What is a Biopsy?

Biopsy is the abbreviation of "biopsy", also known as surgical pathology, which refers to the technique of pathological examination by removing the diseased tissue from the patient's body in response to the needs of diagnosis and treatment.

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Biopsy is short for "biopsy", also known as surgery

(1) Assist the clinical diagnosis of the disease or provide clues for the diagnosis of the disease.

(2) Understand the nature and development trend of the lesion, and judge the prognosis of the disease.

(3) Validate and observe the efficacy of the drug to provide a reference for clinical use.

(4) Participate in clinical research, discover new diseases or new types, and provide pathological histological basis for clinical research.

(1) Organs and tissues removed during surgery, such as the appendix,

(1) The anatomical part, color, volume and texture of the specimen, whether there is a mass, that is, whether the mass has an envelope; whether the envelope is intact;

(2) The specimen can be cut open, and observe the color, texture, bleeding, necrosis,

(1) To prevent organization from happening

The histopathological diagnosis of a biopsy is generally performed by visual inspection of the specimens submitted examination of the material (fixation, embedding) thin sections hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining observation under an optical microscope. Through the analysis and identification of the diseased tissue and cell morphology, combined with visual observation and clinical related data, diagnosis of various diseases is made. However, for some difficult and rare cases, on the basis of the above-mentioned routine examinations, it is necessary to use auxiliary techniques such as histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, or molecular biology for auxiliary diagnosis.

1. Classification by sampling method: open biopsy (surgical), endoscopic biopsy (

Cytology (cytology) examination refers to the pathological morphological observation and qualitative diagnosis of cells extracted from patients' diseased sites by scraping, scraping and puncture. Cytology examination is mainly used for the diagnosis of tumors and can also be used for some Examination and diagnosis of diseases, such as the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of internal organs and the determination of hormone levels.

Cytological specimens can be exfoliated cells from secretions and excretions of the genital, respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts, or they can be taken from the chest, abdomen, pericardial cavity, joint cavity, and cerebrospinal membrane fluid extracted by puncture The exfoliated cells can also be cells collected through various endoscopic brush smears and prints, or guided by fine needle aspiration (FNA) technology (needle outer diameter 0.6-0.9mm) or guided by ultrasound or X-rays. Cells and other lesions in the tissues and organs of the whole body were removed by aspiration, and these cells were smeared, fixed, and stained after being treated directly or by centrifugal sedimentation, etc., and observed and diagnosed under light microscope. Results are usually available within a few hours. The main purpose is to determine whether the tumor cells are benign or malignant.

Scope of Biopsy

(1) Exfoliated cells of the tumor tissue on the epithelial surface of the body, such as exfoliated cells of the esophagus, exfoliated cells of the female reproductive tract, and exfoliated cells of the urinary tract.

(2) Puncture and aspiration of tumor tissue.

(3) Abnormal changes in tumor cell chromosomes.

Biopsy Principle

Cancer cells, like normal cells, continue to fall off, but tumor cells grow rapidly and the adhesion between cells is low, so cancer cells fall off faster than normal cells, and because the surface of cancer tissue is often due to insufficient blood supply, it is prone to occur. For necrosis and shedding, smear examination of body fluids or secretions containing such shedding cells is easy to find cancer cells.

The advantages of exfoliation cytology are:

Easy to make smear. Wide range of materials, little or no damage, economic, fast and safe.

No surgical operation is required, and the examination can be repeated many times. There is often a high positive rate (mainly used to distinguish benign and malignant, such as 70-90% for many cancers).

Exfoliated cells represent the situation of tumors in a wide area. It is especially suitable for large-scale tumor screening, and can be used as a preliminary screening for a variety of malignant tumors (especially cancers of various organs) in the human body.

Its limitations are:

False negatives and false positives are relatively high.

It is mainly used to characterize tumor lesions (benign and malignant), and it is generally difficult to further determine the tumor type, subtype, invasion and metastasis. It is therefore only a preliminary qualitative diagnosis. Therefore, for patients with cytology-positive (malignant), biopsy should be performed as far as possible to confirm the cytological diagnosis, and classification and typing should be performed before the treatment with greater damage; while those with cytology-negative, clinically highly Suspect a malignant tumor, or do a few more cytological tests or other tests such as biopsy to prevent missed diagnosis.

Biopsy significance

(1) The positive rate is high, such as the diagnosis of esophageal cancer cells is as high as 90%.

(2) Applicable to anti-cancer censuses. Because it is simple to make and does not require surgery, its largest use can be used for large-scale community anti-cancer censuses in order to achieve the purpose of "early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment."

(3) The equipment is simple, easy to operate, and easy to popularize. The cytological examination equipment is simple, easy to grasp, convenient and safe to operate, the examinee has less pain, and the cost is low, which is suitable for general development of medical units at all levels.