What are Some Cancer Warning Signs?

Early cancer screening is the latest precancerous test recognized by the International Health Organization (WHO). Early malignant tumor cells in humans were found 1-3 years ahead of B-mode and CT. The early cancer screening method is simple and easy, and only 2 ml of blood is drawn to detect early malignant tumor cells in the body.

Early cancer screening

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Early cancer screening is the latest precancerous test recognized by the International Health Organization (WHO). Early malignant tumor cells in humans were found 1-3 years ahead of B-mode and CT. Early and early cancer screening is simple and easy. It only takes 2 ml of blood to detect early in vivo

Early cancer screening is the latest precancerous test recognized by the International Health Organization (WHO). Early malignant tumor cells in humans were found 1-3 years ahead of B-mode and CT.

Cancer is a nightmare for human beings, and its harm is increasing day by day. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that there are currently approximately 12 million newly diagnosed cancer patients and 6 million deaths worldwide each year. On average, 17,000 people die from cancer every day, and one person dies from cancer every 5 seconds. It is estimated that 300 million people worldwide will develop tumors in the next 25 years, of which 100 million will die from this disease. Cancer will be the number one killer of mankind in the new century and one of the world's largest public health problems.

The incidence of disease in China is also not optimistic. At present, the number of cancer patients in our country is 2.5 million to 3 million each year. On average, 1 out of every 5 people die from cancer.

Basic Q & A

1.The significance of early detection of tumors

In the current clinical studies of cancer, the five-year survival rate of patients with intermediate and advanced tumors is 10-20%, which is also an important reason for "talking about cancer discoloration". In April 2005, the Department of Disease Control of the Ministry of Health announced that China currently ranks first among all causes of cancer deaths, especially in western and rural areas. One of the main reasons is that the cancer has developed to the advanced stage when the patient seeks medical treatment. However, tumors are not associated with metastasis in the early stage and can be easily removed, which can win more survival opportunities for patients. Therefore, the medical community attaches great importance to the early detection of tumors. Studies have confirmed that the diameter of liver cancer is closely related to the 5-year survival rate after surgery. Tumor diameter is less than 2cm, and the 5-year survival rate is 100%. For every 1cm increase in liver cancer diameter, the 5-year survival rate decreases by 20%. Therefore, Academician Tang Zhaozheng referred to the early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of tumors as secondary prevention, which is considered to be the most important way for patients to achieve long-term survival.

Of the six oncology topics of the Fifteen National Scientific and Technological Research Program Project Guidelines published in August 2001, four are for screening and early diagnosis of tumors. The "Outline of Chinese Cancer Prevention and Control Plan (2004-2010)" by the Ministry of Health pointed out that early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment of cancer are one of the main strategies to improve the five-year survival rate and reduce mortality in China. Diagnosis is important.

2. What is the tertiary prevention of tumor?

Primary prevention is also called causative prevention. The goal is to prevent tumors. Its tasks include studying the causes and risk factors of various tumors, taking preventive measures against specific carcinogenic, pro-carcinogenic factors such as chemical, physical, biological, and in-vivo and in-vitro pathogenic conditions, and for healthy organisms, strengthening environmental protection, suitable diet, and appropriate Sports to promote physical and mental health. For individuals, this is Phase 0, which is an important "prevention beforehand" period.

Secondary prevention is also known as preclinical prevention and "three early" prevention. The goal is to prevent the development of an initial disease. Its tasks include "three early" (early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment) measures for potential or hidden diseases before the onset of tumor symptoms. In order to prevent or slow the development of the disease, revert to stage 0 as soon as possible to restore health, and tumor-related substances are important clues for early detection of tumors. For individuals, there are stage A (that is, precancerous) and stage B (that is, early cancer), which are two different preclinical occult diseases.

The tumor does not start suddenly. A large number of animal experiments and clinical facts have proved that the occurrence and development of various malignant tumors have certain rules and processes. From a person's exposure to carcinogens to death, there is generally a long and tortuous process of evolution, which can even reach 10 or more years.

As for the length of this process, and whether it finally enters the precancerous or cancerous stage, or whether it will be reversed or even subsided after it changes, it still depends on the strength of the carcinogens and cancer suppressors, the length of contact, and the combination of internal and external factors The combination of many factors such as density, human body's protection against harmful substances, rejection, absorption, metabolism and immune effects, and the dynamic changes of cancer cells and their populations. Therefore, in this long process, as long as everyone starts anti-cancer and interrupts any one, two or several of them, it is possible to stop the occurrence and development of tumors in high-risk groups or individuals in society. It can be seen that attaching importance to strengthening secondary prevention, just like preventing forest fires from becoming a disaster, is indeed of significance in preventing micro-duration, and it is worthy of serious promotion.

Tertiary prevention is also called clinical (period) prevention or rehabilitation prevention. The goal is to prevent deterioration and prevent disability. Its task is to take multidisciplinary comprehensive diagnosis (MDD) and treatment (MDT), correctly choose a reasonable or even the best diagnosis and treatment plan, to fight the tumor as soon as possible, try to restore function, promote rehabilitation, prolong life, improve quality of life, and even return to society.

3. What are tumor related substances?

Tumor-related substances, also known as tumor markers, refer to substances that are characteristically present in malignant tumor cells or are abnormally produced by malignant tumor cells, or substances produced by host cells (normal human cells) in response to tumors, and which are produced in peripheral blood and other body fluids The expression of serotonin is closely related to the occurrence and development of malignant tumors, most of which are glycoproteins, lipoproteins, enzymes, amino acids and other components. Clinical studies show that these substances are not only found in the blood of tumor patients, but also in the blood of normal people, but the content of blood in tumor patients is significantly higher than that in normal people. When these substances are significantly elevated, they indirectly mark the presence of tumors. At present, the medical community has not found a marker that exists only in tumor patients, but does not exist in non-tumor populations. Professor Luo Yongzhang of Tsinghua University recently found that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has a positive correlation with tumor malignancy.

4. What is screening?

Screening refers to the use of fast and easy methods to distinguish apparently healthy people into those who may be sick (positive) or those who may not be sick (negative). Screening is not diagnostic.

5. What are the commonly used screening methods in clinical practice?

Common screening methods include Pap smears for cervical cancer, occult blood tests for colorectal cancer, anal finger tests for prostate cancer, and stretched screens for esophageal cancer, but these tests are not ideal. Computed tomography, ultrasound diagnosis, mammography and other tests have a minimum limit of 1 cm (10 cells) diameter tumors, and have been found to be in advanced stage. In theory, it takes about 1-3 years for tumor cells to increase from 10 to clinically detectable 10 cells. When the number of tumor cells reaches 10, tumor-related substances are more sensitive, and biochemical, immunological, multiple polymerase chain reaction, and chip technologies can be used to detect biochemical changes such as glycoproteins, enzymes, amino acids, and oncogenes. Clinically confirmed that tumor-related substances can be quantified, can be dynamically monitored, and are easy to popularize and popularize. They can be used as the first screening method.

6. What is the significance of screening for tumor-related substances?

Only early detection of tumors can be diagnosed and treated early. The symptoms and signs of early tumors are not obvious, or there are only some general manifestations lacking specificity, which can be found mainly through screening, and tumor-related substances are important clues for early detection of tumors. This test is used as a tumor screening program to screen as few as possible high-risk groups of tumors (positive people) from as many asymptomatic people as possible. As a suspicious object, a positive person does not indicate that it is a tumor patient, but only indicates that the content of tumor-related substances in the patient's body is high, and whether a tumor has formed in the body must be further diagnosed by the clinician.

7. What are the top ten warning signs of tumors?

Ten warning signals for common tumors issued by the National Cancer Prevention Office.

(1) Tinnitus, hearing loss, nasal congestion, aspiration, coughing, nasopharyngeal secretions, blood, headache, and neck mass.

(2) Persistent indigestion.

(3) Persistent hoarseness, dry cough, and blood in sputum.

(4) Prolonged weight loss for unknown reasons.

(5) Warts or moles change significantly. Such as rapid increase in color, itching, hair loss, upper abdominal pain.

(6) The wound will not heal for a long time and the wound will fester.

(7) A lump that may be touched or unabated by the breast, skin, tongue, or other parts of the body.

(8) Stomach sensation, pain, swelling and discomfort after sternum, foreign body sensation in the esophagus, or pain in the upper abdomen.

(9) Unusual major bleeding during menstrual period, irregular vaginal bleeding during menstrual period or after menopause, contact bleeding.

(10) Unexplained stool with blood and mucus or diarrhea alternate with constipation, hematuria of unexplained cause.

8. Factors and prevention of tumors

There are two reasons for tumors: one is the stimulation of carcinogens from the outside, and the other is the conditions that help tumors develop. The two affect each other. Both are indispensable and together form the cause of tumor formation. Taking effective preventive measures against the known possible causes can suppress the occurrence of tumors.

(1) Diet: Carcinogens and carcinogens in the diet mainly act in the carcinogenic stage of tumorigenesis. Such as diet aflatoxin, nitrosamines, animal fats and tumors are closely related. In the life should establish appropriate recipes, do not eat mold-contaminated food, reduce the intake of pickled products, control fat intake, control alcohol consumption, do not eat smoked food, eat more fresh fruits and vegetables.

(2) Smoking: Smoking is the main cause of carcinogenesis, and its harmful degree is related to the amount of smoking. It is recommended to quit smoking as soon as possible, which can reduce the incidence of lung cancer.

(3) Infection: Pay attention to the transmission routes of hepatitis B and C, such as blood transfusion, injection and acupuncture, and prevent and treat hepatitis B and C, which can reduce the incidence of liver cancer.

(4) Occupational hazards: Occupational cancer, such as skin cancer and lung cancer, can be caused by long-term exposure to certain harmful substances. Improving production conditions, improving production processes, and strengthening labor protection can prevent or prevent the occurrence of occupational cancer.

(5) Environmental pollution: the development of industry, the increase of automobiles, the discharge of a large number of harmful substances into the air and water sources, passive absorption and cooking oil fume, can all cause disease, especially respiratory tract tumors. It is necessary to purify the environment, strengthen the control of the three wastes, strengthen the kitchen ventilation, strengthen physical exercise, and eat more foods rich in vitamins A, C, and E.

9. What are precancerous diseases and precancerous lesions?

Most cancers are transformed from certain precancerous diseases and precancerous lesions. Precancerous disease is a clinical diagnosis name, which means that when certain diseases are diagnosed, canceration is more likely to occur. Precancerous lesions are the name of pathological diagnosis, which is the transition stage from benign lesions to malignant lesions. Precancerous lesions are qualitatively different from cancer and are reversible. That is, precancerous lesions can return to normal under proper treatment, and their diagnosis mainly depends on biopsy and pathological examination. Precancerous diseases and precancerous lesions mainly have the following aspects:

Skin and mucosal diseases: senile skin keratosis, which mostly occurs on the face and arms; white spots on the mucous membranes, which mostly occur in the mouth, esophagus, vulva, vagina, cervical, etc. , Stomach, calf skin, anus, etc .; frictional pigmented nevus, such as growing on the palms, soles of the feet, neck, waist, etc .; and atypical or severe proliferation of epithelial cells, including the esophagus, bronchi, and cervix, etc. .

Breast disorders: breast cystic hyperplasia, breast fibroadenoma, ductal papilloma of the breast.

Gastrointestinal diseases: chronic esophagitis and epithelial hyperplasia, chronic non-healing chronic gastric ulcers, single or multiple polypoid adenomas of the gastrointestinal tract, chronic atrophic gastritis, remnant stomach, gallbladder polyp lesions, chronic hepatitis and Cirrhosis.

Diseases of the genitourinary system: cervical erosion, testicular ectopic, testicular insufficiency or cryptorchidism, foreskin is too long or phimosis, erythema hyperplasia, penile papilloma, bladder papilloma, hydatidiform mole.

Infectious diseases and parasitic diseases: chronic viral (type B, type C) hepatitis and cirrhosis, Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach, schistosomiasis of Japan, schistosomiasis of Egypt, schistosomiasis sinensis, AIDS.

Certain genetic diseases: familial polygenic polyposis, ataxia telangiectasia, xeroderma pigmentosa, etc.

Certain benign tumors.

Therefore, if precancerous diseases and precancerous lesions are cured, or they are prevented from progressing to cancer, it will reduce the incidence of cancer and have positive significance for preventing cancer.

10. What is the latest tumor marker?

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is the National Engineering Laboratory of Tsinghua University's anti-tumor drugs led by Professor Luo Yongzhang

Product Q & A

1. Serum tumor related substance detection reagents

Obtained the approval document number issued by the State Food and Drug Administration: State Food and Drug Administration (Zun) Zi 2005 No. 3401437, put on the market in 2009.

2. Principles of detection reagents for tumor-related substances

According to the mechanism of the change of many tumor-related biochemical substances in the blood due to gene mutation during the occurrence and development of malignant tumors, through patented chromogenic technology, in the same reaction system, the tumor-related polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan substances and A few amino acids are used for color development. Due to the superposition of multiple tumor-related substances, the sensitivity of the reagent is greatly improved, and the purpose of rapid, accurate, and early detection of tumors is achieved.

3. Characteristics of detection of tumor-related substances

(1) Independent intellectual property rights;

(2) High sensitivity and strong specificity;

(3) Broad tumor spectrum, especially suitable for tumor screening;

(4) Good repeatability;

(5) fast;

4. Comparison of tumor-related substances with similar products in the market

(1) High sensitivity: The sensitivity to tumor patients is 81.26%, which is about 20% higher than that of similar products.

(2) Small error: Standard tube is used for each reaction, which can reduce test error.

(3) Small influencing factors: slight hemolysis, jaundice, and high fat have no effect on the results.

(4) No odor during operation: little impact on the environment.

(5) Less corrosive: less irritating to the skin, don't worry about harming the skin.

Clinical answer

1. What are the main clinical applications of TSGF tumor-related substances?

The main clinical applications of this test:

(1) Cancer screening in healthy people

(2) Dynamic monitoring of the efficacy of tumor patients

(3) Identification with benign diseases

2. What types of tumors can TSGF tumor-related substances detect?

Head, neck, digestive tract, thorax, reproductive system, urinary system, blood system, nervous system and other common tumors can be.

3. What kind of tumor can TSGF tumor-related substances be localized to?

This test is a broad-spectrum tumor test and cannot be used for organ localization.

4. How to judge the results?

Detection value <64u / ml is negative;

The detection value is 64u / ml, and <71u / ml is suspicious;

A detection value of 71 u / ml is positive.

5. How is the result threshold determined?

A certain number of confirmed tumor patients and non-tumor patients were selected with different cutoff values to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis. The test data was statistically processed to obtain the ROC curve. The ROC curve was at 64 Oddi's index (SP + SN)% 100% is the maximum. That is to say, 64 u / ml is selected as the critical value for the detection, and the best sensitivity and specificity can be obtained.

Due to differences in population, environment (elevation, temperature, humidity), and other factors, each laboratory should determine the cut-off value suitable for the region through scientific analysis based on clinical data.

6. Is there a suspicious interval (grey area) in the result judgment?

Yes, the suspicious interval is 64 u / ml-71 u / ml.

7. Precautions in clinical application?

(1) Taking blood on an empty stomach;

(2) Severe hemolysis and jaundice have a certain effect on the results;

(3) Fever, partial acute inflammation, and autoimmune system diseases may produce false positive results.

8. Which people are suitable for the TSGF tumor-related substance project?

(1) Anti-cancer physical examination of units, civil servants and medical institutions;

(2) Physical examination of healthy people over 40 years of age;

(3) Anti-cancer physical examination for sub-health people;

(4) Group examination of people with cancer signals;

(5) Anti-cancer physical examination of high-pollution factories and mines;

(6) Group examination of people who have been exposed to carcinogens for a long time;

(7) High-incidence areas or people with family history of cancer.

9. How should this test be applied in a health checkup?

The health checkups were performed with tumor-related substances. Those who were negative (value <64u / ml) were healthy. Those who were positive should ask about fever, acute inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. If so, retest after improvement. Patients with autoimmune diseases are not recommended to use this test again; otherwise, retest will be performed after 4 weeks. A negative retest may be caused by some unidentified transient factors that are positive for the initial test and are considered healthy personnel. Those who are still positive on re-examination should carefully inquire about the medical history, combining factors such as signs, eating habits, working environment, and genetics. If the two results are between 64-74u / ml, the patient is a high-risk group and is likely to be in precancerous stage. It takes about 10-20 years to develop from precancerous to early stage cancer. The length of this process and whether it will eventually enter Whether it is reversed or even subsided in the precancerous stage, cancerous stage, or after it changes, still depends on the strength of the carcinogenic and suppressive factors, the long duration of contact, the density of the combination of internal and external factors, the protection and rejection of harmful substances by the human body , Absorption, metabolism, and the strength of immune effects, and the dynamic changes of cancer cells and their populations and other factors. Therefore, it is recommended to change bad living and eating habits, reduce the chance of exposure to carcinogens, such as smoking, alcohol abuse, or take some products that reduce tumor-related substances, such as 301 Baokang capsules developed by the General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Check it once. If both results are greater than 74u / ml, the patient is likely to be in the early stage of cancer, also known as "subclinical stage". It takes about 1-6 years to develop from the sub-pro stage to the clinical stage. At this stage, other important parts (such as tumor markers with specific organ specificity, B-ultrasound, CT, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc.) should be performed at this stage. If a tumor is found , It is likely to be in the early stage, then active treatment, the cure rate can exceed 80%; if not found, you should reduce the chance of exposure to carcinogens in working life, you can also take some products that reduce tumor markers, every 3-6 in the future Carried out tumor-related substances and key organ examinations for one month.

Recently discovered that healthy people are tested for tumor markers. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is the latest tumor marker and is positively correlated with tumor malignancy. For example, Ciming Medical Examination uses this latest discovery for precancerous screening and physical examination, only one drop is required. Blood can detect if you have cancer. ^[1]

10. Influential factors and treatment opinions on positive results of health check-ups

(1) Unidentified transient factors can lead to false positives. If inflammation is not shown, re-examination can be performed after 4 weeks to exclude this factor;

(2) Fever and acute inflammation will lead to false positive values, which can be re-examined after the condition improves;

(3) Autoimmune diseases will cause false positive values. It is not recommended to use this test for tumor screening;

(4) Imaging and gastroscopy should be recommended when people over 40 years of age have a positive result. Those with no tumors should be tracked twice a year;

(5) People with long-term exposure to carcinogens may have positive values, and they should be tracked twice a year;

(6) Positive values may occur in people with high incidence of cancer or those with family history of cancer, and they should be tracked twice a year;

(7) Severe hemolysis, lipemia, and jaundice will affect the measurement results.

11. What is the difference between TSGF tumor-related substances and the tumor markers currently used clinically, such as AFP, CEA, CA series?

The tumor-related substances tested are broad-spectrum, have no organ specificity, high sensitivity, and strong specificity, and are suitable for screening of healthy people and dynamic monitoring of tumor patients. AFP, CEA, CA series and other tumor markers have relative Organ specific, which is mainly used for the tracking of tumor patients, is not suitable for screening of healthy people; moreover, multiple tumor markers are combined at the time of application, and the cost is higher. For example, CEA + CA19-9 is used to monitor the disease progress and treatment effect of colorectal cancer.

CEA + CA15-3 is used to monitor the disease progression and treatment effect of breast cancer.

NSE + CYFR21-1 is used to monitor the disease progression and treatment effect of small cell lung cancer.

12. In what ways can TSGF tumor-related substances be applied to cancer patients?

(1) This test can provide an ideal indicator for patients with high clinical suspicion to identify benign and malignant tumors;

(2) Performed before and after surgery, which can be used as an indicator of the effect of surgery;

(3) Before and after chemoradiotherapy, it can be used as a dynamic monitoring of the treatment effect.

13. How to use this test to monitor cancer patients?

Cancer patients are tested for tumor-related substances after excluding suspicious factors such as fever, acute inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. If negative, it indicates that the treatment effect is significant and the condition improves; if it is positive, comprehensive clinical treatment is performed, and tumor-related substances are performed after the first stage of treatment Review. A decrease in value indicates an improvement in the condition; an increase in value indicates a worsening or metastasis of the condition, which can be referred to the re-examination plan.

14. How is the reinspection plan suggested?

(1) Recheck once after surgery or the fourth week after chemoradiotherapy

(2) Recheck every three months within one year

(3) Semi-annual review within two to three years

(4) Re-inspection once every four to five years

(5) If the value increases during the period, it should be re-examined at 4-6 weeks and combined with other clinical (such as CT, MR, etc.) to determine tumor recurrence or metastasis.

15. What are the influencing factors in cancer patients?

(1) Because the trauma to the body is irritating to the human body, there will be an increase in the value in the short term after surgery. It is recommended that the surgery be performed 4 weeks later;

(2) After 4 weeks of surgery, due to the short removal of tumor cells, the concentration of tumor-related substances in the blood decreases sharply, which may lead to negative results, indicating that the surgical effect is significant;

(3) After radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the condition is controlled and the physical condition improves. Clinically, some patients may have negative results;

(4) The surface of tumor cells is blocked so that tumor-related substances are not easily released into the blood, and false negative results may occur;

(5) During the development of tumors, tumor-related substances have been mutated and cannot be reached, and false negative results may occur.

16. How to use this test to assist the differential diagnosis of non-tumor patients?

Non-tumor patients should perform tumor-related substances on the premise of excluding suspicious factors such as fever, acute inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. Negatives can exclude malignant tumors. Positives should be imaged or other tests. If malignant tumors are found, symptomatic treatment should be performed. After 1-2 months, re-examination of tumor-related substances. Those with negative retest results may be excluded; those with positive results will have tumor-related substances every 3-6 months, and early detection of tumors.

17. What are the factors influencing the positive value of non-tumor patients and how to deal with them?

(1) Fever, acute inflammation, and pregnancy will lead to false positive values, and the condition can be re-examined after the condition improves.

(2) Autoimmune diseases will cause false positive values, and it is not recommended to use this test for tumor detection;

(3) False positive values will appear within 4 weeks after surgery;

(4) Certain diseases (such as atrophic gastritis, hepatitis B, and breast lobular hyperplasia) are precursors of tumors and should be reviewed in a timely manner in conjunction with the clinic.