What Is Gallbladder Bile?

Bile: Secretion secreted by liver cells. Because bile secretion is continuous, in the non-digestive phase, bile is transferred to the gallbladder via the hepatic duct for storage; during the digestive phase, bile can be directly discharged from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum in large quantities, which promotes the digestion and decomposition of fat and fat solubility. Absorption of vitamins; bile in the duodenum can neutralize part of the stomach acid.

Bile: Secretion secreted by liver cells. Because bile secretion is continuous, in the non-digestive phase, bile is transferred to the gallbladder via the hepatic duct for storage; during the digestive phase, bile can be directly discharged from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum in large quantities, which promotes the digestion and decomposition of fat and fat solubility Absorption of vitamins; bile in the duodenum can neutralize part of the stomach acid.

Chinese name

bile

Foreign name

Bile, Gall, bili

Make up

Hepatocytes, bile duct cells

Normal secretion

800 1000ml / day

Bile Overview

Bile consists of bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, lecithin, potassium, sodium, and calcium, but there is no digestive enzymes in the bile. Eating or food in the digestive tract can cause increased bile secretion. The daily bile secretion of adults is about 800 ~ 1000ml. High-protein foods can increase bile secretion.

The liquid secreted by the liver is bitter and yellow-green. One part enters the gallbladder, and the other part is directly discharged into the intestinal cavity. After being concentrated and stored, it is input into the intestinal cavity when eating. Has an important role in fat absorption and digestion. One of the finest substances in the human body, the sperm stored in the gallbladder, is made by the liver and can be excreted and injected into the intestine, which is helpful for the digestion of food and beverages and is an important condition for the normal digestion and absorption of the spleen and stomach.

Yellow, green or brown alkaline fluid secreted by the liver is stored in the gallbladder (gall bladder). Food enters, the duodenum secretes hormones, and the gallbladder contracts, causing bile to flow into the intestine through the bile ducts. Bile consists of bile salts (digestive fats) and bilirubin and the breakdown of haemoglobin.

A thick and bitter colored liquid secreted by liver cells, ranging in color from golden yellow to dark green, depending on the type and concentration of bile pigments it contains. Liver bile is weakly alkaline, while bile in the gallbladder is concentrated and absorbed into water and bicarbonate, becoming weakly acidic. The amount of bile produced is related to the intake of protein, and the adult's daily secretion is about 1 liter. In addition to water, the main components of bile are bile salts, cholesterol, bile pigments, heparin, and various inorganic salts. Bile has no digestive enzymes, and its digestive effect mainly depends on bile salts. Bile salt molecules are hydrophilic on one end and lipophilic on the other. They can disperse large pieces of fat into many small fat particles, which is called emulsification. Bile salts can also activate pancreatic lipase. It can also be combined with fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins to form water-soluble complexes to promote the absorption of these substances. Bile pigments in bile are the products of hemoglobin breakdown, including bilirubin and its oxide, bilirubin.

Physiological morphology and function of bile

After being secreted by hepatocytes, it flows into the duodenum through the hepatic and common bile ducts; or into the gallbladder through the hepatic and gallbladder ducts for storage, and is discharged from the gallbladder into the duodenum when needed for digestion. Bile works closely with pancreatic juice and intestinal juice to chemically digest chyme in the small intestine. Adults secrete approximately 800 ~ 1000 ml of bile daily. Its secretion is related to the intake of protein, and a high-protein diet can increase its secretion. Bile contains secretions related to digestion, such as bile salts, and excreta from livers that are not related to digestion, such as bile pigments. It is a thick, colored liquid with a bitter taste. The color of bile depends on the type and concentration of bile pigments, and can change from golden yellow to dark green. The bile secreted directly by the liver is golden yellow or orange-brown, while the bile stored by the gallbladder is concentrated and dark green. Bile is weakly alkaline with a pH of 7.4; bile in the gallbladder is weakly acidic with the absorption of hydrogen phosphate and has a pH of 6.8. The composition of bile is extremely complex. In addition to water, there are bile pigments, bile salts, cholesterol, fatty acids, lecithin and inorganic salts. It is generally believed that there are no digestive enzymes. Bile pigments are the breakdown products of hemoglobin, including bilirubin and its oxides, bilirubin. Bile salts are mainly sodium salts formed by bound bile acids, while cholesterol is the precursor of bile acids. After the bile salts are discharged into the small intestine, most of them can still be absorbed into the blood by the small intestinal mucosa, and then enter the liver to form bile. This is called the bile salt's enterohepatic circulation. Bile salt loses about 5% per cycle, and 2-3 times after each meal. Cholesterol is a product of liver fat metabolism. Under normal circumstances, the proper ratio of bile salt and cholesterol in bile is necessary to maintain cholesterol in a dissolved state. When cholesterol is secreted too much or bile salts are reduced, cholesterol will settle down, which is one of the causes of gallstone formation. Bile works primarily through bile salts and bile acids. Bile salts, cholesterol, and lecithin can be used as emulsifiers to emulsify fats to reduce the surface tension of fats and make them droplets dispersed in aqueous solution, thereby increasing the area of action of pancreatic lipase. Bile acids can be combined with fatty acids to form water-soluble complexes to promote the absorption of fatty acids. In addition, bile is also of great significance to promote the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, K). Bile can neutralize a part of gastric acid in the duodenum. It is also a humoral factor that promotes the secretion of bile.

The main role of bile is to emulsify fat into droplets to facilitate digestion; it can also promote the absorption of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.

Bile and bile-related diseases and their treatment

Cholestasis: Cholestasis (cholestasis) refers to the pathological state of bile formation, secretion, and excretion caused by various causes inside and outside the liver. Bile flow cannot flow into the duodenum and enter the blood pathology. Clinical manifestations include itching, fatigue, and urine color. Deepening and jaundice are often asymptomatic in the early stage, only elevated serum ALP and GGT levels, hyperbilirubinemia can occur after the disease progresses, and severe cases can lead to liver failure and even death. Hepatobiliary diseases with cholestasis as the main manifestation of liver diseases caused by various reasons are collectively referred to as cholestatic liver disease, and cholestasis itself will further aggravate liver damage. Cholestatic liver disease can be divided into intrahepatic cholestasis and extrahepatic cholestasis according to the occurrence site. If cholestasis persists for more than 6 months, it is called chronic cholestasis. This consensus focuses on intrahepatic cholestatic liver disease.

The diagnosis criteria for cholestasis are: excluding mechanical biliary obstruction and history of biliary surgery, serum total bilirubin> 18mol / L, direct bilirubin> 4mol / L, and ALP> 2kat / L (kat is the international Active unit). Cholestasis is more likely to cause primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) [also known as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)], primary scle-rosing cholangitis , PSC), and jaundice was found to be more common than pruritus in patients with cholestasis. A cross-sectional study of cholestasis in 1,000 patients with chronic viral hepatitis in China showed that 56% of patients with chronic viral hepatitis were discharged with ALP or GGT, the main indicator of intrahepatic cholestasis, still above the upper limit of normal (ULN). The risk and severity of fibrosis and cirrhosis are significantly increased. Recently, Cao Xunxun and other investigations based on the prevalence of cholestasis in hospitalized chronic liver disease patients in Shanghai were carried out. Based on the diagnostic criteria of ALP level higher than 1.5 × ULN and GGT level higher than 3 × ULN, 4660 patients with chronic liver disease were hospitalized. The incidence of cholestasis in patients was studied, and the results showed that the total incidence of cholestasis was 10.26%. The incidence of cholestasis in patients with chronic liver disease has an increasing trend with age. Among different chronic liver diseases, the incidence of cholestasis is higher as PSC (75%), cirrhosis of various causes (47.76%), PBC (42.86%), and the others are liver tumors (35.97%) and autoimmune hepatitis ( 30.77%), drug-induced liver disease (28.31%), alcoholic hepatitis (16.46%), viral hepatitis (5.22%), and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) (2.70%).