How Common Are Contagious Sinus Infections?

Haemophilus gallinarum is polymorphic. At the time of initial isolation, it was a Gram-negative micrococcus, stained at the poles, without forming spores, without capsules and flagella, and unable to move. The culture for 24 hours has a rod-shaped or club-shaped cell body with a size of 0.4 to 0.8 um x 1.0 to 3.0 um, and tends to become silk. Degradation occurs after 48 to 60 hours of cultivation, and fragments and irregular morphology appear. At this time, it can be restored to a typical rod-like or club-like state by moving it to fresh medium.

Infectious rhinitis

The disease is an acute respiratory disease in chickens caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum. The main symptoms are inflammation of the nasal cavity and sinuses, runny nose, swelling of the face and sneezing.

Etiology of infectious rhinitis

This bacterium is facultative anaerobic, and it grows well in the atmosphere containing 10%. The demand for nutrition is high. Early reports suggested that both factor X [hemin] and factor V [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)] are needed. However, recent isolated strains have proven to require only factor V. Blood agar or chocolate agar can meet the nutritional requirements of the bacteria. After 24 h incubation, small, soft, transparent needle-shaped small colonies were formed on the agar surface, which did not hemolyze. The bacteria can be stored on blood agar plates for subsequent weekly transplantation, but most of them lose their virulence after 30 to 40 secondary transplants. Some bacteria, such as staphylococci, excrete factor V during growth. As a result, Haemophilus paragallii can grow a satellite colony near the Staphylococcus colonies. If Haemophilus paragallus is evenly coated on a 2% Shimon agar plate, and then inoculated with staphylococcus, then Haemophilus paragallium grows on the edge of the inoculation line, which can be used as a simple Preliminary identification. If a sugar fermentation tube containing 5% to 10% chicken serum is used, the biochemical characteristics of the bacteria can be determined.

The resistance of this bacterium is very weak. The bacteria on the culture medium can survive for two weeks at 4 ° C and die in a few hours in the natural environment. It is also very sensitive to heat and disinfectants. It survives at 45 ° C for less than 6 minutes and can be stored for 10 years under vacuum freeze-drying conditions.

Epidemiology of infectious rhinitis

The disease occurs in chickens of all ages, and older chickens are more severely infected. 7d chicks, the disease can often occur by artificial inoculation of germs in the nasal cavity, while 3 to 4d chicks are slightly resistant. Chickens from 4 weeks to 3 years are susceptible, but there are individual differences. 90% of 4-8 week old chickens with artificial infections have typical symptoms. 13-week-old and older chickens were 100% infected. In older chickens, the incubation period is shorter and the disease duration is longer.

Sick chickens and cryptic chickens are the source of infection, while chronic diseased chickens and cryptic chickens are important causes of this disease in flocks. Its transmission is mainly through respiratory and dust transmission, but it can also be transmitted through the digestive tract through contaminated feed and drinking water.

Pheasants, guinea fowls, and quails can occasionally develop disease, but the nature of the disease is different from that of chickens and has a toxic reaction.

The occurrence of this disease is closely related to the causes that can reduce the body's resistance. Such as crowded flocks, mixed breeding of chickens of different ages, poor ventilation, sultry houses, high ammonia concentration, or cold and wet sheds, lack of vitamin A, and infestation by parasites can all contribute to serious disease. Systemic reactions caused by fowl pox vaccines in chickens are often the cause of infectious rhinitis. The disease occurs frequently in winter and autumn, which may be related to climate and feeding management conditions.

Clinical symptoms of infectious rhinitis

The damage of the disease in the nasal cavity and sinuses often only show thin nasal fluid, which is often not noticeable. A common symptom is that the nostrils flow out of serum and then turn into serous viscous secretions, sometimes sneezing. Swelling or showing edema, conjunctivitis, and eyelid swelling. Loss of appetite and drinking water, or diarrhea, weight loss. The sick chicken is depressed and free from edema, shrinking head, and standing. Chicks grow poorly and adult hens lay fewer eggs; rooster meat is often swollen. If the inflammation spreads to the lower respiratory tract, it is difficult to breathe. Sick chickens often shake their heads to expel the mucus in the respiratory tract with rales. Throat may also accumulate a clot of secretions. He often suffocates and dies.

Pathological changes of infectious rhinitis

Although the morbidity of this disease is high, the mortality rate is low, especially in the early and mid-term epidemic flocks. However, in the flock recovery stage, the death toll increased, but no death peak was seen. Most of these dead chickens are caused by secondary infections. Pathological changes are also more complex and diverse. Some dead chickens have the main pathological changes of one disease, and some chickens have the characteristics of pathological changes of 2 to 3 diseases. Specifically, in chickens that die due to secondary disease in the epidemic of this disease, chicken chronic respiratory disease, chicken E. coli disease, chicken white pheasant, etc. are common. Sick chickens are mostly thin and do not lay eggs.

Breeding chickens have fewer morbidities and deaths, and the number of dead and scavenged chickens in the late epidemic period is less than that of laying hens. The main lesions are acute catarrhitis of the nasal cavity and sinus mucosa, congestion and swelling of the mucosa, a large amount of mucus on the surface, and exudate clots in the sinus, which later become caseous necrosis. Catastatic conjunctivitis is common and conjunctival congestion and swelling. Subcutaneous edema of the face and flesh. In severe cases, inflammation of the tracheal mucosa can be seen, with occasional pneumonia and balloon inflammation.

Diagnosis of infectious rhinitis

The symptoms of this disease are similar to those of chronic respiratory disease, chronic chicken cholera, fowl pox, and vitamin deficiency, so it is difficult to diagnose the disease only from the clinic. In addition, infectious rhinitis often has concurrent infections, and the possibility of concurrent infection by other bacteria or viruses must be considered in the diagnosis. If the intra-group mortality rate is high and the disease period is prolonged, the factors of mixed infection must be considered, and further differential diagnosis must be made.

Prevention and treatment of infectious rhinitis

Chicken farms should strengthen breeding management in normal times, improve the ventilation conditions of the sheds, do a good job of veterinary sanitation and disinfection inside and outside the sheds, and prevent viral respiratory diseases. Improving the resistance of chickens is of great significance in preventing and treating the disease.

Every chicken house in the chicken farm should be fully in and out, and mixed breeding of chickens of different ages is prohibited. After clearing the house, disinfect it thoroughly, and allow new chickens to enter after emptying the house for a certain period of time.

Haemophilus paragallinarum is very sensitive to sulfa drugs and is the drug of choice for the treatment of this disease.

Generally, the combination of sulfamethoxine or sulfa synergists with other sulfa drugs, or sulfa preparations composed of 2 to 3 sulfa drugs can achieve relatively obvious results. Specific use should refer to the drug instructions. If the appetite of the chickens decreases, the effective concentration of the blood in the feed can not reach the therapeutic effect. At this time, you can consider using antibiotics to take the injection method can also achieve satisfactory results. Generally, streptomycin or penicillin and streptomycin are used in combination. Erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and quinolones are also commonly used drugs. In short, both sulfa drugs and antibiotics can be used for treatment. The key is whether the method of administration can ensure sufficient daily doses of drugs, which is a noteworthy issue.

At present, inactivated vaccine of chicken infectious rhinitis oil adjuvant has been developed in China, and it has a good protective effect on chicken flocks in areas where the disease is endemic through experiments and field application. Can choose according to the local conditions.

Cold is also an acute infectious rhinitis

A cold is also an acute infectious rhinitis, commonly known as "cold". It is caused by respiratory viruses, with coronaviruses and rhinoviruses as the main pathogenic viruses. The virus is excreted and transmitted from respiratory secretions, and when the body's resistance decreases, such as cold, malnutrition, excessive fatigue, excessive smoking, systemic diseases and chronic diseases of the nose itself affect the unobstructed respiratory tract, etc., it is easy to induce infection.

The method of massaging the nose is to rub the outer sides of the thumbs of both hands against each other. When there is a heat sensation, massage up and down along the nose bridge and sides of the nose about 30 times. Next, massage Yingxiang points on both sides of the nose 15-20 times. Yingxiang acupoint is 0.5 cm outside of the nasal wing. When massaging, you can use both thumbs, one thumb and forefinger, and generally rub 20-30 times, preferably twice a day.

The massage method should be from light to heavy, taking care not to damage the skin. In addition to getting a massage before getting up in the morning and before going to bed at night, other free time can also be performed. This method can dredge the meridians, enhance local blood circulation, greatly enhance the cold resistance of the nose, prevent colds, and alleviate symptoms such as nasal congestion and runny nose.