What Are the Different Endocrine Diseases?

Symptoms that occur when the endocrine glands or endocrine tissues themselves have secretory functions and / or structural abnormalities. It also includes symptoms of abnormal hormone sources, abnormal hormone receptors, and physiological disorders caused by abnormal hormone or substance metabolism.

Endocrine disease

Classification of endocrine diseases

Mainly divided into the following categories

Function of endocrine glands

Endocrine System According to the function of the endocrine glands, they can be divided into three groups: hyperfunction. Often accompanied by glandular hyperplasia, adenoma (carcinoma) caused by excessive secretion of clinical syndromes, such as primary aldosteronism, hyperparathyroidism and so on. Functional decline. Due to the destruction of endocrine glands by many reasons, such as congenital abnormalities, heredity, enzyme defects, inflammation, tumor invasion and compression, insufficient blood supply, tissue necrosis, degeneration, fibrosis or autoimmunity, drug effects, surgical resection, and radiation therapy, etc. Clinical syndromes caused by too little hormone synthesis and secretion, such as anterior pituitary hypofunction, chronic adrenal insufficiency, etc. The function is normal but the glandular tissue structure is abnormal. Such as simple goiter and thyroid cancer, its function is normal, but there are pathological changes in tissue structure.

Endocrine diseases

Diseases according to endocrine tissue: can be divided into two groups: gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine diseases. Including glucagonoma, insulinoma, gastrinoma, diastolic intestinal peptide tumor (pancreatic cholera tumor, also known as diarrhea, hypokalemia, hypogastric acid syndrome), somatostatinoma, carcinoid and carcinoid synthesis Signs, and there is a relative and absolute lack of insulin in diabetes. Kidney endocrine disease. Reninoma (near bulbar cell tumor) and Butter syndrome.

Endocrine system

Definition of endocrine disease

Endocrine disease The endocrine system is a body fluid regulating system composed of endocrine glands and endocrine tissues and cells present in certain organs.

Endocrine disease function

Its main function is to release hormones under the control of the nervous system and on the basis of material metabolism feedback, to regulate human growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, exercise, morbidity, aging and other life phenomena, and to maintain the relative stability of the human internal environment. The occurrence of endocrine diseases is due to pathological changes in endocrine glands and tissues. Many diseases can also affect the structure and function of the endocrine system through metabolic disorders. The main endocrine glands of the human body include: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, islets, gonads, and others.

Endocrine diseasesCommon diseases and symptoms of endocrine metabolism

I. Hypophysis: It is a syndrome caused by pituitary hormone deficiency. It can be a decrease in single hormones, such as growth hormone and prolactin deficiency; or multiple hormones such as gonadotropins, thyroid stimulating hormones, and adrenocorticotropic hormones lack of.

Second, thyroid disease

1. Simple goiter: It is a non-inflammatory or non-tumor goiter caused by various reasons such as iodine deficiency, congenital thyroid hormone synthesis disorder or goiter. It is not accompanied by hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

2. Hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism for short, refers to a clinical syndrome caused by increased thyroid function caused by a variety of causes, resulting in excessive secretion of TH. It is characterized by goiter, exophthalmos, increased basal metabolism, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction.

3. Hypothyroidism: hypothyroidism for short, is a group of endocrine diseases caused by insufficient TH synthesis and secretory biological effects caused by various reasons.

Third, adrenal cortex disease:

1. Cushing syndrome: It is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by the adrenal glands. The main clinical manifestations are full moon face, multiple blood quality, concentric obesity, purple skin, acne, diabetes tendency, hypertension and osteoporosis.

Endocrine disease Primary chronic adrenal insufficiency: There are two types: primary and secondary. The primary is also called Addison's disease, which is caused by insufficient adrenocortical hormone secretion due to the destruction of bilateral adrenal glands due to autoimmune, tuberculosis, fungal infections, or tumors and leukemia. Secondary cases are caused by hypothalamic-pituitary lesions caused by insufficient ACTH.

Fourth, pheochromocytoma: originated from adrenal medulla, sympathetic ganglia, or other sites of halophilic tissue, this tumor tissue continuously or intermittently releases large amounts of catecholamines, causing persistent or paroxysmal hypertension and multiple organ functions And metabolic disorders. Clinically, there are often paroxysmal or persistent hypertension, headache, sweating, palpitations, and metabolic disorders.

V. Diabetes: It is a common endocrine-metabolic disease, which is caused by defects in insulin secretion or action caused by multiple reasons, or metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia caused by both. It can involve chronic progressive lesions of the heart, brain, kidney, lung, bone, blood vessels, nerves, skin, eyes, ears, mouth, feet and other tissues, causing functional defects and failure. Acute metabolic disorders such as ketoacidosis and hypertonic coma can occur in severe cases or stress.

6. Obesity: refers to excessive fat accumulation and / or abnormal distribution in the human body, and weight gain. Obesity is a common chronic metabolic disorder that often appears in combination with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and ischemic heart disease.

Gout: It is a group of heterogeneous diseases with long-term purine metabolism disorder and increased blood uric acid. Its clinical features are: hyperuricemia (hypenuricemia), urate crystals, deposition and characteristic acute arthritis, goutstones, joint deformities and dysfunction in severe cases. Often involving the kidneys causes chronic interstitial nephritis and uric acidic urinary stones.

Osteoporosis: It is a systemic disease with low bone mass and microstructure destruction of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and prone to fracture.

Problems caused by hormones in endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases caused by abnormal hormone sources

Endocrine disease Endocrine diseases caused by abnormal hormone sources can be divided into three groups: derived from endocrine glands or tissue itself. Most endocrine diseases fall into this category, such as pituitary growth hormone tumors that produce excessive growth hormone in the pituitary, pituitary prolactinoma that has too much prolactin, and pituitary ACTH tumors that have too much ACTH. Ectopic (source) hormones. Many non-endocrine tumors secrete hormones or hormone-like hormones, and endocrine tumors secrete certain hormones or hormone-like hormones (which do not belong to the xenohormones that this gland should secrete) can stimulate the corresponding endocrine glands or tissues to cause excessive secretion of hormones, or directly stimulate them Target cells cause syndromes, called ectopic hormone syndrome, and this abnormally derived hormone or gonadotropin is called ectopic (source) hormone. Such as lung cancer secreting ACTH caused by cortisol, ADH secretion caused by inappropriate ADH hypersecretion syndrome, serotonin secretion caused by carcinoid syndrome. Lung cancer is a non-endocrine tissue that can produce and release hormones such as ACTH, ADH or serotonin, which is heterogeneous. Endocrine diseases in this group are closely related to various malignant tumors, and their symptoms can occur before, after, or at the same time as tumors. Tumor resection can cause short-term remission of clinical symptoms. exogenous hormones. Whether taking hormonal drugs due to certain diseases or because the patient takes too much and too long by mistake can affect the endocrine system. In general, it will have an inhibitory effect on the corresponding endocrine system. For example, the commonly used glucocorticoid prednisone and other drugs will have an inhibitory effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Over time, it will cause the glands to shrink and the patient will appear iatrogenic The clinical signs of Cushing's syndrome, if sudden stop can cause withdrawal syndrome, or even crisis.

Factors of endocrine disorders in endocrine diseases

1. Physiological factors: Experts point out that endocrine hormones of the human body generally become dysregulated with age. Usually the younger the endocrine the less. But with age, women tend to ignore it. Some women have inherited endocrine disorders.

2. Nutritional factors: Adequate and proper nutrition is the basic guarantee for the human body to maintain normal physiological functions. Many female friends now lose weight too much, food intake is insufficient, and endocrine problems will appear one by one.

3. Environmental factors: Serious environmental pollution is another major factor in female endocrine disorders. Especially the toxic gas in the air, after entering the human body, undergoes a series of chemical reactions, which indirectly causes many problems such as menstrual disorders and endocrine disorders.

4. Emotional factors: Psychology is also an important cause. Experts from Beijing Jiayuan Hospital said that if a person is in a state of tension, it will reflect to the nervous system and cause disorders in hormone secretion. ^[1]

Endocrine diseases caused by abnormal hormone receptors

The role of hormones in endocrine diseases caused by abnormal hormone receptors depends on whether the specific receptor system is normal or not. When the number of hormone receptors is reduced or the structure is mutated, or the relevant links behind the receptors are abnormal, it causes insensitivity to hormones. The hormone concentration in the blood can be quite high, but its effect is small or even absent. Such as renal diabetes insipidus, because renal tubular epithelial cell receptors are not sensitive to ADH, although the concentration of ADH is not low or increased, the patient develops diabetes insipidus.

Endocrine disease clinically belongs to the dysfunction of a certain gland

Endocrine disease Clinically, the glandular dysfunction is different because of the location of the primary lesion, the name is different, and the treatment is different. Such as hyperparathyroidism lesions in the parathyroid adenoma (adenocarcinoma) or hyperplasia, said primary hyperparathyroidism. Hypocalcemia due to renal insufficiency or osteomalacia stimulates hyperparathyroidism and secretes too much PTH, which is called secondary hyperparathyroidism. Due to chronic renal failure caused by hypocalcemia, long-term and strong stimulation of the parathyroid glands, resulting in the occurrence of one or more parathyroid adenomas, and the formation of excessive excessive secretion of PTH, known as triple parathyroid glands Hyperfunction. The primary should be surgically removed from the parathyroid glands. The secondary is mainly for the treatment of the primary disease. If the primary disease is cured, the secondary hyperparathyroidism can return to normal without removing the hyperparathyroidism. Patients with tertiary disease should not only treat the primary disease, but also consider resection of the parathyroid gland with autonomous function.

Endocrine diseases caused by abnormal hormone metabolism

Endocrine disease hormones caused by abnormal hormone metabolism are secreted from the glands or tissues, and are distributed throughout the body through the blood circulation. In addition to acting on target cells, they have their own metabolic processes. They are often degraded and excreted in certain organs. For example, the metabolic process of vitamin D produces 25-hydroxyvitamin D through hydroxylation at the 25th position in the liver, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D through 1 hydroxylation in the kidney. This is the most active vitamin D metabolite in the body. . When the liver and kidney have disease, 25-hydroxylation and 1 hydroxylation will be impeded, respectively, resulting in vitamin D deficiency and osteomalacia. For example, estrogen must be combined with glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid in the liver to reduce inactivation energy. When suffering from liver disease, estrogen metabolism is abnormal and blood concentration is increased, which can induce male breast hyperplasia.

Endocrine disorders caused by metabolic disorders of certain substances

Endocrine disease Endocrine abnormalities induced by certain substance metabolism disorders, such as mothers with diabetes, have increased blood sugar during pregnancy, transported to the fetus via umbilical cord blood, resulting in fetal islet hyperplasia, increased insulin secretion, increased adipose tissue synthesis, and development into giant children (when giving birth) Weight 4000g), and neonatal hypoglycemia is prone to occur at the same time, because once it leaves the mother, it will no longer be affected by its mother's hyperglycemia, but excessive insulin secretion will not stop immediately, so neonatal hypoglycemia occurs. For example, when a hyperparathyroid mother is pregnant, her high blood calcium is delivered to the fetus via umbilical cord blood, which causes the fetal parathyroid gland to be inhibited. After delivery, there may be temporary hypoparathyroidism in the newborn, convulsions and convulsions. , Hand-foot convulsions and hypocalcemia, a few children showed permanent hypoparathyroidism. Chronic congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, ascites, nephrotic syndrome, etc. cause insufficient blood volume, disturbance of water and salt metabolism, resulting in secondary hyperaldosteronism. All this is due to endocrine abnormalities induced by metabolic disorders of sugar, calcium, sodium and water.

Diagnosis of endocrine diseases

Endocrine disease diagnosis

A complete diagnosis of endocrine disease should include the diagnosis of etiology, pathological diagnosis (qualitative and localized diagnosis), and functional diagnosis. First, consider whether it is an endocrine disorder in the diagnostic procedure, and then identify the disease caused by the endocrine glands or tissues or secondary endocrine disorders, such as dwarfism caused by liver or kidney disease or malnutrition. Analysis is usually started from clinical manifestations and preliminary laboratory data. It is generally easy to determine functional diagnosis, and then determine the lesion site, pathological nature, whether there is tumor, benign or malignant, and the site of the primary lesion should be identified. Etiology diagnosis is more difficult, because the cause of many endocrine diseases is unknown or lack of testing methods. Early diagnosis should be sought to facilitate treatment.

The main basis of endocrine diseases

The main basis of diagnosis is: clinical manifestations. Laboratory data. Such as biochemical changes, hormone levels, immunological and genetic tests. glandular function test. Including excitement test, inhibition test, challenge test and antagonism test. These tests can not only determine endocrine dysfunction, but some can also help determine the location and cause of the disease. For example, the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TRH) excitatory test can help identify the diseased site of hypothyroidism in the hypothalamus, pituitary, or thyroid. High-dose dexamethasone inhibition tests can help identify the possibility of adrenal hyperplasia or tumors. Imaging examination. There are X-ray examination, radionuclide scanning, computer computed tomography (CT), B-mode ultrasound examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc., which are of great significance for the location of the lesion and determination of the etiology. Pathological examination.

Prevention and treatment of endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases prevent diseases

Endocrine disease Many endocrine diseases can be prevented, such as endemic goiter, postpartum anterior pituitary hypofunction, chronic adrenal insufficiency caused by adrenal tuberculosis, and thyroid crisis. The principle of treatment of endocrine diseases is mainly to eradicate the cause or correct pathological and physiological dysfunction and metabolic disorders.

Endocrine disease treatment for hyperfunctional patients

The treatment methods for hyperfunctional patients include: surgical removal of tumors or hyperplastic tissues that cause hyperfunction; radiation therapy to inhibit secretory function; drug treatment to inhibit hormone synthesis and release or inhibit its effect on receptors, such as thioureas to inhibit thyroid The synthesis of hormones and antagonism antagonism of aldosterone on renal tubular epithelial cell receptors; inhibit the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins with target hormones, such as cortisol preparations inhibit ACTH, thereby inhibiting the adrenal cortex to produce excessive androgen To treat congenital adrenal hyperplasia; chemotherapy, such as o-chlorobenzene p-chlorobenzene dichloroethane (O, P-DDD) or aminohypnosis can treat adrenocortical cancer; use some drugs to regulate nerve Hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland axis dysfunction caused by transmitters, such as bromocriptine for pituitary prolactinoma or amenorrhea. Complementary replacement therapy is generally adopted for hypofunction, supplemented with physiologically required hormones. For example, hypothyroidism is treated with thyroid tablets, adrenal cortex is treated with cortisol and prednisone, and it should be supplemented with symptomatic supportive therapy. If the cause is clear, the cause should be eradicated, such as adrenal tuberculosis should be given anti-diarrheal treatment.