What Is Capsule Endoscopy?

Capsule endoscope, English name: capsule endoscopy, is a capsule-shaped endoscope, which is a medical instrument used to check the human intestine. Capsule endoscopes can enter the human body and are used to observe the health of the human stomach and esophagus. Can be used to help doctors diagnose patients.

Capsule endoscope

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Capsule endoscope, English name: capsule endoscopy, is a capsule-shaped endoscope, which is a medical instrument used to check the human intestine. Capsule endoscopes can enter the human body and are used to observe the health of the human stomach and esophagus. Can be used to help doctors diagnose patients.

Chinese name

Capsule endoscope

Foreign name

capsule endoscopy

Definition

Capsule-shaped endoscope

Effect

Penetrating the human stomach and esophagus

A typical capsule endoscope consists of seven parts, a transparent housing, a light source, an imaging element, a sensor, a battery, a transmitting module, and an antenna. The circuit system also includes sensor detection components, signal processing components and wireless transmitting components. Image, temperature, pH and other sensor detection components detect information in the digestive tract, which is processed by the signal processing component and sent out of the body via a wireless transmitting component. The extracorporeal receiver receives the signal and displays it on the terminal after processing by the extracorporeal processing unit. In addition, with the need for functional expansion, capsule endoscopes can also include drug release components, mechanical components for microsurgery. Most capsules currently integrate only one or more of these features.

Capsule endoscopes actually shrink the camera and implant medical capsules to help doctors diagnose patients. A small capsule is a camera studio for exploring the human body, and may even become a "spaceship" for tourists; a small fiber can be used to strengthen the human body.

Variety of capsule endoscopes

Israeli capsule endoscope

In May 2001, an Israeli company Given Imaging produced a capsule endoscope called "M2A", which can work continuously for 6 to 8 hours and can take images of the inner wall of the small intestine. The M2A capsule measures 11mm × 27mm and consists of a light source, a lens, a CMOS sensor, a battery pack, and a wireless transmission module. The smooth appearance of the capsule can make the patient more convenient to eat, and avoid sticking other things during the process of peristalsis to the anus. The battery can provide 7 ~ 8 hours, take 250,000 ~ 600,000 pictures, and transmit them to the receiving device outside the waist. "M2A" capsules have been approved by the Food and Drug Commission and have been put into commercial use in 34 countries.

In August 2001, Given Imaging introduced the PillCam series for human esophagus and intestinal tests. It can work in the intestine for at least 8 hours and transmit two images outwards per second [1]-[5].

Japanese capsule endoscope

, Japan's RF System Lab. Also announced a smaller prototype of the capsule endoscope without battery, named "Norika3". "Norika3" capsules have a diameter of 9mm and a length of 23mm. A CCD imaging system is used inside the capsule, which has a high image definition and can reach 410,000 pixels. It is transmitted digitally by microwave, and after being accepted by the outside, it is converted into an image and displayed on the screen for real-time detection, and it can be stored on the hard disk so that it can be retrieved for research at any time. The patient wore a vest with three sets of transmitting coils and receiving coils, and the coils transmitted radio frequency. There are also three groups of 60-degree-spaced coils inside the capsule. After receiving the magnetic coil and converting it through the capacitor, a current is induced to form a three-pole motor mode, so as to control the rotation of the capsule to observe the lesion in different directions. There are two white lights and two near-infrared lights around the lens, which can control the ratio of different brightness from the outside to produce a simulated three-dimensional image. The lens can also be adjusted by its external control to obtain a clear image. It can capture 30 images per second, so it can observe the real-time movement of organs, and can be transmitted over the network for remote consultation. In addition, there is a medicine spraying chamber and a biopsy chamber inside the capsule, and the valves can be opened by external control to spray medicine on the lesion or extend a miniature titanium needle to take a biopsy.

In 2003, improved capsule "Norika3" developed capsule endoscope suitable for even 2 months baby. This endoscope measures 5.8mm × 15mm and is the smallest capsule endoscope in the world. As its volume is only 27% of "Norika3", it has no control function compared to "Norika3".

Capsule Endoscope in Korea

On January 28, 2003, HJPark and others at Kyungpook National University in South Korea announced that they had successfully developed a wireless capsule endoscope for two-way communication. This kind of endoscope is called "MIRO" (maze in Korean). After taking it, you can observe most digestive organs of the human body from the esophagus to the large intestine. The endoscope has a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 25 mm, and the state of the body can be clearly observed on the spot with the display.

American Capsule Endoscope

In 2008, the RF system laboratory developed another human endoscope, Sayaka. The capsule endoscope has been clinically tested in the United States. Its advanced functions have become the target of domestic and foreign companies to follow. At the time of the examination, it will be completely free of the pain caused by the ordinary endoscope. As long as the patient swallows it like eating a capsule, the Sayaka endoscope will take pictures while rotating as the digestive tube naturally moves. Then, all high-definition video images of the inner wall of the intestine are wirelessly transmitted. The doctor checks this video image to diagnose whether the patient's intestine has a tumor or other problems. With a diameter of only 9 mm and a length of 2.3 cm, Sayaka allows patients to swallow it as easily as a capsule. Within 8 hours after swallowing, this double-structured capsule can closely adhere to the inner wall of the intestine, pass through the intestine 6 to 8 meters long, and transmit light from the LED in the intestine. The camera takes 30 photos per second and will take up to 870,000 photos. This way, the patient did not feel at all. For security reasons, Sayaka doesn't have a battery inside, but it needs 50 milliwatts of power to power its cameras, lights and computers. Because the battery is too bulky, it receives electromagnetic induction power from an external coil as power. The source of electromagnetic induction power is: there is a coil on the vest worn by the patient, which can continuously provide power supply and can maintain the power required by Sayaka to operate normally.

When "Sayaka" is photographed in the intestine, it can take about 30 2 megapixel images per second. At the same time, its fluorescent light and white LED light will illuminate the intestinal wall for clear shooting. Therefore, when playing back these images, you can show the dynamic scene of the intestinal wall like an animation to determine the hardness of the affected area. The endoscope puts the camera at one end and shoots forward, so it can only capture the periphery of the inner wall of the intestine. For the first time, "Sayaka" faces the camera to the intestinal wall. Every image data captured by Sayaka is not stored internally, but is continuously transmitted wirelessly to the antenna mounted in the patient's vest and stored in a standard SD On the memory card. Doctors insert this SD memory card into a computer and use software to edit thousands of repeated images into a plan view of the intestine. Each image can be enlarged about 75 times to 1,175 megapixels, so that doctors can observe its detailed features. Sayaka capsule endoscopes are naturally excreted about 8 hours after swallowing. Sayaka capsule endoscopes can be reused any time. Its price is about $ 100 apiece, and the average person can afford it.

In December 2004, Smartpill Corporation in the United States developed two capsule endoscopes. One is a capsule endoscope for image detection. Another capsule, Smartpill ACT-1, measures gastrointestinal peristaltic pressure, pH and test time. The Smartpill ACT-1 capsule contains a battery that can be used for 72 hours of continuous use. It has comprehensive functions and great reference value. At the same time, the company has also started a lot of research on high-density batteries, microsensors and optical communication methods.

Chinese capsule endoscope

China has also made some achievements in the research of capsule endoscope. On June 12, 2004, the "Capsule Endoscope" developed by Chongqing Jinshan Technology (Group) Co., Ltd. passed the acceptance of the national "863" expert group in Chongqing. Just like the common cold clear-sized smart capsule, it is not a general medicine, but the installed representative of the world's most advanced micro-electromechanical (MEMS) technology equipment and miniature camera probes. This capsule is dedicated to the detection of gastrointestinal lesions. This technological achievement is the first of its kind in China. This project has all independent intellectual property rights and has applied for a number of domestic and foreign patents, becoming the second company in the world and the first company in China to develop a capsule endoscope. "OMOM capsule endoscopy" is a new type of non-invasive and painless gastrointestinal imaging wireless detection system developed by Jinshan Technology Group with completely independent intellectual property rights. Currently, only Israel in the world uses wireless endoscope systems clinically. The use of foreign products for inspection is very expensive. Once the products developed by our country enter the market, they will greatly reduce the cost of inspection and benefit tens of millions of patients with gastrointestinal diseases.

At present, there are many scientific research institutions and companies studying capsule endoscopes, but none of them have launched mature products. In all existing products, capsule endoscopes are passive, that is, capsule endoscopes rely on the peristalsis of the intestines to move forward during the intestinal examination, and the entire examination process is finally discharged out of the body. Compared with the traditional push-type endoscope, the capsule endoscope has no trauma, pain, and cross-infection to the patient during the examination, and is easy to tolerate, no sedative agent is needed, and the color image is clear. At the same time, it can also check the deep parts of the digestive tract, such as the small intestine, and provide patients with images of the whole gastrointestinal tract; Currently, tens of thousands of patients around the world have used capsule endoscope technology for examinations. Capsule endoscopy can check diseases such as the small intestine, insignificant gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, Crodos's disease and other common endoscopes that cannot be effectively checked, and will definitely become the mainstream method of endoscopy.