What is Container Syndrome?

A container is a basic device mainly used to contain materials and is mainly a shell. Commonly used as the housing of storage equipment or other chemical equipment. It is mainly composed of shell, head, tube, flange and support. The basic requirements for the container are: to meet the needs of the process; to ensure safe operation, including sufficient strength, rigidity and tightness; corrosion resistance and a certain service life; easy to manufacture, install, repair and use; low cost, material savings, Especially to save precious materials such as stainless steel and non-ferrous metals. Containers are widely used in chemical production. Pressure vessels include vacuum, atmospheric and external pressure vessels. Pressure vessels can be divided into low, medium, high and ultra-high pressure vessels; according to temperature, there are normal temperature, low temperature and high temperature vessels; According to the structure of the cylinder, there are single-layer containers and multi-layer containers; storage, separation, reaction and heat exchange containers are divided according to process use; thin-walled and thick-walled containers are divided according to thickness. ^[1]

Able to transfer other

A basic type of chemical equipment. In the production of chemical, petroleum, refining, pharmaceutical and other industries, it is used as storage materials and as

Container overview

Pressure vessel is a comprehensive product involving multiple industries and disciplines. Its construction technology involves many industries such as metallurgy, machining, corrosion and anticorrosion, non-destructive testing, and safety protection. Pressure vessels are widely used in chemical, petroleum, machinery, power, metallurgy, nuclear energy, aviation, aerospace, marine and other sectors. It is an indispensable core device in the production process and an important symbol of a country's equipment manufacturing level. For example, reactors, heat exchange devices, shells of separation devices, gas-liquid storage tanks, pressure shells of nuclear power reactors, steam drums in boiler systems of power plants in chemical production are pressure vessels. With the continuous progress of metallurgy, machining, welding and nondestructive testing, especially the rapid development of information technology represented by computer technology, the development of related industries has been promoted, and a lot of human and material resources have been invested in in-depth research in countries around the world Based on this, corresponding progress has been made in the field of pressure vessel technology.

Container material

In the past ten years, the progress of China's pressure vessel materials has been highlighted as follows: (1) the variety and brand of pressure vessel materials has increased rapidly; (2) the degree of purification of pressure vessel materials has continued to increase; (3) the standards for pressure vessel materials Improved with the physical performance level.

Steel plate for container pressure vessel

Based on the merger and modification of GB713-1997 "Steel Plates for Boilers" and GB6654-1996 "Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels", GB713-2008 "Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels" was formulated. The standard was implemented on September 1, 2008. The GB713-2008 standard expands the thickness and width of steel plates, eliminates 15MnVR and 15MnVNR, which have poor performance and weldability of steel plates, and adds 14Cr1MoR and 12Cr2Mo1R to reduce the S and P content of each grade and increase the V-type impact of each grade. The work index and the allowable deviation of the thickness of the steel plate are according to the class B deviation (0.30mm) in GB / T709-2006. Revised GB3531-1996 "Low-alloy steel steel plate for low-temperature pressure vessels" and GB3531-2008 "Low-alloy steel steel plate for low-temperature pressure vessels", implemented on December 1, 2009. The GB3531-2008 standard expands the thickness range of steel plates and reduces the S content of each grade. The S content has been reduced from not more than 0.015% to less than 0.012%, and the V-shaped impact energy indicators of each grade have been increased. Grade V impact energy KV ₂ The index has been increased from not less than 27J to not less than 34J, and it is included in the three standards of 16MnDR, 15MnNiDR and 09MnNiDR as the original standard. The allowable deviation of the thickness of the steel plate is according to the Class B deviation (0.30mm) in GB / T709-2006, and the agreement between the two parties can also be based on the Class C deviation (0mm) in GB / T709-2006. GB19189-2003 "Quenched and tempered high-strength steel plate for pressure vessels" was formulated, which included 3 brands of 07MnCrMoVR, 07MnNiMoVDR and 12MnNiVR. GB19189-2003 and GB19189-2011 "Tempered and tempered high-strength steel plates for pressure vessels" have been revised since February 1, 2012. The GB19189-2011 standard expands the range of steel plate thickness, the minimum thickness is expanded from 12mm to 10mm, and the new Mn-MoC grade 07MnNiMoDR has been added, which reduces the P and S content of each grade and improves the V-shaped impact energy index of each grade. Grade V impact energy KV ₂ The index is increased from not less than 47J to not less than 80J. After agreement between the supplier and the buyer, a set of impact samples can be added at a thickness of 1/2 for steel plates with a thickness greater than 36mm. The allowable deviation of the thickness of the steel plate is according to B in GB / T709-2006. Class deviation (0.30mm), the agreement between the two parties can also be based on the class C deviation (0mm) in GB / T709-2006. GB24511-2009 "Stainless Steel Plates and Strips for Pressure Equipment" was formulated, and the standard was implemented on June 1, 2010. There are 17 steel grades in the standard, including 3 ferritic steel grades, 3 austenitic-ferritic steel grades, and 11 austenitic steel grades. Compared with GB150-1998 "Steel Pressure Vessels" The listed steel numbers have increased by 6. Standard steel numbers are listed in accordance with GB / T20878-2007 "Stainless steel and heat-resistant steel grades and chemical composition" (such as S30408 / 06Cr19Ni10). GB150.2-2011 "Pressure Vessel Part 2: Materials" in Appendix A (Normative Appendix) The supplementary provisions of materials include 12Cr2Mo1VR, 15MnNiNbDR, 08Ni3DR and 06Ni9DR which are not included in the steel plate standard but are used in the pressure vessel industry. 4 Brands. The four grades are all pressure vessel steel plates developed and used in the past ten years. 12Cr2Mo1VR is 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.30V (0.25% ~ 0.35% V added to steel) steel for thick-wall hydrogenation reactor, and its standard tensile strength is 590MPa or more. 15MnNiNbDR is a low-alloy steel for low-temperature pressure vessels. Its standard tensile strength is 530MPa or higher, and the minimum operating temperature is -50 ° C. 08Ni3DR is a low-alloy steel for low-temperature pressure vessels. Its standard tensile strength is 490 MPa or more. The minimum service temperature is -100 ° C. The steel plate is a 3.5Ni steel plate containing 3.25% to 3.70% Ni. 06Ni9DR is a low-alloy steel for low-temperature pressure vessels. Its standard tensile strength is 680 MPa or higher. The minimum service temperature is -196 ° C. The steel plate is a 9Ni steel plate containing 8.50% to 10.00% Ni. On July 21, 2012, the National Standardization Administration issued Announcement No. 15 and approved the issuance of the No. 1 amendment sheet of GB713-2008 Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels, which was implemented on October 1, 2012. Added 17MnNiVNbR and 12Cr2Mo1VR. 17MnNiVNbR is a low-alloy steel for pressure vessels. Its standard tensile strength is 590 MPa or more. The minimum operating temperature is -20 ° C. The S and P content of each grade is reduced, and the V-shaped impact energy index of each grade is improved. On July 21, 2012, the National Standardization Administration issued Announcement No. 16 to approve the issue of the amendment No. 1 of GB35312008 Low-alloy steel plates for low-temperature pressure vessels, which was implemented on October 1, 2012. Add 15MnNiNbDR, a low-alloy steel for low-temperature pressure vessels at -50 ° C. The S and P content of each grade is reduced, and the V-shaped impact energy index of each grade is improved. ^[2]

Steel forgings for pressure vessels

JB4726-2000 "Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels" and NB / T47008-2010 "Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Equipment" have been revised since December 15, 2010. The applicable design pressure of NB / T470082010 has been increased from less than 35MPa to less than 100MPa. Added five steel grades: 20MnNiMo, 15NiCuMoNb, 12Cr2Mo1V, 12Cr3Mo1V and 10Cr9Mo1VNb. 20MnNiMo steel forgings for pressure vessels, 15NiCuMoNb steel forgings for boilers, 12Cr2Mo1V, 12Cr3Mo1V steel forgings for pressure vessels and pressure pipes, 10Cr9Mo1VNb steel forgings for pressure pipes and boilers. The content of P and S in each grade is reduced. There are 7 steel grades that meet the technical requirements of TSGR0004-2009 for chemical composition, and 9 steel grades that are stricter than the technical requirements of TSGR0004-2009. Improved V-shaped impact energy index of each brand. Revised JB4727-2000 "Low-alloy steel forgings for low-temperature pressure vessels" and NB / T47009-2010 "Low-alloy steel forgings for low-temperature pressure equipment" implemented on December 15, 2010. Added a steel grade 08Ni3D, which is included in 6 steel grades. The steel forgings are supporting forgings of 08Ni3DR steel plates for low-temperature 100 pressure vessels, which reduce the P and S content of each grade, and meet the technical requirements of TSGR0004-2009 for three steel grades, which are stricter than the technical requirements of TSGR0004-2009. There are 3 steel numbers. Improved V-shaped impact energy index of each brand. JB4728-2000 "Stainless Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels" and NB / T47010-2010 "Stainless Steel and Heat-Resistant Steel Forgings for Pressure Equipment" have been revised since December 15, 2010. Added 8 steel grades, including 16 steel grades, the added 8 steel grades are: 2 austenitic stainless steel grades S31703 and S39042, 4 austenitic heat resistant steel grades S30409, S34779, S31609 And S31008, two austenitic-ferritic stainless steel grades S22253 and S22053. ^[2]

Container design

Improved design standards

In the past ten years, under the unified coordination of the National Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standardization Technical Committee, China has newly formulated and promulgated JB / T47342002 Aluminum Welded Containers, JB / T47452002 Titanium Welded Containers, JB / T4755 Five non-ferrous metal material pressure vessel standards including 2006 "Bronze Pressure Vessel", JB / T4756-2006 "Ni and Nickel Alloy Pressure Vessel" and NB / T47011-2010 "Zirconium Pressure Vessel" and other non-ferrous metal material pressure vessel standards, so that China can basically follow Standard design of pressure vessels of various materials. Revised and promulgated GB 150.1 ~. 42011 The basic standard of Pressure Vessel and the standards being revised GB151 Tube and Shell Heat Exchanger, GB12337 Steel Spherical Storage Tank, Tower Vessel and Horizontal Vessel, etc. The standard provides support for further expanding the design scope and improving the design level.

Update on design methods

The conventional design of the pressure vessel has basically realized computer-aided design. There are specialized software developers engaged in design software development, and provide follow-up technical services, which are constantly upgraded. At present, the commonly used design software, such as SW6, LANSYS, and general computer-aided design system based on risk and life, are continuously supplemented and improved in the process of use. Through the secondary development of software such as ANSYS, which is commonly used in the analysis and design of pressure vessels and the numerical analysis of parts and components, it has made it possible for the reliability of reactor pressure vessels, the tightness of conventional vessel and nuclear vessel sealing structures, and ultra-high-pressure wire winding. The stress field of the container, the temperature field of the bandaged container, the dynamic response of an explosive container, and crack propagation simulation in a pressure container. In addition, using numerical analysis software to simulate the pressure vessel manufacturing process has also made beneficial attempts, and has achieved valuable results in aspects such as head forming, barrel rolling, welding residual stress formation, and hydrogen diffusion behavior of stainless steel surfacing layers. result.

Development of key design technologies

The development of pressure vessel design technology is mainly carried out by research institutes and colleges and universities. The related work in the past ten years has mainly:

(1) The establishment of a computer-aided design system for pressure vessels based on risk and life To cooperate with the promotion and use of GB150-2011 and its design and manufacturing technology for pressure vessels based on risk and life, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute and China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute jointly Developed "general-purpose computer-aided design system based on risk and life" software, and realized the risk assessment in the pressure vessel design stage.

(2) tube sheet design method

Since Huang Kezhi and Xue Mingde of Tsinghua University put forward the tube plate design method and included in China's GB151-1999 "Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger" standard, follow-up research is still ongoing in recent years. Tsinghua University, Sinopec Engineering and Construction Corporation, China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute, East China University of Science and Technology have improved the calculation method of tube sheet maximum stress, the strength of the tube sheet with the center tube, the heat exchanger with expansion joints The strength of the tube sheet, the non-distribution of the tube sheet and the pressure of the cavity inside the expansion joint on the strength have been studied to provide technical support for the GB151 being revised. It can be expected that the tube sheet design in the new standard will become more reasonable.

(3) Design method of large opening

After years of intensive research by Xue Mingde and Huang Kezhi of Tsinghua University, a cylindrical shell pressure vessel with radial connection is proposed and improved based on the thin shell theory. This method is based on the accurate Morley equation of cylindrical shell and The precise boundary conditions at the intersection of the two cylindrical shells have successfully improved the accuracy of understanding and expanded the applicable range of the solution to an opening ratio of 0.9. This theoretical solution has been verified by dozens of previous experimental results. The accuracy and applicable range of the solution have been further improved by a series of three-dimensional fine meshes. It provides verification support based on finite element solutions, and has been recognized by international pressure vessel peers. Praise. This method has been adopted by China's GB150-2011 "Pressure Vessel" standard, which solves the design problem of large openings.

(4) Double cone seal design method

Following the successful development of the wire-inserted double-cone seal structure, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute, Zhejiang University and other units conducted follow-up research on the double-cone seal structure from experimental research, engineering application, and theoretical analysis. Studies have shown that both the double cone seal structure and the sealing material have a wider range, and it has been found that in order to obtain more effective rebound of the double cone ring, the radial gap size of the double cone ring should be modified. This achievement is also adopted by GB150-2011 "Pressure Vessel", which improves the sealing reliability of the double cone seal structure from the design.

(5) Design of large-scale hydrogenation reactor

Hydrogenation reactor is the core equipment in today's petrochemical plants. It operates under high temperature, high pressure, and near hydrogen conditions. With the enlargement of the plant, its diameter and weight are increasing, and the design difficulty is increasing. To a certain extent Reflects the technical level of heavy pressure vessels in a country. In the past ten years, with the efforts of relevant units represented by Sinopec Engineering Construction Company, Sinopec Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering Company, Yizhong, Erzhong, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute, and China Special Equipment Inspection Research Institute, they have mastered the relevant design in a systematic way. technology. At present, China has completed the design of 2.25Cr-1Mo, 3Cr-1Mo, 2.25Cr-1Mo-0. 25V, 3Cr-1Mo-0. 25V hydrogenation reactors according to ASME specifications, JB4732 standards, and the structure includes plates. Welding, forging and welding. Completed many hydrogenation reactor designs represented by the Shenhua Group Coal-to-Liquids 2000-ton-level hydrogenation reactor. Especially since 2011, China has taken the lead in China Petroleum Guangxi Petrochemical Residue Hydrogenation Unit for 2.25Cr- 10 hydrogenation reactors made of 1Mo-0.25V steel.

6) Special materials --- Super austenitic stainless steel, nickel-based alloy, zirconium and its composite plate pressure vessel design

With the improvement of comprehensive national strength and the continuous updating of chemical technology, the pressure of special materials pressure vessels, especially super austenitic stainless steels, nickel-based alloys, zirconium and its composite plates, in the environment of strong corrosive media in the past ten years The demand for containers is growing. To this end, with the support and participation of enlightened users Jiangsu Thorpe (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Wujing Chemical Co., Ltd. and other units, based on research work in the 20th century, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute The design of pressure vessels made of base alloy, zirconium and its composite plate and related technologies have been deeply developed. In view of the fact that this type of equipment pays more attention to the requirements for corrosion resistance, the design-related technologies developed have involved material selection, corrosion resistance inspection and determination, and the impact of structure and manufacturing processes on corrosion resistance. Design technology for pressure vessels of special materials based on controlling corrosion risks. The design of the world's largest acetic acid device zirconium composite plate reactor ( 4300), zirconium tower (3500) and the world's first nickel alloy B-3 flash tank have been completed. ^[2]