What Are the Different Types of Contraceptive Tablets?

The most common method of drug contraception is oral contraceptives, which are formulated from synthetic estrogen and progesterone. This method has a very high success rate. After years of research and improvement, the current side effects of oral contraceptives are very slight, but there may be early pregnancy reactions at the beginning. Also, if you take birth control pills regularly and regularly, it can help to calibrate your menstrual cycle. The main role of contraceptives: inhibit ovulation and change cervical mucus, make it difficult for sperm to penetrate, or reduce the production of liver sugar by the uterine glands, make it difficult for blastocysts to survive, or change the way the uterus and fallopian tubes move, preventing fertilization Transport of eggs.

On October 27, 2017, the list of carcinogens published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization initially compiled a reference. The estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives (combined) are in the list of carcinogens. ^[1]

Chinese name: Oral contraceptive
Foreign name: Oral contraceptives

Formulate: Synthetic estrogen and progesterone
main effect: Suppresses ovulation and makes it difficult for sperm to penetrate

The main role of oral contraceptives

The main role of contraceptives: inhibit ovulation and change cervical mucus, make it difficult for sperm to penetrate, or reduce the production of liver sugar by the uterine glands, make it difficult for blastocysts to survive, or change the way the uterus and fallopian tubes move, preventing fertilization Transport of eggs.

The mechanism of action is multi-link and multi-faceted, and varies depending on the ingredients, preparations, dosages and usages. For example, the compound preparations of estrogen and progesterone are mainly to inhibit ovulation, small doses of progestin are mainly to prevent fertilization, and large doses of progestin are mainly to prevent implantation. The classification of the above application mechanisms is relative.

Oral contraceptives mainly inhibit ovulation

After oral absorption of estrogen and progesterone, the blood concentration increases, and the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus is inhibited by negative feedback; in addition, blood hormones also have a direct inhibitory effect on the anterior pituitary gland, which can reduce the anterior pituitary gonadotropin secretion The amount of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the blood are reduced. Because FSH secretion is inhibited, the growth and maturation of follicles are hindered. There are no mature follicles for ovulation, and the peak of estrogen before ovulation is also cancelled. . Owing to the disappearance of the LH peak during the middle period, the ovulation process is suppressed.

Oral contraceptives mainly hinder fertilization

After low-dose progestin is administered orally, it changes the physicochemical properties of cervical mucus and prevents fertilization. Progesterone can inhibit the secretion of cervical mucus, reduce the amount of mucus but increase the viscosity and increase the cell content, which is not conducive to sperm penetration, making it difficult for sperm to pass through, and the effect of hindering fertilization is achieved. When progesterone is in a dominant situation, sperm capacitation is inhibited and fertilization is lost, thus affecting fertilization. Continuously taking a small dose of progestogen throughout the menstrual cycle can hinder fertilization. Its advantages are that it does not contain estrogen and has fewer side effects, but the contraceptive effect is worse than the compound preparation of estrogen and progesterone, and the incidence of irregular bleeding is higher. .

Development history of oral contraceptives

Contraceptives have been used since 1960, and about 75 million women worldwide use contraceptives for contraception. The historical development of contraception is very strange. In ancient times, women made sperm excretion through some strenuous exercise. Soranus, a 2nd-century Greek doctor, advised Greek women to jump back and forth for contraception seven times after intercourse. European women use a "more reliable method", and doctors encourage them to push back and forth four times in the middle of the night. In the past, barrier contraception was the most effective method of contraception, with the goal of preventing sperm from "meeting" with eggs.

Pessaries appeared in the second century, and many materials were used to make vaginal plugs, such as pomegranate pulp, elephant or crocodile dung with honey or gum. It's hard to imagine how difficult it is to place a so-called penis, this square wooden shield is carved into a concave shape similar to a door bolt; some data suggest that the Victorian era (ending in the 19th century) More popular. It wasn't until the 1930s that such devices were reprimanded for torturing women. Condoms used animal tissues such as sheep intestines and snake skin in ancient times. Sometimes women use natural sponges for contraception and immerse them in ginger, lemon or tobacco juice before inserting them. Oral contraceptives have existed since ancient Egypt, and women took mixtures of oil, grains, fruits, and other vegetables, and sometimes even urine and other animal organs. Soranus recommends drinking the water that blacksmiths use to cool metals. More than 4,000 years ago, Chinese women drank mercury, arsenic, or strychnine for contraception.

The history of IUDs can be traced back to the Arab era, herders stuffed small pebbles into the camel's womb to prevent them from becoming pregnant on long journeys across the desert. At the end of the 19th century, the need for birth control increased, and great changes in contraceptive methods occurred. The first was the development of "modern" IUDs. This picture shows IUDs of different shapes and sizes used in that era.

Many different methods of contraception have been produced, ranging from traditional methods such as safe contraception and interruption of sexual intercourse to more modern and credible methods shown here. As we have seen, oral contraceptives make up 14% of modern contraceptive methods. Sterilization is the most commonly used method of contraception worldwide. (Data from the UnitedNationsPopulationDivision: WorldContraceptiveUse2001) It should be noted that this is a general summary of modern contraceptive methods, and it will be different between countries and at all ages (the rate of contraceptive use will decrease with age). Today, many women in the world consider contraceptives to be the most effective, reversible, and easy-to-use method of contraception. Scientists are still looking for new and better ways.

The reliability of any contraceptive method can be measured by the pearl index. It refers to the pregnancy rate that can occur in 100 women within one year. The lower the pearl index, the stronger the reliability. A PI of 1 means that if 100 women use a contraceptive method for one year, 1 of them will have an unintended pregnancy. This table shows the pearl index for different contraceptive methods. Implanon pearl index <1, compared with sterilization, is currently the most reliable and reversible contraceptive method.

Many people believe that the history of birth control pills started with this gentleman, RusselMarker. He is an unusual American pharmacist, and he thinks getting progesterone from animals is not a good deal, because to get 1 mg of progesterone, the ovaries of 2,500 pregnant pigs are needed. At that time, it was known that Australian sheep grazing somewhere were not easy to conceive, because it was related to a plant clover clover. In addition, Dutch women who ate tulip stems during World War II were not easy to conceive. Based on the above experience, RusselMarker started working on finding a steroid hormone that can be extracted from plants.

In the 1930s, he finally discovered a Mexican plant used by women to reduce dysmenorrhea. The root of this plant contains high concentrations of steroidsapogenins. When he extracted progesterone from these steroid hormones in Mexico, he became a milestone in contraceptives. To this day, it is still used as a raw material for the production of the progestin desogestrel. There are also many people who do not consider RusselMarker to be the father of birth control pills, but for sure, his work is very important for the development of birth control pills.

Gregory Pincus is a pioneer in the study of oral contraceptives. He is considered by many to be the true "father of birth control pills." In the late 1950s, he did a study in Puerto Rico. Since he knew that his experiments could not be at risk for pregnancy, the contraceptive pills he used contained high doses of estrogen and progesterone. In fact he completed his study and no pregnancy occurred. The first oral contraceptive pill, Enovid, was introduced to the United States in 1960, and soon to Europe in 1961. Although his first high-dose steroid hormone (150 g estrogen) pill had high contraceptive effects, his research at the time found no side effects.

The history of contraceptives is divided into two main trends, on the one hand, reducing the estrogen dose, and on the other hand, developing more selective progestin preparations to reduce the progestin dose while maintaining its high efficiency, good cycle regulation, and The incidence of reactions is low. 1) Decreased estrogen dose. In order to reduce side effects, the dose of estrogen in oral contraceptives was gradually reduced from 150 g per tablet to 20-35 g. It is called a low-dose contraceptive, and the latest is only 15 g. The reasons are as follows: 1) It is suggested that the dose of estrogen is related to the occurrence of thrombosis, it has been shown that the dose of estrogen is related to the degree of change in the coagulation mechanism, and many non-serious but inconvenient side effects such as nausea and breast pain Vomiting is mainly caused by estrogen. 2) Develop more selective progestins. At the same time that the estrogen dose is reduced, the dose of progesterone is also reduced, and the production of high-efficiency progestogen makes it possible. Studies have found that the dose of progesterone is related to the incidence of arterial disease. Even at low doses, these older generations of progesterone still adversely affect the balance of cholesterol LDL and HDL. The above reasons lead to more research to develop new progestogens, thereby improving the effect of OC on lipid metabolism. It has been confirmed that the stronger the androgenic effect of progestin, the greater the adverse effect on lipid metabolism.

The first 40 years of development of contraceptives have been in improving safety. Reduce the amount of estrogen and progesterone to reduce side effects, while developing new progestin preparations to reduce the total amount of progestin. Reasons for reducing the estrogen dose: higher doses of oral contraceptives increase the risk of thrombotic diseases, changes in the coagulation system, and other side effects such as nausea, breast tenderness, and vomiting. Reasons for the development of progestins with strong androgenic activity and low androgenic activity: Contraceptives with high androgenic activity are likely to cause arterial disease.

Since the advent of oral contraceptives in the 1960s, estrogen doses have been gradually reduced, from 150 g to less than 50 g, and even to 15 g. It has been proven that compatibility with the older generation of progestin, estrogen content less than 30 g can not achieve the purpose of safe contraception, and compatibility with the highly selective progesterone deoxypregnene makes it possible to reduce the dose of estrogen.

Data from epidemiological studies. The study did not include pregnant women, and pregnant women were twice as likely to develop thrombotic disease as low-dose oral contraceptives.

A recent study showed that the risk of different types of oral contraceptive thrombotic diseases is: · The higher the estrogen dose, the higher the risk; · Compatible with different types of progestogens, the risk of similar contraceptive thrombotic diseases is similar; · The risk was lowest in the Mercilon group, but it was no longer statistically significant. The above data greatly support research over the past 30 years to reduce estrogen doses to minimize the occurrence of side effects.

The development of contraceptives has shifted to how to meet the individual needs of women, such as improving bleeding patterns, improving skin conditions, providing reliable contraceptive methods for women who cannot or are unwilling to use estrogen (such as breastfeeding women), and improving or promoting compliance, And how to meet women's needs for non-oral contraceptives.

The first generation of progestins were norethindrone and megestrol. The disadvantage is that it has an adverse effect on the cardiovascular system and the risk of promoting the development of arteriosclerosis. Other surveys have found a significant increase in the incidence of myocardial infarction among people who take short-acting oral contraceptives and smoke.

The second generation is norgestrel and levonorgestrel, which is 100 times more potent than norgestrel and 10 times stronger from antiestrogens. Levonorgestrel is stronger than norgestrel 1 times.

The third generation was desognolone, gestodone and norgestimate. The third-generation progestogen has a stronger ovulation inhibition effect than the previous progestin; it has a weak ability to bind to the sex hormone globulin, has almost no androgenic effect, and has an anti-estrogen effect; it can increase plasma HDL levels. However, some studies have found that the risk of venous thrombosis in third-generation oral contraceptives is higher than in the second-generation.

The fourth-generation short-acting oral contraceptive (control body contraceptive) contains the latest progesterone drospirenone, which is a hormone with a structure different from that of the traditional progestin. The biochemical properties are similar to natural progesterone in terms of anti-mineral corticosteroid and anti-androgenic effects, which can effectively combat the edema caused by sodium and sodium retention. Yusmin is the only short-acting oral contraceptive that can control body weight. At the same time, the fourth-generation short-acting oral contraceptives have no adverse effects on female fertility and the healthy development of offspring, and pregnancy can be achieved after the drug is stopped.

Oral contraceptive drug characteristics

The oral contraceptive is a compound preparation composed of estrogen and progesterone. The estrogen component is ethinylestradiol. The composition of the progestin varies with different formulations and preparations. A commonly used dosage form is a film-coated tablet. Compound short-acting oral contraceptive pills include three types: single photo, double photo and triple photo. There are currently no double photos in China. The estrogen and progesterone doses are fixed throughout the entire cycle in a single photo; the estrogen and progesterone doses in the first phase of the two photos are lower, and the estrogen and progesterone doses are increased in the second phase; The doses of hormones and progestins, the second phase estrogen and progesterone were increased, the third phase progesterone dose was increased, and the estrogen was reduced to the first phase level. The three-photo formula is reasonable, the contraceptive effect is reliable, the incidence of breakthrough bleeding and amenorrhea is significantly lower than that of the single photo, and the side effects such as nausea and vomiting are also reduced. Proper use of contraceptives is close to 100%.

Oral contraceptive drug type

Oral contraceptives are divided into three categories: short-acting, long-acting, and quick-acting.

Short-acting oral contraceptives

The mechanism of action is to inhibit ovulation. There are oral contraceptive tablets No. 1, oral contraceptive tablets No. 2 and compound 18 Jia contraceptive drops pills.

Dosage: Take the medicine on the 5th day from the day of menstruation, 22 days in a row, without interval. Can be contraceptive for 1 month, usually stop menstruation for 1-3 days, and continue to take it from the 5th day of the next menstruation, the method is the same as above.

Why can't I take the medicine from the 5th day of menstruation? I can't miss it? Because the main effect of contraceptives is to inhibit ovulation. If missed in the middle, vaginal bleeding is prone to disrupt the normal menstrual cycle.

Long-acting oral contraceptives

Its mechanism of action is to inhibit and change the operating speed of the pregnant eggs. One tablet per month can prevent pregnancy for 1 month, which is suitable for couples living together for a long time.

Dosage: Take one tablet on the 5th day of menstrual cramps, 2 tablets on the 25th day, and then take one tablet every month on the same day as the second dose.

Oral contraceptives available

Also known as family visit contraceptive. Its mechanism of action is mainly to quickly inhibit ovulation, affect sperm penetration and prevent pregnant eggs from implanting. The benefit is not limited by the menstrual cycle, when to visit relatives and when to take.

Regular use of birth control pills can easily hinder nutrient absorption

Taking oral contraceptives for a long time will reduce the body's folic acid absorption rate by 50%, and increase the destruction of vitamin B2, B6 and vitamin C. Women generally take birth control pills for three or four months, which can cause various vitamin absorption and metabolism disorders. The most obvious manifestations are dry skin and prone to aging, especially facial skin is prone to pigmentation and chloasma. Some women's weight It will also increase.

What nutrition needs regular supplements

Although oral contraceptives can make couples have no worries about their sexual life, they also bring a lot of physiological troubles to female friends. Therefore, women who regularly take oral contraceptives must pay proper attention to diet and nutrition. Supplement vitamins, such as vitamins C, B2, B6, and folic acid, that are easily missing from the diet. Pay attention to eat more vegetables and fruits that are rich in these nutrients in your daily diet.

Oral contraceptive medicinal method

(1) Single photo:

Compound norethisterone tablets (Contraceptive Tablets No. 1) and Compound Megestrolone Tablets (Contraceptive Tablets No. 2) Since the 5th day of menstruation, 1 tablet per night, even on the 22nd, usually 2 to 3 after withdrawal Withdrawal bleeding occurred on the day, like menstrual cramps. On the 5th day of menstruation (8th day of withdrawal), the next cycle of medication was started.

Compound desogestrel tablets, compound gestodene tablets and ethinyl estrone cycloprogesterone tablets, one tablet per night from the first day of menstruation, even on the 21st, after 7 days of discontinuation, start the next cycle drug.

(2) Three photos:

Medication started on the first day of menstruation, 1 tablet daily for 21 days, of which the first phase (1 to 6 tablets) consists of 6 tablets, the second phase (7 to 11 tablets) comprises 5 tablets, and the third phase (12th to 21st tablets) A total of 10 tablets.

Master the method of taking medicine

Taking emergency contraceptives after meals or before bed can reduce side effects such as nausea and vomiting. If vomiting occurs within 2 hours of taking the drug, the emergency contraceptive pill of the same dose should be taken immediately and an antiemetic drug should be added. After taking the oral contraceptive pill, during this menstrual cycle, no non-contraceptive intercourse should occur. If there is another intercourse, routine methods of contraception should be used. If there is a menstrual period, you should go to the hospital for a pregnancy test to determine whether emergency contraception has failed.

Some married women of childbearing age believe that since emergency contraception measures are available, it is okay not to take contraceptive measures. Once they fail, oral emergency contraceptives will be fine. This is a misunderstanding. This is because the emergency contraceptive oral drug mifepristone contains a larger amount of hormones than the general short-acting oral contraceptives and is often used, potentially latently carcinogenic.

Misunderstanding of oral contraceptives

People also pay more and more attention to contraceptive knowledge, but when it comes to using contraceptive contraception, many people will have the following misunderstandings, making the contraceptive pill far away.

Myth 1: contraceptives are the same

Contraceptives are generally divided into three categories: short-acting, long-acting, and emergency contraceptives. Among them, short-acting contraceptives are conventional contraceptive methods and need to be taken daily. Long-acting contraceptives are only used once a month or once a few months. The amount of hormones that enter the body at one time is relatively large, and it is not suitable for non-fertile women. The emergency contraceptive pill, as a post-mortem contraceptive, is mainly aimed at the failure of conventional contraception, such as missed use of short-acting contraceptives. Take the emergency contraceptive Yuting correctly and promptly within 72 hours after the failure of conventional contraception, and its contraceptive success rate is 98%.

Myth 2: Emergency contraceptives are effective

For emergency contraceptives, the sooner you take it, the higher the success rate. If you do not take the correct method, emergency contraceptives may also fail.

Misunderstanding 3: Emergency contraceptives affect menstruation

The emergency contraceptive Yuting is a simple progestin with a very low dose, so it has almost no effect on menstruation. However, due to individual differences, some people will experience withdrawal bleeding (similar to menstruation) after successful use of Yuting contraception. If the amount of bleeding is about the same as the normal menstrual flow, it can be regarded as a menstruation. This is normal and need not worry. Recover by yourself. However, if you take Yuting multiple times in the short term, it may cause menstrual disorders and reduce the success rate of contraception.

Myth 4: Emergency contraceptives are harmful

A lot of propaganda in the society is instilled. The emergency contraceptives are in large doses and have an impact on the body, but this is not the case. Taking Yu Ting as an example, Director Tang Ling, a gynecologist at Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said that its main ingredient is levonorgestrel, which is the internationally recognized best emergency contraceptive ingredient. It is usually excreted in the body after two or three days. In addition, Yuting, an emergency contraceptive, is a progestin, does not contain estrogen, and has no effect on the cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and other organs. And after metabolism, it will not affect menstruation in the next cycle, and it will not affect the baby in a short period of time. The medicine is safe.

Precautions for oral contraceptives

Oral contraceptives are one of the more commonly used methods for women of childbearing age in China. However, if you choose a medicine or use it improperly or do not understand its side effects, you will not only fail to achieve contraceptive purposes, but may also cause some diseases and gain more than you pay. For this reason, let me remind you of some medication precautions:

1. Before choosing this method of contraception, you should find a doctor for a health check. Anyone with acute or chronic liver disease, heart disease, kidney disease, hypertension, breast hyperplasia, breast cancer, uterine tumors, blood diseases and thrombotic diseases is best. Do not use or use with caution.

2. The method of medication must be taken in accordance with the requirements of the doctor. It is not allowed to change the time and dosage at will, and it is not to be missed. If it is missed, it is to be taken once more the next morning.

3. According to your own situation, ask your doctor to help you choose an oral contraceptive that suits your characteristics. Generally, you should not change it casually.

4. Regular health check-ups should be done, paying special attention to changes in liver function. If menstruation does not occur for 3 consecutive months, the drug should be stopped immediately and the doctor should be consulted.

5. When you are sick and need to use guanethidine, insulin, barbitur, and phenobarbital, these drugs may affect the contraceptive effect, and you should use other methods of contraception.

6. Irregular bleeding occurs during medication, which is called breakthrough bleeding. Most of them occur after missed medication, and there are also a few people who can also occur if they do not miss medication. If bleeding in the first half of menstruation is mostly estrogen deficiency, you can take 0.005-0.015 mg of ethinylestradiol every night, and stop the medicine on the 22nd day. If bleeding in the second half of menstruation is mostly progesterone deficiency, you can take 4 mg of progesterone every night until the 22nd day. If the amount of bleeding is similar to menstrual flow, discontinue the medication and start the next cycle of medication from the 5th day of bleeding.

7. If you want to get pregnant, the best time to conceive is 5-6 months, and it is best to use a condom during this period.

8. Oral long-acting contraceptives should not be discontinued abruptly. If you want to discontinue, you should take short-acting contraceptives from the fifth day of your menstrual cycle for 3 consecutive months as a transition to discontinuing long-acting contraceptives.

9. Keep medicine drawers or wardrobes locked to prevent children from mistakenly taking candy. Do not mix with other medicines to avoid mistakes.

10. It should not be taken during lactation. It can inhibit milk secretion. It should not be taken less than six months after delivery or before menstruation.

Contraceptives for oral contraceptives

The oral contraceptive method is simple, but women who have the following conditions should not take it.

I. Breastfeeding women: Breastfeeding women need to breastfeed their babies. After taking the contraceptives, the ingredients of the contraceptives are contained in the milk. If the baby eats such milk, it will affect the physical development and even some abnormalities: Nausea and vomiting, vaginal bleeding in baby girls, and testicular atrophy in boys.

2. Menopausal women: Due to the endocrine disorders of menopausal women, ovulation is not fixed, oral contraceptives not only fail to achieve the desired results, but also have an impact on health, easily causing coronary heart disease and gallstones, or uterine bleeding.

Third, women suffering from acute hepatitis, nephritis, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, uterine fibroids, tuberculosis and other diseases should not be taken to avoid exacerbation of the disease.

4. Women who have an induced abortion should not take it before menstruation. They can only take it after menstruation, so as not to cause uterine atrophy, irregular menstruation or amenorrhea.

Adverse effects of oral contraceptives

Short-acting contraceptives are formulated from synthetic estrogen and progesterone. For some women, the content of the two may not be just right, resulting in adverse reactions. At this time, women who take the drug should pay attention to it and take necessary Measures to avoid harm to the body from drugs.

Female contraceptives are effective at 99.9% and are a popular method of contraception. However, many female friends asked, taking contraceptive pills, although the benefits are many, but "the drug is a third poison", are there any adverse effects of contraceptive pills? What are not suitable? What should be paid attention to when using? For this, we invited Relevant experts answer questions for everyone.

The following are the 5 most common adverse reactions, and we also propose some solutions for reference.

One of the adverse effects of birth control pills, weight gain

Some women are reluctant to take birth control pills because they are afraid of the drugs causing them to gain weight. Indeed, some components of contraceptives can cause weight gain: androgens can cause hyper appetite or acne, especially within the first 3 months of taking oral contraceptives; elevated estrogen levels cause water and sodium retention, which leads to Weight gain during the first half of the menstrual cycle; progesterone promotes anabolic metabolism, leading to weight gain. It is worth mentioning that the incidence of weight gain is only about 15%.

It is recommended to treat them separately according to different situations: those with hyper appetite and acne can diet and replace 17-hydroxyprogesterone preparations such as contraceptives 2; those who gain weight during the second half of menstruation should reduce salt intake; short-term Excessive weight gain should be discontinued.

Adverse reactions to contraceptives, less menstruation or amenorrhea

Many female friends will report that after taking the pill, the menstrual flow has decreased, and even amenorrhea has occurred. What happened? The pill can cause endometrial hypoplasia and insufficient glandular secretion, so the endometrium cannot grow properly and become thin , Resulting in reduced menstrual flow. Individual women due to the inhibitory effect of contraceptives, no withdrawal bleeding occurred after discontinuation, and amenorrhea occurred.

Solution: This is a good thing for women who have a lot of menstruation, and generally does not need special treatment. If the urine pregnancy test is negative, you can continue to take the next cycle of medicine after 7 days of withdrawal. If the amenorrhea is continuous for 2 months, the drug should be stopped immediately for observation. Most menstrual periods return to menstruation when the drug is stopped.

Side effects of birth control pills

Early pregnancy-like reactions are more common, accounting for about 50% of the number of people taking the drug. Symptoms are mostly severe and then mild, and gradually disappear later, which may be related to the body's gradual adaptation. Appears as a loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and even fatigue, dizziness and other similar early pregnancy reactions. It usually occurs in the first 1-2 weeks of taking the medicine. This response is related to the stimulation of gastric mucosa by estrogen in the pill.

In fact, don't be too anxious for early pregnancy-like reactions. As long as you change the time of taking medicine after dinner or before going to bed, you can alleviate the stomach discomfort. If you have a severe reaction, you can take vitamin B6, 20 mg each time. 3 times. If there is still no remission, you can consider replacing the contraceptive pill and choose a drug with less estrogen content.

Adverse effects of contraceptives IV, vaginal bleeding

Many women will experience continuous spotting bleeding during medication or breakthrough bleeding like menstrual flow. This is related to missed doses, late taking of contraceptives or inadequate effectiveness of contraceptives. If vaginal bleeding occurs in the first half of the menstrual cycle, it is often indicated that the estrogen dose is too small; if it occurs in the second half of the cycle, it indicates that the progestin dose is insufficient to maintain the endometrium.

How to solve it? For bleeding in the first half of the cycle, 5-10 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol can be added daily until the end of the cycle; in the latter half of the cycle, 1 pill can be added daily; if the bleeding time is close to the menstrual period Or if the amount of bleeding is as high as during menstruation, the drug can be discontinued and the next cycle of medication should be taken on the fifth day of bleeding.

Fifth, adverse reactions to contraceptives, facial pigmentation

Some women who have been taking medicine for a long time may have butterfly spots on their cheeks as they did during pregnancy, which is caused by estrogen pigmentation. People who already have hyperpigmentation during pregnancy are prone to use contraceptives and are associated with sunlight exposure.

Avoid facial pigmentation, you can add some fresh vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin C in your diet, such as tomatoes, oranges, kiwis, etc .; avoid strong light exposure, apply sunscreen when going out; people with pigmentation tendency, can use Contraceptives with low estrogen content, such as simple progestin preparations.

Ten advantages of oral contraceptives

Today, oral contraceptives have become an indispensable drug in people's lives, and with the continuous improvement of contraceptives, they have the following benefits:

The first is improved quality and fewer side effects

Today's contraceptives are much different from earlier contraceptives, with estrogen content reduced by 80% and progesterone by 90%. Today's contraceptives no longer have many side effects such as weight gain, blood clots, and heart disease. Of course, contraceptives are not harmful to the body like bottled water, and a few women with high blood pressure or diabetes may also have symptoms such as nausea, menstrual cycle disorders or mood swings. But in general, modern contraceptives are basically harmless to women's health.

Secondly, it can effectively control menstrual flow

Oral contraceptives can slowly release estrogen and progesterone, prevent the body from producing these two hormones, thereby preventing ovarian ovulation from achieving contraceptive purposes, can regularize the menstrual cycle, reduce menstrual flow, and reduce such as abdominal swelling and breast Pain and other PMS.

The third is to make the skin smoother

Several hormones contained in contraceptives can also make the skin smoother, which is very good for improving skin health, which has been proven by many experiments.

The fourth is to reduce the possibility of cancer

The most unexpected effect of birth control pills is that it can prevent ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer. Taking contraceptives can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer in women by 40%, and by up to 80% in long-term use, it can also inhibit colorectal cancer .

Fifth is harmless to fertility

So far, no developmental problems or congenital defects in the fetus have been found to be related to contraceptives. The contraceptives can even protect women's fertility. The hormones released by them can prevent reproductive tract infections and lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and uterus caused by trauma to the fallopian tube Endometriosis and benign ovarian cysts due to tissue hyperplasia, but for safety reasons, doctors recommend that women take pregnancy for three months after taking the pill.

The sixth is to improve the mental outlook of women

The biggest benefit of taking contraceptives is that they can make women's mental and emotional better, emotional better during menstruation, and even better during that month, because they no longer need to worry about pregnancy and other issues.

The seventh is to improve the quality of sexual life

Many studies have found that women who take contraceptives have more frequent sexual lives and better results than women who do not, because menstrual flow is reduced, PMS is reduced, and libido is stronger.

The eighth is to delay aging

Contraceptives can maintain a balanced level of estrogen, which can minimize this effect, and estrogen can also strengthen women's bone mass. Many studies have shown that long-term use of contraceptives can delay or even prevent women from starting their bones after age 50. Quality loss.

Ninth is also an emergency contraceptive remedy

Oral contraceptives also have a special purpose, that is, taking two pills within 72 hours of sexual life without contraceptive measures can prevent ovulation and fertilized eggs from implanting, and its effective rate can reach 75%.

The tenth is that there are many options

There are many types of contraceptives. Even if some contraceptives have some side effects, there are many options for taking another contraceptive, which can also have a good effect. Consider other contraceptive measures. Oral contraceptives are used for family planning and Choosing whether to give birth or not provides an alternative opportunity.

Effects after oral contraceptive use

5 weeks after pregnancy, the embryonic gonads begin to develop, and the estrogen and progesterone in the contraceptive will adversely affect the development of the fetal sex organs. Contraceptives can cause deformities in the extremities, internal organs, or spine, anus, and external genitals. And oral contraceptives can increase the rate of chromosome aberrations, especially the rate of chromosome breakage. Therefore, if a woman who wants to take oral contraceptives wants to become pregnant, she should stop taking the contraceptives in the first half of the pregnancy.