What Are the Different Methods of Business Cycle Accounting?

Accounting subjects are categories that classify and calculate the specific content of accounting element objects. The specific contents of accounting objects are different, and management requirements are also different. In order to comprehensively, systematically and classifiedly calculate and monitor the occurrence of various economic businesses, and the changes in assets, liabilities, owner's equity, and gains and losses caused by it, it is necessary to follow the accounting objects. Set up accounting accounts separately. Setting up accounting subjects is to scientifically classify the specific content of accounting objects, and it is a method for classified accounting and supervision. ^[1]

Basic Information

Chinese name

Accounting subjects

Foreign name

Accounting subjects

Field

accounting

Explanation

Correct

The first is to strictly review the information. Before each bookkeeping, the bookkeeping company must carefully check and review the preparation, preparation and acceptance procedures of the billing list, the cashier inventory table, etc., and strictly check the data; at the same time, it also carefully instructs the bookkeeper to follow the standard Ways and means to register bank deposits and cash journals.

The second is timely and accurate bookkeeping. The bookkeeping company is more precise and unified in the processing of accounting subjects, the bookkeeping is more timely, and the bookkeeping is performed quarterly. Participate in the preparation of village-level budgets. ^[3]

1. Note the basic subjects. Note is a high-rise building, accounting is the foundation, because both accounting and auditing work is carried out around the company's accounting work, so accounting is as important as the portal of the note, strategic position is extremely important. From the analysis of the knowledge system, learning accounting can effectively promote the study of auditing and financial management. Everyone knows that accounting, auditing, and financial management are the three major mountains of the Association. The first thing to climb is accounting. Only winning the accounting is equivalent to the true beginning of the Zhuanhui study, so some people say that winning the accounting is equivalent to occupying half of the Zhuanhui, which is no less important than the hundred regiments of the war against Japan. ^[4]

1. Apply for two courses: Accounting + Tax Law / Financial Management. The income tax study of tax law is very important for the study of accounting; and the study of accounting is also important for the study of financial management. However, compared with tax law, tax law is more suitable. In addition, some people have suggested that accounting + auditing application should not be recommended here because auditing needs

     The setting of accounting subjects can group the increase and decrease of various accounting elements into categories to make them clear at a glance, so as to provide a series of specific classification and accounting indicators for the company's internal operation and management and relevant parties to meet the formulation. 

   1. Accounting subjects are

   Because the specific content, scale, and complexity of economic and business activities of various units are not the same, when setting up accounting subjects, they should consider their own characteristics and specific circumstances. Accounting

   In order to clarify the mutual relationship between accounting subjects, fully understand the nature and role of accounting subjects, and then set up scientific accounting subjects in a more scientific and standardized manner in order to better perform accounting and supervision, it is necessary to classify accounting subjects according to certain standards. . There are three main criteria for classifying accounting subjects: one is the attribution classification of accounting; the other is the level of detail of accounting information; the third is the economic use of accounting subjects.

   (1) Classification according to the accounting elements to which they belong:

   1. Assets subjects: According to the liquidity of assets, they are divided into subjects reflecting current assets and subjects reflecting non-current assets.

   2. Liability subjects: According to the debt repayment period, it is divided into subjects reflecting current liabilities and subjects reflecting long-term liabilities.

   3. Common subjects: The common subjects are characterized by their nature from the direction of their ending balances.

   4.

   I. The importance of the design of accounting subjects and the need to follow national unified norms

   Accounting subjects are an important part of the accounting system. They are items that are specifically classified for accounting and supervision according to the requirements of economic management. They are the basis for preparing accounting vouchers, setting up books and preparing financial statements. Doing a good job in the design of accounting subjects is of great significance to ensure the quality of the design of the accounting system and the quality of the completion of the accounting work, and to give full play to the role of accounting. On October 30, 2006, the Ministry of Finance formulated the "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises-Application Guidelines" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guidelines"). In the appendix, the major transactions covering various types of enterprises were formulated in accordance with the requirements for recognition and measurement in the accounting standards The accounting subjects and major account processing of an event are required to allow enterprises to create, split, and merge accounting subjects according to the actual situation of the unit without violating the recognition, measurement, and reporting requirements in accounting standards. For transactions or events that do not exist in the enterprise, relevant accounting subjects may not be set. For detailed subjects, enterprises can set up by themselves according to the regulations in the appendix. The account number is used by enterprises to fill in accounting vouchers, register accounting books, check accounting accounts, and adopt accounting software system reference. Enterprises can determine the account number by themselves based on actual conditions. Due to the differences in the business nature, business objectives, scale, complexity, and organizational status of each enterprise, the design of accounting subjects must fully consider these objective conditions, and follow the principles of legal compliance, comprehensiveness, usefulness, accounting The title of the account can clearly reflect its content, concise and practical, and meet the principles and requirements of accounting computerization, to ensure that those who require accounting information can obtain useful and comparable accounting indicators between different enterprises, and use accounting analysis and accounting The role of inspection.

   What should be included in the design of accounting subjects

   (I) Accounting chart of accounts

   The chart of accounts and the instructions for using the accounts are the final result of the design of the account. The role of the chart of accounts is to help accountants to fully grasp and correctly use the accounts, to standardize the opening of accounts and the preparation of accounting entries.

   The design of the chart of accounts is mainly to solve the problems of determining the names of accounting accounts, sorting and arranging account numbers. In the accounting chart of the Guide, asset subjects are basically arranged according to their liquidity speed, liability subjects are basically arranged according to the short and long repayment periods, and owner's equity subjects are arranged according to their permanent level. The cost and profit and loss accounting subjects are arranged according to their categories and importance. The chart of accounts also lists the names and account numbers of the first-level accounts. When designing the chart of accounts, specific units should design and list all the first-level accounts and their detailed account names and numbers as required. What needs to be emphasized here is: when designing the first-level account title of each specific unit, as long as the relevant accounting content of the accounting matters has a clear account title in the Guide, it must follow the unified rules of the country and do not determine the title of the account separately. To enhance the uniformity of accounting title names and the comparability of accounting information.

   (2) Instructions for the use of accounting subjects

   After the design of the accounting chart, the accounting content and scope, accounting method, detailed account setting basis and specific detailed account settings for each accounting account, the accounting confirmation conditions and time requirements for the accounting content of the account, Relevant regulations on accounting measurement of this subject and examples of account processing of the main business of the subject will be explained in detail, in order to help accounting personnel to accurately handle accounting business accordingly.

   1. Explain the content and scope of accounting

   That is to say the content and scope of the specific economic business accounted for in this account, and some accounting subjects also need to distinguish between confusing content and indicate the content that is not calculated in this account. For example, in the "cash in stock" account, the accounting content is the increase and decrease in the inventory cash of a specific unit; in order to clarify the accounting scope of the account, the reserve funds used by various departments within the unit should be clearly indicated in the "other receivables" account Accounting or separate "reserve funds" account accounting.

   2. Explain the accounting methods of accounting subjects

   That is to say, which part of the account is recorded in the account when the economic business content of the account is increased, which side is recorded in the account when it is decreased, and which side is the balance at the end of the period, what is the meaning.

   3. Explain the setting basis of the detail account, the name and accounting content of the detail account

   First, it outlines the requirements and basis for setting up detail accounts, and then specifies the specific names and accounting contents of each detail account that needs to be set up. For example, "Taxes payable" subjects, in order to reflect the different types of taxes payable and paid, the unit should set up detailed subjects according to the types of taxes and fees payable in accordance with the tax law, including: VAT, consumption tax, business tax, income tax, Resource tax, land value-added tax, urban maintenance and construction tax, real estate tax, land use tax, vehicle and vessel use tax, education surcharge, mineral resource compensation fee, etc. The personal income tax withheld and paid by the enterprise is also calculated through the undergraduate account. The value-added tax payable shall also include columns such as "input tax amount", "output tax amount", "export tax refund", "input tax amount transfer out", and "tax paid". Then, according to the actual business operations of the unit, the different tax types and different columns of value-added tax payable specify the accounting content. Some first-level subjects, such as "management expenses", "manufacturing expenses", and "profit distribution", do not need to set up detailed accounts, but must set up detailed columns. The names of the detailed columns opened for these subjects must also be combined with the actual business of the specific unit and Management requirements are clearly stated one by one. At this time, the word "wait" should be used with caution, and all the detailed column names of the subject should be exhausted, so that relevant personnel cannot add, delete or delete columns at will and design the columns in advance.

   4. Explain the accounting confirmation conditions and confirmation time of the accounting content of the account

   In order to ensure the correct use of accounting subjects, the accounting standards, accounting policies, and accounting methods related to the recognition of the accounting elements involved in each subject should be explained in detail in conjunction with the actual situation of the unit. It is necessary to explain in detail the conditions under which the subject must meet the conditions to be credited to the debit and the conditions under which the conditions must be met to be credited to the lender. For example, the subject of "raw materials" enumerates in detail when the specific unit purchases materials or other economic operations related to the increase of raw materials, the unit has the ownership certificate of the raw materials and related major risks and rewards, and the actual costs of the raw materials can be The measurement and collection have been completed, and the raw materials have been accumulated into experience. When all the above conditions have been met, the increase in raw materials can be confirmed. The actual or planned cost of the raw materials is debited to the "raw materials" account; when the unit sells raw materials or incurs other raw materials When reducing the related economic business, the unit has transferred the ownership certificate of the raw materials and related major risks and rewards. Regardless of whether the raw materials have been discharged from the warehouse, the actual or planned cost of the reduced raw materials can be registered in the "raw materials" account creditor.

   5. Explain the relevant regulations on accounting measurement for this subject

   In order to ensure the correct use of accounting subjects, the accounting standards, accounting policies, and accounting methods related to the measurement of the accounting elements involved in each subject should be explained in detail in conjunction with the actual situation of the unit. For example, in the "raw materials" account, it is necessary to clearly explain how the amount registered by the debit or lender is determined, because the debit amount determined when the raw material is calculated at the actual cost and the planned cost is different. The raw material is registered by the lender when the actual cost is calculated. The amount will also vary depending on the inventory valuation method used. Therefore, it is necessary to combine the provisions of accounting standards with the actual situation of specific units and fully and explicitly integrate them into the design of the accounting system of specific units, so as to ensure the implementation of national accounting standards.

   6. Examples of account processing for major business involving this subject

   For example, the accounting entries for major accounting matters related to this subject should be more specific, with specific economic business content, and corresponding accounting subjects and amounts, for reference by accounting personnel.

   Example of instructions for using a specific accounting subject

   The following uses the account receivables as an example to briefly introduce the use of this account by manufacturing enterprises:

   1122 Accounts receivable

   (1) The account under this account shall be collected by the enterprise for operating activities such as selling goods and providing labor services. Among them, the goods include products produced by the company for sale and goods purchased for resale, such as products produced by the company, goods available for sale purchased by the company, and other inventories sold by the company, such as raw materials, packaging, etc. , Also regarded as the commodity of the enterprise (assuming that the unit does not provide external labor services separately).

   If the contract or agreement price is deferred for the sale of goods, provision of labor services, etc., and is of a financing nature, it shall be accounted for in the "long-term receivables" account.

   (2) Accounts receivable occurred by the enterprise shall be debited according to the amount receivable, and credited to the account when the response is received. The debit balance at the end of the course reflects the accounts receivable that have not yet been recovered by the enterprise; if the balance at the end of the period is a credit balance, it reflects the accounts received in advance by the enterprise for operating activities such as selling goods and providing labor services.

   (3) Detailed accounting of the subjects according to the debtor.

   (4) The recognition conditions and timing of accounts receivable should consider the following sales situations:

   It is deemed as a buy-out method to entrust the sale of goods. After transferring the ownership certificate of the goods and delivering the physical goods, the main risks and rewards of the ownership of the goods are transferred accordingly. The enterprise only retains the minor risks and rewards of the ownership of the goods. In this case, , It shall be deemed that all risks and rewards in the ownership of the goods have been transferred to the purchaser. Therefore, the enterprise can confirm the accounts receivable after transferring the commodity ownership certificate and delivering the physical goods.

   If the product is sold by collection and acceptance, after the product is issued to obtain the shipping certificate and complete the collection procedures, it indicates that the main risks and rewards in the ownership of the product have been transferred to the purchaser, so the account receivable can be confirmed.

   The method of paying commission for consignment goods refers to the sales method in which the commissioner and the trustee sign a contract or agreement, and the commissioner pays the commission fee to the trustee according to the quantity of the consignment goods. In this way, when the client transfers the certificate of ownership of the goods and issues the goods, the main risks and rewards in the ownership of the goods are not transferred to the trustee. Therefore, the client should not confirm the receivables when issuing the goods, but should Receivables are confirmed when the consignment list issued by the trustee is received.

   If the goods sold by the enterprise do not meet the requirements of the contract or agreement in terms of quality, variety, specifications, etc., and are not made up according to the normal guarantee terms, in this case, even if the enterprise transfers the goods ownership certificate and delivers the physical goods, the goods The main risks and rewards of ownership have not been transferred accordingly, so accounts receivable cannot be confirmed.

   If the enterprise's sales of goods and related installation and inspection work are inseparable, even if the enterprise transfers the ownership certificate of the goods and delivers the physical goods, the enterprise has not completed the installation or inspection of the sold goods, and the installation or inspection is a sales contract or agreement. An important part, then the main risks and rewards in the ownership of the goods have not been transferred, and the accounts receivable should be confirmed after the installation or inspection is completed.

   (5) The measurement of accounts receivable should consider the following sales situations:

   Under normal circumstances, the corresponding account receivable of an enterprise shall be measured by the sum of the contract or agreement price, plus the amount of VAT receivable and the freight and miscellaneous fees paid by the purchaser.

   If the sale of goods involves a cash discount, it shall be measured according to the contract or agreement price before deducting the cash discount, plus the amount of VAT receivable and the sum of freight and miscellaneous fees paid by the purchaser. The cash discount is included in financial expenses when it actually occurs .

   If the sale of goods involves commercial discounts, it shall be measured according to the sum of the contract or agreement price after deducting the commercial discounts, plus the amount of VAT receivable and the freight and miscellaneous fees paid by the purchaser.

   If the sale of goods is accompanied by a sales return condition, that is, the buyer has the right to return the goods in accordance with the relevant agreement. Under this sales method, if the company can reasonably estimate the possibility of return and confirm the liabilities related to the return based on previous experience, usually when the goods are issued Measure the account receivable according to the contract or agreement price, plus the amount of VAT receivable and the freight and miscellaneous expenses advanced by the purchaser; if the company cannot reasonably estimate the possibility of return, it should only use the receivable when issuing the goods. The amount of value added tax is used to measure accounts receivable.