stretch. In 1907, he produced a peptide consisting of 18 amino acid molecules, which became important scientific news at that time. Due to overwork, his physical condition deteriorated, and because of the outbreak of World War I, Fisher had to interrupt this important research.

"Life is a way of protein bodies." From a modern point of view, "protein body" is actually a complex of protein and nucleic acid. In view of this, the significance of Fischer's research work can be seen, and he has laid an important foundation for the research of modern proteins and nucleic acids.